CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In the contemporary business environment, organizations fight the battle of competition

by building their adaptive capabilities and preparedness for coping against the pressures of
change. Work is changing. Technology is advancing at a rapid rate and new technologies are
making distance irrelevant. We are in the age of super mobility. Nowadays, the business
environment needs to use the new technologies available in order to be successful and compete
with similar organizations in the market. To incorporate new technology into business activities,
Technology Change Management (TCM) is used. TCM is a process of identifying, selecting, and
evaluating new technologies (such as tools, methods, and processes) to incorporate the most
effective technology in a software system. TCM is advantageous to organizations as it helps in
maintaining awareness of new related technologies. In addition, it assists organizations in
selecting the most suitable technology to improve the software quality and productivity of
software activities.

Before incorporating new technologies in the organization, both advantages and

disadvantages of implementing the technology are checked Workplace technology projects
typically go through visioning, planning, designing and implementation, but too many
organizations miss a critical success factor: the people element. Cordless helps plan, design and
implement processes on the use of new technologies from day 1 through to routine on-boarding
and refresher training.

This study is about the technology impacts to an employee in an organization. From

artificial intelligence to machine learning, new technology has become a fixture in headlines that
predict the future practically. Although most workers recognize that technology will disrupt the
way they work in future, few can picture exactly what these changes will look like.

Workers willingness to learn new skills doesn’t fully describe their overall morale about
technology’s impact on the future. Some believe that technological advancements will have the
biggest impact on the future work. Many workers believe that technology will create new

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opportunities. The majority of workers will be willing to adapt their skills for changing
workplace.

Thus this study would give a clear idea about the exact impact of new technology on an
employee in an organization. This also helps in finding out the exact factors that create impact on
an employee due to technology change.

Success factors of change management

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 INDUSTRY PROFILE

The Information Technology industry has gained a brand image as knowledge economy
due to its development from software exporter to providing IT services to IT enabled services
(BPO segment).The sector has been consistently contributing to India’s GDP from 1.2% in the
FY 1998 to 7.5% in the FY 2012.
According to NASSCOM, the IT – BPO sector in India has aggregated revenues of US $
100 billion in FY 2012, where export comprises of US $ 69.1 billion and US $ 31.7 billion
respectively growing by over 9 %.The cities that account nearly 90% of this sectors exports are
Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.
IT industry has registered a notable growth because of the rich and varied expansion into
verticals, well –differentiated service offerings and Increasing growth penetration. The
phenomenal success of this industry is attributable to favorable government policies, rich and
burgeoning demand conditions, healthy growth of the related industries and competitive
environment prevalent in the industry. The interplay of these forces has
put the industry on the global map.

Evolution of IT industry: The evolution of the IT industry can be studied in 4 phases.

Phase I : Prior to 1980
Indian IT industry was basically started with hardware products and software industry
was literally non-existent in India until 1960. Government protected the hardware sector through
high tariff barriers and licensing. In the west, there was greater demand for software
development as the inbuilt software with the systems was insufficient toper form all the
operations.
The Government of India realizing the potential of this sector to earn foreign exchange.
In 1972, the government formulated a software export scheme in which it was decided to import
hardware and export software. TCS Ltd. became the first firm to agree to this conditions. The
beginning of software exports was made in the year 1974.
Phase II: 1980- 1990
During this phase, in spite of the government initiatives, the software exports could not
reach the expected level because of two reasons. The export of software was dependant on the
imports of hardware and the procedural aspects were too cumbersome. There was no proper

