Batch Operating System

The First operating system of the second-generation computer is the batch

operating system. Batch operating system took the input on the punch card.
Each punch card had the different form of data. System executed the jobs one
by one in batch. When one job from the batch executed, then the second job
has taken from it and so on. The process of placing the jobs in queue for
execution is known as spooling.

Working:-

OS keeps the number of jobs in memory and executes them one by one. Jobs
processed in first come first served order. Each set of a job considered as a
batch. When a job completes its execution, its memory is released, and the
output for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or
processing. User interaction in the batch processing system is minimal. One’s
system accepts the jobs from users, and then the user is free. That is why we
can use batch processing system in large organizations in these days.

Features:-

 A process is complete its execution, next job from job spool get executed
without any user interaction.

 To speed up the processing speed, the batch process can partition into
the number of processes.

 You don’t need special hardware and system support to input data in
batch systems.

 The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.

 Same jobs in the batch are higher executed speed.

Examples:-

Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.

 Multiprogramming Operating System
Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of parallel processing in which several
programs are run at the same time on a uniprocessor. Since there is only one
processor, there can be no true simultaneous execution of different programs.
Instead, the operating system executes part of one program, then part of
another, and so on. To the user it appears that all programs are executing at the
same time.

Working/Examples:-

As shown in fig, at the particular situation, job' A' is not utilizing the CPU time
because it is busy in I/ 0 operations. Hence the CPU becomes busy to execute
the job 'B'. Another job C is waiting for the CPU for getting its execution time.
So in this state the CPU will never be idle and utilizes maximum of its time.

A program in execution is called a "Process", "Job" or a "Task". The concurrent

execution of programs improves the utilization of system resources and
enhances the system throughput as compared to batch and serial processing.
In this system, when a process requests some I/O to allocate; meanwhile the
CPU time is assigned to another ready process. So, here when a process is
switched to an I/O operation, the CPU is not set idle.
Features:-

 CPU is used most of time and never become idle.

 The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in parallel.

 Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs.

 Multiprogramming systems support multiply users.

 In some applications multiple tasks are running and multiprogramming

systems better handle these type of applications.

Time Sharing Operating System

A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources
simultaneously. In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation of
computer resources in time slots to several programs simultaneously.

Working/Examples:-

In above figure the user 5 is active but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in
waiting state whereas user 6 is in ready status.
As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, the control moves on to the
next ready user i.e. user 6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, and user 5 are in
waiting state and user 1 is in ready state. The process continues in the same
way and so on.

The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming

systems. In time-shared systems multiple processes are managed
simultaneously which requires an adequate management of main memory so
that the processes can be swapped in or swapped out within a short time.

Features:-

 The CPU idle time can be decreased.

 In time sharing systems all the tasks are given specific time and task
switching time is very less so applications don’t get interrupted by it.

 You can also use time sharing in batch systems if appropriate which
increases performance.

 Time sharing systems is better way to run a business having lot of tasks
to be done and no task get interrupted by the system.

 Each task and each user get its time.

Multiprocessor Operating System

Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more central
processing units (CPU) within a single computer system. These multiple CPUs
are in a close communication sharing the computer bus, memory and other
peripheral devices. These systems are referred as tightly coupled systems.

These types of systems are used when very high speed is required to
process a large volume of data. These systems are generally used in
environment like satellite control, weather forecasting etc.
Working/Examples:-

Multiprocessing system is based on the symmetric multiprocessing model, in

which each processor runs an identical copy of operating system and these
copies communicate with each other. In this system processor is assigned a
specific task. A master processor controls the system. This scheme defines a
master-slave relationship. These systems can save money in compare to single
processor systems because the processors can share peripherals, power
supplies and other devices. The main advantage of multiprocessor system is to
get more work done in a shorter period of time. Moreover, multiprocessor
systems prove more reliable in the situations of failure of one processor. In this
situation, the system with multiprocessor will not halt the system; it will only
slow it down.

Features:-

 Higher performance due to parallel processing.

 If one CPU get failed other CPU are used to do that CPUs job.

 Increased Throughput − By increasing the number of processors, more

work can be completed in a unit time.

 Increased Reliability − In this system, as the workload is distributed

among several processors which results in increased reliability. If one
processor fails then its failure may slightly slow down the speed of the
system but system will work smoothly.
 Real Time Operatng System
A real-time system is a computer system in which thecorrectness of the
system behavior depends not only on the logical results of the
computation, but also on the physical instant at which these results are
produced.

A real-time system is a system that is required to react to stimuli from

the environment (including the passage of physical time) within time
intervals dictated by the environment.

Features:-

 A real time operating system is the type of system which uses maximum
time and resources to output exact and on the time result.

 There is no late or early execution on that operating system and is done

on fixed time as suggested.

 Soft RealtimeOS - is a type of system which is less strict to time and

accuracy and hard RTOS is another type which show exact execution
time and exact output and results on required time. e.g ATM’s

 Hard RealtimeOS - is a type of system which is strict on the time and

accuracy scale. The execution and results must occur before deadline.
e.g. AutoPilot system

Examples:-

 Plant control

 Railway switching systems

 Automotive applications

 Flight control systems

 Telecommunication systems

 Robotics

 Military systems
 Mobile Operating System
A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for
phones, tablets, smartwatches, or other mobile devices. While
computers such as typical laptops are 'mobile', the operating systems
usually used on them are not considered mobile ones, as they were
originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have
or need specific mobile features. This distinction is becoming blurred in
some newer operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses.

Features:-

 Speed of Ease. Menus and buttons are about as vital to a mobile

experience as much as what the user can do with them.

 Power to the User. When it comes to our gadgets, there are few things
we enjoy more than a breadth of options.

 Apps.

 Multi-Tasking.

Examples:-

 Android

 BADA

 BlackBerry

 IOS

 Symbian

 Palm

 Windows