NINETEENTH CENTURY  Jose San Martin “The Liberator” (Argentina, Chile

and part of Peru)

 Era of challenges and responses
 A period of major changes which affected EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARE
men and society MULTIFARIOUS

6 IMPORTANT CHANGES INTHE 19TH CENTURY Series of changes in the industry:

1. Struggle for nationalism  From hand work to machine work

 Domestic system to the factory system
2. Gradual spread of democracy
BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760
3. Modernization of living through the Industrial
Revolution Manufacturing

4. Advance of Science  Spinning jenny

 Spinning frame
5. March of Imperialism  Spinning shuttle
 Cotton gin
6. New Current in the movement of thought and  Sewing machine
growing confidence on progress
Transportation
NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM
 Steam boats
Nationalism - A feeling of oneness by a group of  Steam locomotives
people who believe that they possess common  Airplanes
traditions, culture and common ideals or goals.  Automobiles
 Balloons
 French Revolution (1779-1789)
Overthrowing of absolutism Communication
 American Revolution (1775-1783)
Independence from Great Britain  Telephone
 Telegraph
HOW TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT?  Wireless telegraphy
 Cable
 Country should be free from domination and  Postal service
that a country should enjoy liberty, equality  Newspapers
and opportunity
 In the “good old days” when monarchs and  Establishment of factories
 Employment of thousands of workers
kings ruled over the subjects.
 Large scale production of manufacturing goods
 Commodities became cheaper
 Greece became independent nation from the  Towns and cities grew
Turks on 1830.  Improved standard of living
 Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in  Division of labor practiced (capitalists and
1905. laborers)
 Italy became a free and united nation through the  Increase in population
work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and  Advances in medical knowledge and public
Joseph Garibaldi in 1861. hygiene
 Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto  Opening of more lands for cultivation and
von Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood commercialization
 Increase in national income
and iron” in 1871.
 Encouraged migration
 1867 1800 - 1825 Simon Bolivar “The Liberator”
(Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and part of Peru)
RESPONSES TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 LIBERALS
Adopted the laissez-faire policy to
stimulate the growth of factories
Allow everybody to expand as much
as he wished in his individual
enterprises
Industrialists became powerful and
rich
Working men became poorer
Unemployment and misery resulted
 SOCIALISTS
Government should own and manage
the means of production
Benefit of all and not only for a few
individuals
As long as the capitalists controlled
the economic life of people, no
democracy
Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and
Robert Owen
 COMMUNISTS
Authored communist manifesto
Earliest socialists that reforms could
be achieved gradually and peacefully
through normal political methods and
with compensation for the private
owners
Only a violent revolution could
improve the lot of workingmen
Advocated
Abolition of private property in land
Centralization of all means of
production in the hands of the state
Abolition of all rights of inheritance
Confiscation of the property of
emigrants and rebels
Universal and equal obligation of
work
 CATHOLICISM
Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum
(The Conditions of Labor)
Rights must be religiously respected
Duty of public authority to prevent
and punish injury
Poor and helpless have special
consideration upon questioning its
rights
State has the right to regulate the use
of private property and to protect it
Workers have the right to form unions
SCIENCE BECOMES THE SERVANT OF MAN (Soul of
the Nineteenth century)
MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A PROCESS OF
HISTORIC CHANGE
 Activity of a nation in extending its
control and authority beyond its
territorial boundaries through the
acquisition of new territories
 Purpose of securing real materials,
markets for manufactured products,
additional food supplies, outlets for
surplus population and fields for
investment of surplus capital
GROWING CONFIDENCE ON PROGRESS INSPIRES
OPTIMISM (Man made considerable progress in
various fields)
 Democracy
 Education
 Science
 Public Health
 Literature
 Music
 Art
“The divine flame of thought is inextinguishable