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infrastructural facilities for software development. In order to encourage more participants in this
sector, relaxation to procedural activities and reduction in import duty was mandatory. To
counter the prevailing problem a New Computer Policy to policy was formulated. According to
this policy the import procedures were simplified and the import duty for import on hardware for
software developers reduced.
In 1986, the government took a step ahead to sustain and grow the benefits received as a
result of the New Computer Policy. It formulated software policy and liberalized the IT industry.
In this policy the imports of hardware were de-licensed and were also made duty free for the
exporters. This policy has reduced a number of entry barriers making the growth in this sector
inevitable.
In 1990, government gave impetus and established Software Technology parks of India
in order to increase the exports of software and services.
Phase III: 1990- 2000
This period has witnessed intensified competition in the IT Industry. With companies
investing in research and development and variety of software services. As this decade marked
the beginning of significant changes in the economy, including trade liberalization, opening up
of Indian economy for foreign investment, devaluation of the rupee and relaxation of the entry
barriers. Due to the advantages, this policy had attracted foreign investment in India and MNC s
in India were introduced. “Offshore Model” “Onsite model” Global Delivery Model (GDM)
were introduced as a part of their distinguished services.
Phase IV: Post 2000
The global problems like Y2k, the dotcom crash and the recession in the US economy has
forced many US firms to utilize the services of the Indian firms. This has resulted in
placing the Indian IT industry on the global map. Post 2002 – 03, the industry had registered a
robust growth rate. During this period there was an increase in the Indian client base, large sized
contracts and a strong global delivery model.
Industry Segmentation
IT industry can be broadly classified into three sectors:
_ Software
_ IT Services
_ IT enabled Services (ITeS)- BPO

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 Indian IT Industry Segmentation

Growth of the Industry

The Indian IT industry has been growing at a rapid pace by offering a wide range of
products and services. It is moving slowly and steadily from the exports of lower end
services to providing higher end services. From the graph below it is evident that the is rapid
growth and progress in the exports.

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1. IT Software

Growth of Software Sector

Before the financial year 2003 Engineering and Research and Development was not a
part of the software segment . Realizing its need, the introduction of Engineering, Research &
Development brought about tremendous progress in the exports increasing year after year.
Looking at the graph below it can be concluded that this segment is extremely lucrative
and has a great scope to flourish in the future.
2. IT Services:
India is an expert in providing customized IT services to the clients. These services have
always dominated the Indian IT industry. It was accounting for more than 60% in the overall
revenue of the industry. The segment is growing at 26% compounded annual growth rate since
FY 2000.
The IT services segment is divided into the following categories
_ Project – oriented services
_ IT outsourcing and
_ Training and support services

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 Growth of IT Service Segment

It can be observed from the above graph that the revenues from IT service segment has been
rising year by year and can be viewed as robust growth. The share of industry revenues less
compare to the overall growth in the revenues.
3. IT Enabled Service BPO Sector:

The reforms made in the early 1990s, the IT industry is moving up the value chain by
offering higher end services from lower end services. From the graph below it is observed that
the there is a improvement of the industry share in the total revenues.

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The above graph indicates that the Customer Information System segment contributes higher
proportion to the revenues from IT enabled services when compared to Finance and Accounting,
Human Resources services and Knowledge process outsourcing.
Growth opportunities in the IT industry
Growth for the IT industry occurs in two ways
1. By enhancing the domestic sales and
2. Escalating the value chain.
The IT industry is predominantly export oriented. It is involved in rendering lower end services
to their clients. Looking at the growth pattern below, it is observed that the domestic sales are
lesser than the exports. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to take initiative and
increase the domestic consumption. The brand image can be strengthened provided the industry
caters to providing higher- end services.

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 IT Value Chain

The industry has led to massive employment generation. It generated about 2.8 million direct
employment and 8.9 million indirect employment. The industry still continues to face challenges
from emerging economies like China and Philippines.
The recent global crisis has deeply impacted the US, the developed economy but, India
still managed to register growth during the crisis period although at a slow rate and bounced back
because of the IT sector. Exports dominate the IT and IT enabled industry and constitute about
77% of the total industry revenue. The industry’s share of total Indian exports increased from
less than 4% in FY 1998 to about 25% in the FY 2012.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

Introduction

Hinduja Tech (formerly 'Defiance Technologies'), a Hinduja Group Company, is a

leading provider of engineering, ERP and IT services to global customers leveraging the Global
Delivery.

