Combustion Types

UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO – SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF ENGINEERING FOR INNOVATION – Lecce-Brindisi (Italy)
THE NEW FRONTIERS FOR THE CONTROL

OF COMBUSTION IN GAS TURBINES
Prof. Eng. Antonio Ficarella
University of Salento - antonio.ficarella@unisalento.it
REVIEW R30
DATE 27/03/2016
FILE FICARELLAslidesR31.odp
RESPONSIBLE Antonio Ficarella 1/44
antonio.ficarella@unisalento.it
UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO – DEPT. OF ENGINEERING FOR INNOVATION – Lecce-Brindisi (Italy) 2/44
SUMMARY
Control of air-fuel mixing

Injection, atomization and vaporization of fuel
Lean combustion
Combustion instabilities
Micro-scale combustion
Active control systems
New combustion concepts
INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGICAL TARGETS TO BE ACHIEVED

CURRENT TRENDS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS
INJECTION, ATOMIZATION AND VAPORIZATION

OF FUEL
EFFECT OF AIR-ASSIST ON LIQUID JET PENETRATION AND DISPERSION IN A
CROSS-FLOW OF HOT, HIGH-PRESSURE AIR, Zu Puayen Tan, Eugene Lubarsky,
Oleksandr Bibik, Dmitriy Shcherbik, Ben T. Zinn, GT2015-42239.
In many modern jet engines’ combustors , the primary liquid fuel is injected perpendicularly
or at an angle into a high pressure and temperature (T) cross-flow of air.
Technique in enhancing the liquid fuel jet’s atomization and penetration involved the use of
air-jets to assist/blast the liquid fuel jet as it is being injected into the cross-flow.
The arrangement of the air-jets can take a variety of forms, from a perpendicular fuel-air
impingement setup to a coaxial/concentric fuel-air jets setup.
Jet-in-cross-flow (JICF injector) with a plain-orifice fuel nozzle that was recessed into a
shallow well.
During their airblast JICF studies, significantly higher spray penetrations was observed in the
presence of air-blasting.
...
MOTIVATIONS
Lean premixed combustion systems are commonly employed on heavy duty gas turbines
operating on natural gas fuels to achieve regulated low nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.
In addition to NOx limits, the design of lean premixed systems systems are constrained by carbon
monoxide (CO) emissions at part load, lean blow out (LBO) limit, and combustion instabilities
(dynamics).
As gas turbine emissions are being regulated to lower levels and operators are demanding
increased operational flexibility and efficiency (translating to higher combustor temperatures) new
technologies are required to meet these challenges with lean premixed combustion systems.
Operators of heavy duty gas turbines desire more flexibility of operation in compliance with
increasingly stringent emissions regulations.
Delivering low NOx at base load operation, while at the same time meeting aggressive startup,
shutdown, and part load requirements for NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons is a challenge
that requires novel solutions in the framework of lean premixed combustion systems.
Lean combustion involves some problems:
macroscopic effects: spontaneous oscillations at few Hz (produced when the fuel
concentration increases and the flame extends and contracts );
microscopic effects: luminosity variance at high frequencies (produced by local
extinguishments).
Lean blowout (LBO) is a major technical challenge for low emission combustion systems.
Different instabilities
Acoustic driven
Chemical driven
Holes for secondary air supply
Primary air tube Swirler
Secondary
air nozzle
Combustion
Chamber
Multipoint injection mode leads to a more fast and efficient mixing with respect to the single
injection producing a more homogenous charging of the chamber. Multipoint injection may be
realized totally injecting the fuel upstream the swirler inlet or using also the central injector as a
“pilot” injection.
In these conditions gas turbines might exhibit strong dynamics that may lead to instabilities,
flashback or blowout (LBO).
...
...
...
Only lean and ultra-lean cases were chosen