among Filipino people and in some way or another it
has to shine and make it known. It is not possible to
brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines.”
Growth and Development of Nationalism
Nationalism
 is a sense of loyalty or psychological
attachment that members of a nation share,
based on a common language, history, culture,
and desire for independence.
  It is a feeling that drives a people together as
a nation. It is love of country expressed in
devotion to and advocacy of national interest
and independence.
The growth of nationalism can be attributed to
two major revolutions of the earlier century;
 American Revolution of 1776;
 French Revolution of 1789
The American Revolution gave birth to the United
States of America. On the other hand,
French Revolution led to the overthrowing of the
absolute rule of the Bourbon Dynasty and the
abolition of the feudal system.
The ideology of the French Revolution
 Liberty
 Fraternity
 Equality
– had influenced subject peoples to cast off the yoke
of colonialism by means of armed uprising.
There are three points that stand out in this
complex ideology:
1. Nationalism has evolved from a real and or
imagined cultural unity manifesting itself in a
common language, history and territory.
2. Nationalists have usually sought to turn this
cultural unity into political reality so that the
territory of each people coincides with its state
boundaries.
3. Nationalist believed that every nation has the right
to exist in freedom and develop its character and
spirit.
Negative side of Nationalism:
 The ideas of national superiority and national
mission can lead to aggressive crusades and
counter- crusades.
 Nationalism can also stress differences among
peoples.
Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and
Democracy
- The principal ideas of liberalism- liberty and
equality- were first realized successfully in
the American Revolution and then achieved in
part in the French Revolution. This political
and social philosophy challenged
conservatism in the European continent.
- Liberalism demanded representative
government as opposed to autocratic
monarchy, equality before the law as opposed
to legally separate classes. The idea of liberty
also meant to specific individual freedoms:
freedom of the press; freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly; and freedom from
arbitrary arrest.
- Democracy became a way of life in many
European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and
Switzerland.
- Democracy was gradually established thru
the following means:
o promulgation of laws that advance
democracy;
o undertaking of reforms thru
legislation; abolition of slavery;
o adoption of a liberal constitution;
providing the citizens the
o opportunity to propose laws;
o adoption of manhood suffrage; and
o granting of political, economic and
social rights to the people.
The Industrial Revolution
 One of the most crucial developments
in the 19th century was the Industrial
Revolution. The Industrial Revolution
refers to the transformation of
manufacturing brought about by the
invention and use of the machines.
This development started in England
and later on spread into Belgium,
France, Germany, and even in the
United States.
Positive effects of industrial revolution
 The rise of the factory system
 Mass production of essential and non-
essential goods
  Improvement of people’s standard of
living
 Greater urbanization of society
 Beginnings of specialization or
division of labor
 Invention of labor-saving devices
 The beginnings of industrial
capitalism
 Fostering of liberalism and
nationalism
 Encouragement of people’s mobility.
Negative effects of Industrial Revolution:
 Widening of gap between the rich and
the poor
 Unending economic warfare between
labor and capital and other
environmental problems
 Beginning of child and women labor
 Intensification of imperialistic rivalry
between and among industrialized
countries.
In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the
farmers from their lands.
The Advancement of Science The triumph of
science and technology had at least three
significant consequences.
1. Everyday experience and innumerable
scientists impressed the importance
of science on the mind of ordinary
citizens.
2. As a science became more prominent
in popular thinking, the philosophical
implication of science spread to broad
sections of the population. Technical
advances led the people to develop
optimistic faith in man’s capability to
achieved progress.
3. The methods of science acquired
unrivaled prestige after 1850. For
many, the union of careful experiment