Founded in 1976 in the USA with a focus on product engineering and testing, Hinduja Tech was
later acquired by the Hinduja Group and expanded its services to engineering, ERP and IT.
Hinduja Tech has a long history of serving top global companies with over 120 global clients
including 30 of the Fortune 500 companies. An ISO 9001:2008 certified organization with a Six
Sigma focus, Hinduja Tech is setting up Centers of Excellence (CoEs) to create IPs.

Hinduja Tech is a premier global provider of integrated Product Engineering & Digital
Technology Solutions. It is a part of multi-billion dollar, and highly diversified UK
headquartered Hinduja Group. With a heritage of over 100 years, Group’s interests cover sectors
like Automotive, Energy & Chemicals, Banking & Finance, IT/ITES, Media & Entertainment
and Healthcare.

As a partner of choice, Hinduja Tech works with leading automobile OEMs in India, Europe,
USA and Japan sharing its expertise in automobile/industrial designs, product engineering,
tooling, and cost reduction programs that use unique frugal engineering solutions to deliver
better products and designs at a reduced cost.

In Digital Technology Solutions, Hinduja Tech enables its clients to implement solutions on
SAP, Open Platforms, Microsoft Solutions, Connected Solutions using IoT and mobile apps.
Hinduja Tech also leverages its prowess in Digital Marketing Programs to offer its clients a
diverse portfolio of offerings in Interactive Solutions domain.

It is headquartered in Chennai, India, Hinduja Tech has Engineering & Development centres in
Chennai and Pune. It has subsidiaries in USA and Germany, namely, Hinduja Tech Inc and

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Hinduja Tech Gmbh. In addition, Hinduja Tech has branch offices in UK, France and Japan,
which drive our operations in those markets.

Hinduja Tech has world class development centers at Chennai and Bangalore (India), and
Waldorf (Germany). Hinduja Tech also has state-of-the-art engineering and validation facilities
at Troy and Westland (Michigan, USA) with business offices in USA, Europe, Middle East,
South Africa, and India.

Vision

To be in the top 10 Indian service providers by revenue in Product Engineering and Digital
Solutions for Automotive Industry by FY21

Mission

Drive shareholder value by delivering profitable growth, customer delight by on time , quality
and cost competitive delivery and growth for all associates.

Quality Policy

We believe in continuous improvement through innovation, process enhancement, and

teamwork.

Clients

• Renault-Nissan Technology and Business Centre India Private Ltd

• Ashok Leyland
• Toyota
• Hyundai Motors
• Yazaki
• Kawasaki
• Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

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Associate companies

• Ashok Leyland Ltd

• Ashok Leyland Defence
• Gulf Oil Corporation Ltd
• Gulf Oil International
• IndusInd Bank Ltd
• Hinduja Foundries Ltd
• Hinduja Global Solutions Ltd.
• P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre
• Hinduja Bank (Switzerland) Ltd

Organizational Hierarchy

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Products and Services

Product engineering services

➢ VEHICLE ENGINEERING
Proven and robust process at have enabled Hinduja Tech to deliver innovative full
vehicle solutions for its global clientele. Developed using a frugal engineering approach, these
vehicles have proved to be a winner in the marketplace and set a new bench mark for the
industry. These solutions have been appreciated by both customers and critics alike.
➢ POWERTRAINS
With its partnership approach, Hinduja Tech has delivered powertrain solutions for two
wheelers, passenger vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles across different fuel types and
applications. Market success of these power trains speak volumes of Hinduja Tech’s capability
as reliable partner to provide optimal solutions at a globally competitive price points.
➢ EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Hinduja Tech in collaboration with Tier-1s and technology leaders provides best-in-class
solutions in firmware and software through the complete product life cycle. State-of-art
development and testing infrastructure at Hinduja Tech ensures high performance and error free
codes. Deep insights developed from HTL’s full product development lifecycle expertise bring
an unparalleled value in making the solutions more robust and fault tolerant. Hinduja Tech has
established itself as a partner of choice to provide optimal solutions at a globally competitive
price points.