to underline the abruptly increment of this
parameter going toward the LBO limit.
Comparing the different combustion regimes
the maximum variance is lower in partially-
premixed mode with respect to the non-
premixed regime. This is due also to the
spray that introduces another source of
flame oscillations especially in the zone
further away from the injector.
It is evident a rapid increase of the variance
for equivalent fuel/air ratio lower than about
0.2 towards blowout.
...
The variance/mean intensity ratio takes into account the effect of both reduction in heat
release rate and rise in the frequency of random local extinction and reignition events
occurring in the flame near the blowout.
COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF SELF-SUSTAINED NONLINEAR COMBUSTION
OSCILLATIONS, Xinyan Li, Dan Zhao, GT2015-42126.
Combustion instability is one of the most plaguing problems in lean-conditioned propulsion
systems.
Combustion instability is characterized by a large-amplitude pressure oscillation which may
raise some undesirable noise and structural vibration.
Generally, combustion instability is caused by the coupling between the unsteady heat
release and the acoustic pressure.
Numerous experimental, theoretical and numerical works have been done to understand the
physics behind thermoacoustic instability and to develop effective controller.
The feedback control is widely applied in industry. For example, a controller was applied to
stabilize an annular multi-burner combustion system.
COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES/2
COMBINED ACOUSTIC DAMPING-COOLING SYSTEM FOR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

OF GT26/GT24 REHEAT COMBUSTORS, Bruno Schuermans, Mirko Bothien, Michael
Maurer, Birute Bunkute, GT2015-42287.
Combustion pulsations occurring in gas turbines can be categorized according to their
frequency. On the one hand there are low frequency modes of the order of 100 Hz, on the
other high frequencies in the kHz range. Due to their small wavelengths, high frequency
modes in annular combustor feature more complex mode shapes.
...
Using a sequential combustion system enables the achievement of extremely low NOx
emissions and an unmatchable turn-down ratio, by completely switching off the fuel supply to
the reheat combustor during very low load operation.
In order to increase the engine’s efficiency and operation range while decreasing emissions
it is crucial to overcome high frequency thermoacoustic instabilities and to optimize the
cooling features. Both tasks are solved in an integrated new design of the SEV burner front
panel.
A highly complex 3-D network of channels and cavities is created. The channels are used to
cool the front panel, while the cavities act as acoustic resonators.
-
COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES/3
Dynamics and stability of lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustion, Ying Huang, Vigor
Yang, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35 (2009) 293–364.
Active control techniques utilize external excitations (such as acoustic forcing and fuel
modulation) to attenuate combustion oscillations.
Active control is an attractive strategy because it relies on proper modulation of combustion
system parameters, rather than spatial changes of the flowfield as required in passive
approaches. Since adjustment of system timing parameters is much simpler and more
practical than the potential geometry modification associated with passive control, active
control provides flexibility for adaptation and eliminates costly design changes.
Practical applications of active control require reliable sensing and actuation devices with
proper time-response characteristics.
The control algorithm is a key element in the success of active instability control.
Practical full-scale implementations present several technological challenges.
First, the active control hardware, i.e., sensors and actuators, must be sufficiently
reliable for extended periods of use under the high-temperature and -pressure
environment typical of industrial combustors.
Second, the actuators must have sufficient power to damp instabilities without
consuming too much energy.
Third, designing actuators that can provide large modulation levels at relatively high
frequencies, which might be in excess of 500 Hz or even 1000 Hz, still remains
challenging.
...
The control system measured the
acoustic pressures at the burner
flanges as inputs.
Active control was achieved by
modulating the pilot gas supply
using a Moog direct drive-valve
(DDV) actuator. These actuators
allow the modulation of flow rate
with frequencies of up to 400 Hz.
MICRO-SCALE COMBUSTION/1
A review on microcombustion: Fundamentals,

devices and applications, Niket S. Kaisare, Dionisios
G. Vlachos, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science 38 (2012) 321-359.
Unlike their conventional-sized counterparts,
microburners are no longer governed by bulk
behavior; rather, gas-surface interactions play a
pivotal role. Small scales enable process
intensification (e.g., fast heat and mass transfer),
higher efficiency, and faster transients (quick
startup).
At the same time, there are challenges in rendering
microburners operational, including thermal and
radical quenching, thermal management, and
susceptibility to failure due to thermal stresses.
Highly efficient, distributed generation of power is
critical in meeting our future energy needs.
Use of underutilized energy sources, such as natural
gas in remote and offshore locations, presents a true
opportunity for providing new energy supplies.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON OPTIMIZING THE DLN MICROMIX