and abstract theory was the only
route to truth and objective reality.
Optimism and Confidence in Progress
 Optimism or faith in society and man’s
ability to progress was brought about
by the advancement of science, the
coming of steam-powered industry,
and the spread of liberalism and
socialism. The optimism of the
century was summed by Marquis de
Condorcet in his work, Sketch for the
Historical Picture of the Progress of
the Human Mind. He saw that “the
strongest reason for believing that
nature has set no limit to the
realization of our hopes” and foresaw
“the abolition of inequality between
nations, the progress of equality
within nations, and the true
perfection of humanity. Progress was
now independent of any power that
might wish to halt it and will never be
reversed.”
Optimism and confidence in progress can be
gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th
century. Notable among these were the following:
 Extensions of human rights to many
people
 Promotion of higher education for
men and women
 Education for nationalism in schools;
-Investment in science to serve
mankind
 Improvement of public health thru the
establishment of numerous, hospitals
 Emergence of realistic literature,
depicting the life of the time
Edukasyon sa Pilipinas noong panahon ng mga
Kastila
Ang kultural na pagbabago ng lahing Pilipino ay batay
sa relihiyon. Ang edukasyon ay pinamahalaan ng mga
prayle sa pamamagitan ng pagbubukas ng mga
paaralang parokya (paaralan ng simbahan) na siyang
naging isang paaralang itinatag sa Cebu.
Ang pagtatag ng mga paaralan ay isang paraan upang
maitanim sa isipan ng mag-aaral ang Kristiyanismo.
Ang paaralang primarya para sa mga batang katutubo
ay naitatag lamang sa huling bahagi ng ikalabinsiyam
na siglo. Ang mga aralin ay nakasentro sa relihiyon,
bagamat itinuturo rin ang kagandahang-asal,
pagbasa, pagsulat, pagbilang, musika, Doctrina
Christiana, at mga kasanayang nauukol sa
pamumuhay at pamamahay. Sinabi ni Padre Pedro
Chirino na ang mga Pilipino ay matatalino; madali
nilang natutunan ang wikang Kastila at pagbigkas
nito. Madali rin nilang natutunan ang kahit ano.
Nagtatag din ng mataas na paaralan ang pamahalaang
Kastila upang madagdagan ang kaalaman ng mga
mag-aaral. Noong taong 1565 dumating ang mga
Agustino, Sumunod ang mga Pransiskano noong
1577. Dumating sa Marikina ang mga Hesuita noong
1581. Ang mga Dominikano naman ay dumating
noong 1587 at ang mga Rekolito noong 1606.
Kauna-unahang Paaralan para sa mga Lalaki
May mga kolehiyo para sa mga lalaki na itinatag ng
mga Hesuita tulad ng Kolehiyo ng San Ignacio sa Cebu
na ngayo'y seminaryo ng San Carlos at Kolehiyo ng
San Jose (1601) sa Maynila.
Noong 1865 pinamahalaan ng mga Hesuita ang
Escuela Pia ng Maynila. Ito ang Ateneo de Manila
University ngayon. Ang mga Dominiko ay nagtatag
din ng mga paaralan para sa mga lalaki. Ang una ay
ang Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1611) sa Maynila. Ito
ang naging Kolehiyo ng Santo Tomas.
Kauna-unahang Paaralang Pambabae
Nagtatag din ng mga paaralang pambabae. Layunin
ng mga ito na ihanda ang kababaihan alinman sa
pagiging mabuting asawa at ina ng tahanan o sa
pagmamadre. Ang ilang paaralan ay ang (Colegio de
Santa Potenciana - 1589), (Colegio de Sta. Isabel -
1632), (Colegio de Santa Rosa - 1750), (Kumbento ng
Asuncion - 1892), at (Colegio ng Concordia - 1896).
Sa mga kolehiyong ito itinuturo ang Doctrina
Christiana, Espanyol, Latin, Kasaysayan, Matematika,
Musika, kagandahang-asal, pagpipinta, at sining-
pantahanan tulad ng pananahi, pagbuburda, paggawa
at pag-aayos ng mga bulaklak.
Iba pang paaralang itinatag
Maliban dito, nagtatag ng iba pang mga paaralan at
mga pamantasan. 3 unibersidad ang itinatag sa
kapuluan. Ang una ay ang Unibersidad ng San Ignacio
na tumagal hanggang 1766. Ang pangalawa ay ang
Kolehiyo ng Nuestra Senora del Rosario na naging
Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas. At ang pangatlo ay ang
Unibersidad ng San Felipe na tumagal hanggang
1726.
Ang paaralang bayan ay nagbukas ng paaralan para sa
mga lalaki at isa para sa mga babae sa bawat
munisipyo. Maliban sa mga asignatura, tinuruan ang
mga babae ng pagbuburda, paggagantsilyo, at
pagluluto sa halip na pagsasaka.
Nagtatag din ng paaralang normal para sa mga lalaki
sa pamamahala ng mga Hesuita. Ang mga nakatapos
sa pag-aaral dito ay naging guro sa paaralang
primarya. Sila ay ligtas sa pagbabayad ng buwis at
sapilitang paggawa. Ang mga gurong ito ay
kinikilalang mataas na tao sa lipunan. Kabilang sila sa
mga principalia. Dahil dito, sila ay iginagalang at may
malaking impluwensiya sa pamayanan.