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 ➢ ENGINEERING TRANSFORMATION SERVICES
1. Cost Engineering
• Product Cost Reduction
• Tooling Cost Reduction
• Investment Optimization
2. Time to Market improvement
3. Localisation / Best Cost Sourcing
4. Design and Process Automation
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

➢ SAP
Digitization and globalization have made competitive business landscape fiercer than
before. Through our vast portfolio of services and solutions, Hinduja Technologies helps
organizations unlock the vast SAP Product capabilities to spend less on running the business and
allocating more towards innovation. With extensive domain experience in many industries and
comprehensive understanding of the SAP applications portfolio coupled with outcome based
service performance framework, Hinduja Tech have been consistently providing full services
around SAP for ensuring alignment of customer enterprise application strategy with business
objectives.
➢ APPLICATION SERVICES
Modernizing the IT landscape and applications is a critical factor for businesses to stay
ahead in the competition. Enterprises need to extend their applications to multiple interfaces,
make them more user friendly, available for 24×7 operations and provide information at the
speed of a click.

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 Hinduja Tech provides agile based development and ITIL based application portfolio
management services to maximize return on your IT investment. As a one-stop service provider
for integrated engineering, embedded and IT solutions, Hinduja Tech brings in
➢ DIGITAL CONSULTING

In the era of digital transformation, we partner with Global manufacturing organizations

to diagnose the business challenges, identify the right use cases, and solve the business
challenges by leveraging digital technologies such as Social, Mobility, Cloud, Advanced
Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and IoT.

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 PRODUCT PROFILE

PRODUCT ENGINEERING SERVICES

VEHICLE ENGINEERING
Proven and robust process at have enabled Hinduja Tech to deliver innovative full
vehicle solutions for its global clientele. Developed using a frugal engineering approach, these
vehicles have proved to be a winner in the marketplace and set a new bench mark for the
industry. These solutions have been appreciated by both customers and critics alike.
POWERTRAINS
With its partnership approach, Hinduja Tech has delivered powertrain solutions for two
wheelers, passenger vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles across different fuel types and
applications. Market success of these power trains speaks volumes of Hinduja Tech’s capability
as reliable partner to provide optimal solutions at a globally competitive price points.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Hinduja Tech in collaboration with Tier-1s and technology leaders provides best-in-class
solutions in firmware and software through the complete product life cycle. State-of-art
development and testing infrastructure at Hinduja Tech ensures high performance and error free
codes. Deep insights developed from HTL’s full product development lifecycle expertise bring
an unparalleled value in making the solutions more robust and fault tolerant. Hinduja Tech has
established itself as a partner of choice to provide optimal solutions at a globally competitive
price points.
ENGINEERING TRANSFORMATION SERVICES
5. Cost Engineering
6. Time to Market improvement
7. Localisation / Best Cost Sourcing
8. Design and Process Automation

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DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

SAP
Digitization and globalization have made competitive business landscape fiercer than
before. Through our vast portfolio of services and solutions, Hinduja Technologies helps
organizations unlock the vast SAP Product capabilities to spend less on running the business and
allocating more towards innovation. With extensive domain experience in many industries and
comprehensive understanding of the SAP applications portfolio coupled with outcome based
service performance framework, Hinduja Tech have been consistently providing full services
around SAP for ensuring alignment of customer enterprise application strategy with business
objectives.
APPLICATION SERVICES
Modernizing the IT landscape and applications is a critical factor for businesses to stay
ahead in the competition. Enterprises need to extend their applications to multiple interfaces,
make them more user friendly, available for 24×7 operations and provide information at the
speed of a click.
Hinduja Tech provides agile based development and ITIL based application portfolio
management services to maximize return on your IT investment. As a one-stop service provider
for integrated engineering, embedded and IT solutions.
DIGITAL CONSULTING

In the era of digital transformation, we partner with Global manufacturing organizations

to diagnose the business challenges, identify the right use cases, and solve the business
challenges by leveraging digital technologies such as Social, Mobility, Cloud, Advanced
Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and IoT.