HYDROGEN COMBUSTION PRINCIPLE FOR INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE
APPLICATIONS, H. H.-W. Funke, J. Keinz, K. Kusterer, A. Haj Ayed, M. Kazari, J. Kitajima,
A. Horikawa, K. Okada, GT2015-42043.
the Micromix hydrogen combustion principle has been under development at AcUAS and
was successfully tested and adapted in conventional gas turbines also at elevated pressures
with the prove of significant NOx emission reduction.
Investigations of other researchers on low NOx hydrogen combustion using micro-mixing
flames have also shown successful applications for gas turbines even at elevated pressures.
The Micromix principle significantly reduces the formation of nitric oxides by miniaturizing the
reaction zone through the creation of multiple micro diffusion-type flamelets with a typical
size of 5-15 mm in length and an inherent safety against flashbacks.
The mixing process is improved using the jet in cross-flow principle.
The flame anchoring, which is essential to low NOx formation, is mostly dominated by the
resulting recirculation vortices within the burner geometry and by the momentum flux ratio of
the jet in cross-flow.
...
Liquid fuel microcombustor using microfabricated multiplexed electrospray sources, Weiwei
Deng, James F. Klemic, Xiaohui Li, Mark A. Reed, Alessandro Gomez, Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute 31 (2007) 2239–2246.
A miniaturized combustor must rely on a good design of the fuel atomizer, which should yield
small, rapidly evaporating droplets to generate the fuel vapor promptly, mix it with the
oxidizer and subsequently burn it with the attending heat release.
Use of multiplexed electrosprays and a catalytic reactor for fuel conversion consisting of a
pack of catalyst impregnated meshes.
Volumetric heat release rate as large as 270 MW/m3, a value that is of the same order as
that of conventional gas turbines.
Experimental investigations on a new

active swirl based microcombustor for an
integrated micro-reformer system, Gur
Partap Singh Sahota, Bhupendra
Khandelwal, Sudarshan Kumar, Energy
Conversion and Management 52 (2011)
3206–3213.
A new active swirl based concept has been
proposed to enhance the flame stability
limits in backward facing step
microcombustors with premixed methane–
air mixtures.
For active swirl case, when precisely
controlled secondary flow is used for swirl
generation, both upper and lower flame
stability limits are significantly enhanced.
A stable flame has been observed to exist
for a wide range of mixtures with
equivalence ratio varying from 0.6 to 1.3.
heat release density of about 9.75 MW/m3
...
...
NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A FLOX®-BASED COMBUSTOR FOR A SMALL-

SCALE GAS TURBINE BASED CHP SYSTEM UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS,
GT2015-43094, Hannah Seliger, Andreas Huber, Manfred Aigner, German Aerospace
Center, Institute of Combustion Technology
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A
DOUBLE-STAGED FLOX®-BASED COMBUSTOR ON AN ATMOSPHERIC AND A MICRO
GAS TURBINE TEST RIG, GT2015-42313, Jan Zanger, Thomas Monz, Manfred Aigner,
Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center.
Newly designed single-stage combustion system based on the flameless oxidation (FLOX®)
technology [also termed volume or MILD combustion] for a small scale micro gas turbine
(MGT).
It is used for a combined heat and power plant (CHP) with an electrical power output of
3 kW, using natural gas as fuel.
Flameless oxidation is characterized by a flame distributed over a large volume and a high
internal recirculation of flue gas.
The FLOX®-combustion concept offers various advantages compared to swirl-stabilized
combustion systems in terms of flashback risk and exhaust gas emissions.
Fuel is injected in the flow

direction into a high
momentum air flow. Air and
fuel are partially premixed.
The high jet velocity
generates a strong inner
recirculation zone. This
leads to a homogeneous
temperature distribution
which is essential for low
NOx emissions. Due to the http://kraftwerkforschung.info/en/hydrogen-gas-turbines/
high jet velocity the risk for
flashback is significantly
reduced.
Since this path depends exponentially on the

temperature, the resulting drop in flame
temperature due to the increase in airfuel ratio
results in lower NOx emissions.
The main driving mechanism for the higher
CO emissions is the reduction of residence
time.
Double–staged, FLOX®
the margin to lean blow–off is
substantially increased by the fuel
staging.
Moreover, it is demonstrated that the
exhaust gas emissions of the double–
staged combustor could be kept at a
similar very low level by applying the
staging.
NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS/2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DLE COMBUSTOR FOR L30A GAS TURBINE, GT2015-42904, Toshiaki
Sakurazawa, Takeo Oda, Satoshi Takami, Atsushi Okuto, Yasuhiro Kinoshita, Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
DLE combustors consist of three burners, a diffusion pilot burner, a lean premix main burner,
and supplemental burners.
Line A operated by pilot and main

