By: Ruth Abigail C.

Valdez
The Integumentary system is
composed of skin, hair, oil and sweat
glands, nails and sensory receptors.
INTRODUCTION

-Contributes to homeostasis by protecting

the body and regulate body temperature.
-Allows you to sense pleasurable, painful
and other stimuli from external
environment.
-Reflects emotions (blushing, frowning)
-May reveal infections (rashes)
DERMATOLOGY- is the medical specialty
that deals with the structure, function and
disorders of the integumentary system.
General Functions:

1. Regulates body temperature.

2. Stores blood.
3. Protects body from external environment.
4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
6. Synthesizes vitamin D (D3 & D2).
D3 cholecalciferol, D2 ergocalciferol
 Skin
• Skin is also known as cutaneous membrane
• Covers external surface of the body
• Largest organ of the body in weight.

• Has 2 main parts

• Epidermis
• Dermis
DERMIS
>deeper
>thicker
>connective tissue
>Vascular
>If the cut is deeper and
reaches dermis, there is
bleeding.
Layers of Skin to
Muscle:

1. Skin (Epidermis
and Dermis)
2. SubQ
(Hypodermis)
3. Fascia
4. Muscle
Layers after Skin:

a. Subcutaneous layer (subQ) layer- next layer after dermis

Also called hypodermis. Consists of areolar and adipose tissue.
-Storage of fat and contains large blood vessel that supply the
skin.
-Also contains the nerve endings called lamellated corpuscles
or pacinian corpuscles which are sensitive to pressure.

b. Fascia- the connective tissue around muscles and bones.

Extended fibers from dermis to subQ until fascia.
 Parked questions
 1. Why is the color of vagina darker than the skin in the arms?

Answers:
Sometimes changes or darkening of the skin in the genital area, under the arms
and back of the neck can be due to a hormone imbalance.

As more estrogen and more blood flows to the vaginal area, your vulva become
swollen. The color of vulvar skin and opening of vagina become darken.

2. Why some Filipinos have blue eyes?

Waandenburg Syndrome- is group of genetic conditions that can cause hearing

loss and changes in coloring (pigmentation) of the hair, skin, and eyes. People with
this condition often have very pale blue or different colored eyes such as one blue
eyes and one brown eye.
DERMIS
>deeper
>thicker
>connective tissue
>Vascular
>If the cut is deeper and
reaches dermis, there is
bleeding.

2 layers
a. Papillary Layer
b. Reticular Layer
1. Papillary Layer:
Upper part of dermis
Dermal papillae = small, nipple-shaped structures that
project into the undersurface of the epidermis.
1.Contain capillary loops (blood vessels)
2. Free nerve endings- initiate signals that give rise to
sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching.
3.Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
2. Reticular Layer:
 Deepest skin layer
 Dense, fibrous connective tissue
 Extensible and elastic
 Contains Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous
(oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
The surfaces of the palms, fingers, soles, and
toes have a series of ridges and grooves. They
appear either as straight lines or as a pattern of
loops and whorls, as on the tips of the digits.
These epidermal ridges are produced during the
third month of fetal development as downward
projections of the epidermis into the dermis
between the dermal papillae of the papillary
region.
Extreme stretching of skin dermal
tearing leaves white scars =
“stretch marks”

When the skin is overstretched,

the lateral bonding between
adjacent collagen fibers is
disrupted and small dermal blood
vessels rupture. This is why
stretch marks initially appear as
reddish streaks at these sites.
Then later appear as silvery white
streaks.

Pregnancy, (skin of weight-lifters,

stretched skin accompanying
gross obesity)
 Skin Pigments:
1. Melanin
 Two forms: brown-black & pink-red
 Made by melanocytes
 Only found in deeper layers of epidermis
 Freckles & moles = local accumulations of melanin
 Protect DNA from UV radiation
2. Carotene
 Yellow-orange (from carrots)
 Accumulate in stratum corneum, hypodermis
 Carotene converts to Vitamin A in body
 Asians: yellowish skin = melanin + carotene
3. Hemoglobin
 Pinkish hue
 Red blood cells in capillaries
Cyanosis: poorly oxygenated blood, blue color
Excessive sun exposure: leathery skin, rashes, skin
cancer
Redness: blushing, fever, allergy, inflammation,
hypertension (high BP)
Pale skin (pallor): anemia, low blood pressure, fear,
anger
Jaundice (yellow cast): liver disorder (bile pigments =
bilirubin)
Bruises: blood clots under skin
Clinical Connection
Sebaceous (oil)
Glands
Distribution:
Largely in lips, glans penis,
labia minora, and tarsal
glands;
small in trunk and limbs;
absent in palms and soles.
Secretion:
Sebum (mixture of
triglycerides, cholesterol,
proteins, and inorganic
salts).
Functions: Prevent hairs
from drying out,
prevent water loss from
skin,
keep skin soft, inhibit
growth
of some bacteria.
Eccrine Sweat Apocrine sweat
Glands Glands
Distribution: Throughout Distribution: Skin of
skin of most regions of axillae, groin, areolae,
body, especially skin bearded regions of face,
of forehead, palms, and clitoris, and labia minora.
soles.
Secretion: Perspiration, Secretion: Perspiration,
which consists which consists of
of water, ions (Na, Cl), same components as
urea, uric acid, ammonia, eccrine sweat glands plus
amino acids, glucose, and lipids and proteins.
lactic acid.
Functions: Regulation of Functions: Stimulated
body temperature, waste during emotional
removal, stimulated stress and sexual
during emotional excitement.
stress.
 Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals
 Main threat: loss of fluids (dehydration, electrolyte imbalance)
 Kidney failure, circulatory shock
 Treatment: replace fluids via IV
 Rule of Nines: estimating extent of burns
 Divide body into 11 areas
 Each part is 9% of total body area + 1% genital region
Aging and the Integumentary System

> Changes related to age begin at 40

>Dermis begin to decrease in number, stiffen, break
apart and disorganize, shapeless
>Elastic fiber lose elasticity
>Fibroblast which produce collagen and elastic fiber
decrease in number resulting to having wrinkles.
>Macrophages dwindle in number and become less-
efficient phagocytes thus decreasing immune
responsiveness (susceptible to infection).
> Decrease sebaceous gland resulting to dry
skin, broken
> Diminished sweat production which contribute to incidence
of heat stroke
> Decrease melanocytes causing gray to white hair
About 25% of males begin to show signs of hair loss by age 30
and about two-thirds have significant hair loss by age 60. Both
males and females develop pattern baldness.
>skin heals poorly and becomes more susceptible to
pathological conditions
such as skin cancer
The nails also may become more brittle with age, often due to
dehydration