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SERVICE OFFERINGS
• Enterprise Digital Opportunities Discovery as a Service
• Applied Artificial Intelligence as a Service

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DIGITAL SOLUTIONS

RelAI: Cognitive Reliability Analytics Solution

RelAI helps you to predict probable failures using our proprietary data monitoring
framework enabled by an IoT device with machine learning algorithms leveraging data from
warranty failures, vehicle telematics, end-of-line manufacturing testing, product development
simulation & testing, spare parts sales and dealer maintenance.

B2B/B2B2C E-Commerce Solution for Spare Parts Sales

E Commerce solution to improve your profitability by selling your authentic spare parts via:

• Your channel partners, or

• Directly to consumers, or

• Mix of both models

Market Place to Connect Service Technicians and Fleet Owners/Drivers

Platform to reduce your vehicle down time with transparent pricing that helps your fleet
owners/drivers:

• Locate the nearest local mechanic

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 • Avail services:
• Breakdown
• Repair or maintenance

Connected Vehicles

• Connected Fleet Analytics Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

• Connected Car Solutions
• Pre-launch testing of Vehicles using Connected Technologies

Industry 4.0 Shop Floor

• Real time visibility use cases

• Intelligent processes use cases

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITREATURE
1. Organizational Change Management: A Critical Review

Author Name: RUNE TODNEM BY

Abstract:
It can be argued that the successful management of change is crucial to any organization in order
to survive and succeed in the present highly competitive and continuously evolving business
environment. However, theories and approaches to change management currently available to
academics and practitioners are often contradictory, mostly lacking empirical evidence and
supported by unchallenged hypotheses concerning the nature of contemporary organizational
change management. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to provide a critical review of some
of the main theories and approaches to organizational change management as an important first
step towards constructing a new framework for managing change. The article concludes with
recommendations for further research.
2. Organizational Change Management:
Delineating Employee Reaction to Change in SMEs Located in Magnesia
Author Name: Dimitriadis Stavros and Blanas Nikolaos
Abstract: Multidimensional and complex external environment of modern organizations require
effective mapping of organizational change in their identity as only thus can achieve the long-
term sustainability and gain a competitive advantage. However, this interface would not be
possible without the valuable contribution of leaders and employees who play the most vital role
in the implementation of change, serving as the most basic deterministic variable of success of
new business strategies. Aim of this paper is the theoretical and empirical exploration of the
concept and basic features of organizational change and its connection with issues of resistance
to change on behalf of the employees. The results of a statistical study conducted with the use of
a closed type questionnaire, answered by 120 employees in private SME's located in the area of
Magnesia using methods of descriptive and inferential statistics, showed quite high openness to
change and low degree of recognizing motives of resistance to change. Also, results showed that
employees do not recognize important reasons for resistance to change while they are moderately
satisfied with the applied strategies aiming on mitigation of resistance to change. These factors

21
are correlated with each other and educational level influences employee reaction towards
change, since less educated employees display stronger motives of resistance to change.
3. Change Management in an Engineering Organization
Author Name: Mohammad Khodadad Kani and Leila Salimi
Abstract:
This paper introduces a model aimed at improving the quality factors in an engineering
organization. Considering, the most engineering organizations are project oriented, so there is
needed to change their conventional approach to propose modern and reliable economic services
of good quality in the construction industry. In today’s world, it is impossible to imagine static
environment with few changes, however, procedure of managing this environment necessarily
requires recognition of all aspects. Change management is responses of manager to environment
changes. Mainly, purpose of change management is reducing tasks disorder. On the other hand,
each change is equal to gain some opportunities development. In order to have successful
changes, the change process must be clear which proper leadership and obvious communication
are needed. This research provided process of changes in an engineering organization (MANA)
as a case study. Necessity of change had been found by its manager whereas there were various
objectives to develop organization. To obtain these goals, modern management science and
change management theories have been used and some improvement projects were defined.
These projects included preparing strategy, promotion of human resources (environmental
changes; better qualification; improving capabilities of engineering with employing centralized
experts instead of outsourcing), improving coordination procedures by management information
systems, managing projects by using project management standards and finally implementing
enterprise project management. Based on case study by the authors involving the construction
industry, this paper reports on quantitative methods on the efficiency of changes.
4. Assessing Resistance to Technological Change for Improved Job Performance in the
UAE (Public Sectors)
Author Name: Mohammed AL –Ameri
Abstract: Globalization, restructuring and new technology developments in each and every
sector has bought tremendous changes in all aspects of business and human lifestyles. One of the
major changes that took place in business is change technology. Technology innovation or
change has an important influence on organizational performance. There is a close relationship