burner.
Line B when fuel mass flow of
pilot and main burner is kept, and
fuel mass flow of supplemental
burner is increased up to
maximum load.
Plot C when total fuel mass flow is
kept, and fuel mass flow of main
burner is increased.
NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS/3
PREMIXED PILOT FLAMES FOR IMPROVED EMISSIONS AND FLEXIBILITY IN A HEAVY DUTY
GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION SYSTEM, GT2015-44102, William D. York, Bryan W. Romig,
Michael J. Hughes, Derrick W. Simons, Joseph V. Citeno, GE Power & Water.
This program focused on the development of gas turbine technologies required for an
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant with carbon capture and
sequestration. For combustion, this meant the development of a combustion system that
could burn very high hydrogen fuel with an aggressive emissions target of 2 ppm NOx.
The challenge of ultra-low NOx with the highly reactive fuel led to the development of a new
premixer technology called the multi-tube (MT) mixer.
The pilot geometry consists of multiple

tubes, a few millimeters in diameter.
A fraction of combustor air is used to
feed these tubes and maintain
adequate velocities to provide
flashback and flame holding margin.
The fraction of air provided to the pilots
is fixed.
NEW 7F DLN2.6+ COMBUSTION SYSTEM

The premixed pilots play a role in enabling the
combustion system to feature a shorter liner and
associated residence time reduction, while retaining
good turndown performance (emissions and LBO
margin).
This lower residence time, combined with the excellent
premixing capability and air management, allows to
achieve lower NOx emissions at base and part load.
To feed the premixed pilots of the outer fuel nozzles,
air is extracted from the compressor discharge casing.
Bypassing the rest of the combustion system with the
pilot air allows higher pressure to feed the pilots and
serves to acoustically separate pilot air feed from the
combustion system to mitigate combustion dynamics.
-
ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION
For ground power generation and industrial burners, CO2 capture and NOx emission
reduction are the primary drivers to the development of ultra-lean high hydrogen content
(HHC) gas turbines, flameless combustion, and oxyfuel combustion.
In the development of ultra-lean HHC gas turbine combustion, combustion instability
and flame flashback are among the greatest challenges.
Another challenge is the broad distribution of syngas energy density (5-80 MJ/kg) that
further increases the problem of flame instability.
STABILITY
blow-off in aeronautical engines
WIDE RANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
Non-thermal plasmas
low ionization/excitation energy
small temperature rise
permit to dissociate the fuel and to produce free radicals
application of high-voltage pulses to improve the ignition of fuel/air mixtures, to increase
flame propagation, enhanced flame stabilization, and extended flammability limits
PLASMA ACTUATORS
-
A promising non thermal plasma source is the
dielectric barrier discharge (DBD).
A plasma actuator is substantially a device able
to change locally the chemical and fluid dynamic
state using the action of an high electric field.
It was shown that the plasma created in the
recirculation zone permitted to stabilize the lean
flame and to reduce the lean extinction limit by
about 10-15%, with a power consumption that
was less than 1% of the power of the flame.
Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP)
discharges produced by electric pulses of about
10 kV during 10 ns, and at a frequency of 30
kHz, where applied to stabilize a lean premixed
methane/air flame at atmospheric pressure. A
repetitive discharge at 9 kHz, with voltage pulse
duration of order 100 ms was used to extend the
flammability limit of a lean propane/air mixture at
atmospheric pressure. [200]
The actuation produces significant change in the
flame shape and improves the stability and the
homogeneity of the flame. In this condition the
effect of actuation is mainly related to the
stabilization of the flame and the rise of the
blowout limit.
-
When the plasma actuator is on, it leads to an evident improvement of the LBO limit, with a
large increase for low fuel flow rate (low equivalence ratio). [01_manuscript-2]
This could confirm that plasma DBD causes radical production/enhancement and influences
the mixing [01_manuscript-2]
Effect of the plasma actuation on the LBO limits for the activated methane configuration and
for different values of Methane flow rate, when the sinusoidal HV amplifier is used (the
voltage frequency is set at 20 kHz). [IEEE_SENSORS_submit]
...
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The structure of IDF flame and the OH* emission area are greatly influenced by the plasma
discharge when the standoff distance is equal to 0.
On the contrary the OH* area keeps almost invariable when the applied voltage and the
plasma power increases for the IDF with a standoff distance equal to 6 mm. [01_manuscript-
2]
Under plasma actuation, the flame propagation speed is improved, which pushes the thin
reaction zone against the upward flow
ACTIVE CONTROL OF
COMBUSTION/2
Plasma assisted combustion: Dynamics and