22
between technology change, human resource management and organizational performance.
Change in technology has been identified to have both positive and negative effects on
employees work performance and attitude. Thus the current study aims at developing a
framework to identify the factors that may point to employees’ resistance to technological
change within UAE public companies and to use the framework to identify opportunities for
improvement in job performance. Objectives are to identify the factors, which call for
technological change that lead to technological resistance, improvement in job performance,
develop a framework for assessing employee resistance to technological change and identify
opportunities for improvement, further validate framework using case studies in the UAE and
finally propose valid recommendations for overcoming employee resistance to technological
change in the UAE. Survey and semi structured interviews were conducted with HR managers in
three UAE public sector companies. Survey responses were measured using a five point Likert
scale. Reliability test and ANOVA analysis were carried out for analyzing the collected data.
Results indicate technological development as major reason for change. Reward policy is given
priority for indicators of job performance effectiveness this has led to improvement in the quality
of work, accomplishing task, eliminate errors. Further major reasons for resistance to
technological change from management perspective were found to be fear of overload, loss of
power, increasing work load and from employee perspective need to learn and re-learn, lack of
appropriate reward policies. Measures and opportunities for improvement to overcome resistance
to change brought about by new technological implementations UAE public sector have taken
major steps to work towards resistance to technology change. There is a need to study as to what
extent employees and management are able to cope with new systems and conduct regular
surveys and to collect opinions from employees to know what they need in order to cope with the
new technology. Further it is essential for employees and managers to make them selves
comfortable in accepting change with the help of training and other knowledgeable sources.

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5. Change management: implementation and Benefits of the change control in the
Information technology environment
Author Name: Paulo Roberto Martins de Andrade, Adriano B. Albuquerque, Wesklei
Dourado Teófilo, Fátima Aguiar da Silva
Abstract: In the competitive environment, companies have given increasing importance to the
IT sector and the resources it delivers as strategic. As a result, IT becomes a living being within
the company. This sector is being subject to continuous changes in this scenario. These changes
can occur within the own IT sector or whether IT to other sectors of the company. For both
scenarios, it is important to have a good change control to avoid unnecessary trouble and
expense. This paper aims to show through a case study, the benefits and results obtained with the
implementation of a process of managing and controlling changes in the information technology
environment of a large government company in Brazil.
6. Change Management Questionnaire Checklist
Author Name: L. Beitsch and J. Moran
Abstract: Successful change comes from developing an organizational atmosphere that is creative,
risk-taking, enthusiastic, reflective, involved, and inspires people to change. To achieve this elusive
set of critical ingredients, the organization must create a positive change momentum that contributes
to a successful change process and that goes for quick wins. Building and sustaining a conducive
change environment cannot be achieved without careful planning before, during, and after the change
initiative. It requires the change leaders to be constantly inquiring how things are going, if support is
waning, identifying whether people are continually engaged, and determining if clear mid-course
adjustments are being made based on what is being heard, seen, and sensed. Asking these questions
will help to accelerate the change initiative.

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 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE

To study the employee readiness and responsiveness to change associated with

technology at Hinduja Tech.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the satisfaction level of employees regarding the change in the

organization.
2. To find whether the employees are ready to accept the change implemented in the
company.
3. To identify whether the organisation plan properly in implementing the change associated
with technology.
4. To observe the employee’s response over the implementation of change.
5. To suggest few tips to make the employees accept happily the implementation on change
in technology.