chemistry, Yiguang Ju, Wenting Sun, Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science 48 (2015) 21e83.
effect of nanosecond pulsed discharge on
combustion instabilities at 1 atm
Without plasma, the flame was lifted off and
stabilized in the shear layers associated with the
recirculation zone.
As the discharges were activated and the pulse
repetition frequency was increased, the flame
moved successively further upstream and
eventually stabilized in the burner passage.
Averaged CH* chemiluminescence intensity for the
case without plasma discharges (a), and with f = 5,
10, 15, 20, and 25 kHz (bed); equivalence ratio
0.62, thermal power 50 kW
-
The effect of steady pulsed discharges on combustion dynamics was further investigated. It
was found that the discharges had a strong effect on the pressure pulsations associated with
thermoacoustic dynamics.
Since the discharges affect both the flame shape and the position, they have an influence on
the dynamic response of the flame to acoustic perturbations.
This phenomenon was mainly caused by the thermal effect of the plasma. The ultra-fast
heating of the flow by plasma was followed by expansion of gas and generation of
shockwaves. This aerodynamical impact on transport affects flow velocity and alters vortex
structure, and therefore changes the flame transfer function.
Integrated a DBD actuator into the premixer of a combustor to investigate the effect of ionic
wind on flashback.
ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION/3

NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMA ASSISTED COMBUSTION OF LOW BTU FUELS, Hongbin
Hu, Gang Xu, Aibing Fang, Weiguang Huang, GT2010-22053.
The measurements of the flame indicate that addition of a very small amount of energy in the
form of DBD plasma can provide self-ignition in harsher conditions in contrast to usual spark
ignition, and significantly improve the flame stability and combustion efficiency.
The results also show that the effect of DBD plasma on the flame is most efficient in
combustion at low equivalence ratios, and the chemical reactions can even occur at the
equivalence ratios well below the lean flammability limit.
ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION/4

Plasma-Assisted Combustion Technology for NOx Reduction in Industrial Burners, Dae
Hoon Lee, Kwan-Tae Kim, Hee Seok Kang, Young-Hoon Song, and Jae Eon Park, Environ.
Sci. Technol. 2013.
This new technology uses a simple modification of commercial burners, such that they are
able to perform plasma-assisted staged combustion without altering the outer configuration
of the commercial reference burner.
Ultimately, the enhanced mixing and removal of hot spots with a widened flame area acted
as the main mechanisms of NOx reduction.
...
CONCLUSIONS
Deep control of basic chemical and physical phenomena.

High frequency sensors and actuators (MEMS).
Control of small spatial scales (microscale).
Cost is not a problem.
The real challenges are:
Scale-up to industrial size.
Reliability of the control systems.

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UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO – SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

DEPT. OF ENGINEERING FOR INNOVATION – Lecce-Brindisi (Italy)

THE NEW FRONTIERS FOR THE CONTROL

Control of air-fuel mixing

TECHNOLOGICAL TARGETS TO BE ACHIEVED

INJECTION, ATOMIZATION AND VAPORIZATION

Only lean and ultra-lean cases were chosen

COMBINED ACOUSTIC DAMPING-COOLING SYSTEM FOR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

A review on microcombustion: Fundamentals,

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON OPTIMIZING THE DLN MICROMIX

Experimental investigations on a new

NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A FLOX®-BASED COMBUSTOR FOR A SMALL-

Fuel is injected in the flow

Since this path depends exponentially on the

NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS/2

Line A operated by pilot and main

NOVEL COMBUSTION CONCEPTS/3

The pilot geometry consists of multiple

NEW 7F DLN2.6+ COMBUSTION SYSTEM

ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION

Plasma assisted combustion: Dynamics and

ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION/3

ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION/4

Deep control of basic chemical and physical phenomena.

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