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 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Successful change comes from developing an organizational atmosphere that is creative, risk-
taking, enthusiastic, reflective, involved, and inspires people to change. To achieve this elusive
set of critical ingredients, the organization must create a positive change momentum that
contributes to a successful change process and that goes for quick wins. Building and sustaining
a conducive change environment cannot be achieved without careful planning before, during,
and after the change initiative. It requires the change leaders to be constantly inquiring how
things are going, if support is waning, identifying whether people are continually engaged, and
determining if clear mid-course adjustments are being made based on what is being heard, seen,
and sensed. Asking these questions will help to accelerate the change initiative.

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 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study based on change management includes Minimize Total Cost of Operation
(TCO) This cost includes the cost of hardware, software, support services, and hidden costs
required to develop the entire software system. TCM provides a solution to organize business
rules and corporate technology standards to ensure that the maximum value is achieved from
each asset. Avoid Discontinuity and delay inefficient employees affect the performance of the
organization due to which the process of software development suffers. On the contrary, if a
good project management approach is used, the expenses and delays are minimized to a certain
extent. Maximize asset utilization. The collection of new components should be kept to a
minimum and the components that are not required should be avoided or disposed off. This
approach maximizes the asset utilization as only the required components are used. Reduce
expenses TCM minimizes the expense of components that are generally not considered in total
cost of operation.

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 LIMITATIONS

• No research is complete without the limitations faced while conducting a study which
will contribute to present learning.
• To study was limited by constraints in administrating questionnaire to employee that have
left the organization for a long period to find out the reasons for their departure.
• More over since human resource management activities overlap and effect each other,
this study was limited to one area which is employee retention with occasional references
to other areas like employee motivation, compensation, strategies, recruitment, selection
and placement.
• The project lacks co-operation on the other part of management to allow persons outside
into the company affairs.
• In order to disrupt the process, they might come up with excuses like busyness,
unwillingness to share information, lack of coincidence in the researcher, etc.
• Some of the respondents due to language barrier may fail to understand the questions
asked and therefore their responses would not reflect on what is required. This obvious
deviation might affect the obvious outcome of research in long run.

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 CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is the process of systematic and in-depth study or search for any particular
topic, subject or area of investigation, backed by collection, compilation, presentation and
interpretation of relevant details or data.

RESEARCH PROCESS

In research process, the first and foremost step is defining and selecting a research
problem. A researcher should find the problem first, and then he should formulate it so that it
becomes susceptible to research. For a systematic presentation, the process of research may be
classified under three stages- primary stage, secondary stage, and the tertiary stage.

The primary stage includes

• Observation
• Formulating research problems
• Documentation
• Research design
The secondary stage includes
• Project planning
• Data collection
• Questionnaire preparation
• Analysis of data
• Inference
The tertiary stage includes
• Report writing
• Observation, suggestion and conclusion
• Preparation of bibliography
The various method and techniques that are adopted to extract the most reliable information
given below:

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• Type of research : Descriptive research.
• Research approach : Survey method.
• Source of data : Primary and Secondary data.
• Sample size : 120.
• Mode of data collection : Personal interview method.
• Data collection instrument : Questionnaire.
• Sampling design : Simple random sampling.

This research design is arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in the
manner that aim to combine relevance to the research purpose and the procedure.

TYPE OF RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Descriptive research has been used, it involves survey and fact-finding enquiries if
different kinds, the purpose of descriptive research are the descriptive of state of affairs, as it
exists at present.

PROJECT PLANNING

Project planning is the first step in actually conducting & directing a research project. It is
one of the most important tasks of a researcher. This includes formulation of the researcher
objectives & goals and determining ways of achieving them.

DATA COLLECTION

The study involves collection of both primary data and secondary data for making a
meaningful inference on the topic of the study.

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 PRIMARY DATA

Questionnaire method has been used as a tool for a data collection in this research.

SECONDARY DATA

The secondary data refer to the information gathered by researcher from the sources
already existing. The secondary data was collected from book, company websites, magazines
and other sources.

QUESTIONNAIRE PREPARATION
The basic requisite of any research study is the appropriate data which can be collected
with the help of a schedule or questionnaire. With the help of questionnaire, it is easy to
determine the involvement level of so many employees in the organization.
PILOT SURVEY
Before collecting the relevant data to test the hypothesis, it is essential to ascertain the
applicability of the instrument to the population being studied. Hence, a pilot study was
undertaken with an objective to evaluate the tools prepared for the study and to find whether they
are providing the information required.
TYPE OF QUESTIONS
• Likert’s scaling question
• Rank questions
• Dichotomous Questions
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Ho – Null hypothesis (there is no significant relationship between the variables)
Ha – Alternate hypothesis (there is significant relationship between the variables)
After analyzing the data, hypothesis testing is done. It will result in either accepting or rejecting
the hypothesis.
INFERENCE
After testing the hypothesis, the researcher comes out with his conclusion. The explanation of
theory can also be considered as inference.
PREPARATION OF REPORT AND PRESENTATION OF REPORT
Finally, the researcher has to prepare a final report along with conclusion and suggestion.

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SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Formula:
SS = 𝑍 2 (Standard Deviation) (1-Standard Deviation)
Margin Of Error 2
SS = 𝑍 2 (σ) (1-σ)

𝑒2

e (Margin of error) = 0.095

σ = 0.5 (for the first-time survey),

Z(No. of Standard Deviation a given proportion is away from the mean) =1.96

SS = 106.4155

Therefore, sample size = 110

STATISTICAL TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS

The data collected are classified, analyzed and collected. The statistical tools are applied
for the analysis of the data. The tools used are percentage analysis, chi – square test, k-s test.

1. PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

Percentage refer is a special kind ratio. Percentage is used in making comparison between
two or more series of data. They are used to describe relationship. More over percentages can be
used to compare the relative terms of the distribution of two or more series of data.
Formula
Percentage of respondents = no. of respondents*100/total no. of respondents
2. CHI – SQUARE TEST

Chi –square is a non-parametric technique; most commonly used for a research to test the
analysis. The main objective of chi-square is to determine whether significant difference exist
among group of data. The chi square test provides a method testing the association between the
row and column in a two-way table.

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Formula:

CHI-SQUARE TEST = ∑ [(Oi – Ei) 2]/Ei

Oi=Observed frequency

Ei=Expected frequency

Degree of freedom= (r-1) (c-1)

Where r represents the number of rows in two-way table and c represent the number of columns.

3 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD:

Arithmetic mean is widely used method as it is the simplest average to understand and
easiest to complete. The term weight stands for the relative importance of the different items.
The formula for computing the weighted arithmetic mean.
∑ WX
X= -------------
∑W

Where,
X represents the weighted arithmetic mean.
X represents the variable values i.e. X1, X2, X3....... Xn.
W represents the weighted attached to variable values W1, W2, W3……. Wn.
1. Multiply the weighted by the variable.
2. Divide this total by sum of the weights.

4 KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST

This test is used for comparing the distribution on an ordinary scale. This test is
concerned with the degree of agreement between the distribution and some special theoretical
distribution. It determines whether the scores in the sample can be reasonably thought to have
come from population having theoretical distribution.

The formula for calculating Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is

Calculated value = maximum | O – E |column

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 Where O = observed cumulative frequency

E= expected observed cumulative relative frequency.

5 CORRELATION

Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables. It does
not tell anything about cause and effect relationship. Correlation is described or classified in
several different ways.

Three of the most important ways of classifying correlation are:

1. Positive and Negative

2. Simple, Multiple and Partial
3. Linear and Non-linear

Karl Pearson’s method is popularly known as Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. It is denoted

by the symbol r.

∑XY
_____
√∑X²∑Y²

is the formula for Karl Pearson’s coefficient

The value of the coefficient of correlation as obtained by the above formula shall always lie
between +1 and -1. When r=1, it means there is perfect positive correlation between variables.
When r= -1, it means there is perfect negative correlation between variables. When r=0, it means
no relationship between variables.

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