07 MDB3083 Lecture3 (C) Threaded Fasteners

Lecture-3(c)
Threaded
Fasteners
©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO# CO Description POs Addressed
Design the basic mechanical components in

CO1 PO1
engineering systems.
Develop engineering models of the

CO2 PO2
components / systems.
Apply materials selection in the design of

CO3 PO3
mechanical systems, e.g. for DFM and DFA.
Apply Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

CO4 PO4
(FMEA) on mechanical system design.

CONTENT
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Threaded Fasteners
1.3 Calculation of Joint Stiffness
1.4 Calculation of Bolt Strength
1.5 Worked Examples

Threaded joints:
Threaded joints are detachable joints of

two or more component parts either
directly connected with each other or by
standardized fasteners, i.e. bolts, nuts
and screws.
Types of bolted joints. ... joining

is most widely used in joining
metal components. Examples of
mechanical joints are bolting,
riveting, screw, and pin joints.

Bolt: The rod with threads and a head is
a bolt, and alongside it is a nut.
Screw: An externally threaded fastener

capable of being inserted into the holes
inside assembled parts (now comes the
difference) of mating with a pre formed
internal thread or forming it's own thread is
called a screw.
Bolted joint Screw Joint

Advantages of threaded joints:
• Highly reliable in operation
• Convenient to assemble and disassemble
• May be applied to varies operating conditions
• Relatively less costly to produce due to standardization and

highly efficient manufacturing process.
Disadvantages of threaded joints:

• Stress concentration in the threaded portions which are
vulnerable points under variable load conditions.

Threaded
Fasteners

Measuring of Diameter
There are several different locations on a fastener where one can measure the
diameter. The most commonly used diameters are:
•Thread Diameter (T). Also called major diameter.

•Shank Diameter (S).
•Root Diameter (R). Also called minor diameter.

(a) Hexagonal Head Bolt
Thread length of inch series:
Thread length of metric series:

Selection
to be
made
based on
nominal
diameter

(b) Cap-Screws

Selection
to be
made
based on
nominal
diameter

(c) Hexagonal Nuts

A locknut, also known as a lock
nut, locking nut, prevailing torque nut,
stiff nut or elastic stop nut, is a nut that
resists loosening under vibrations and
torque. Elastic stop nuts and prevailing
torque nuts are of the particular type
where some portion of the nut deforms
elastically to provide a locking action

Selection
to be
made
based on
nominal
diameter

washer
A washer is a thin plate with a hole that is normally used
to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a
bolt or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring, wear
pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to
reduce vibration
Washers can be categorized into three types;
•Plain washers, which spread a load, and prevent damage to

the surface being fixed, or provide some sort of insulation
such as electrical
•Spring washers, which have axial flexibility and are used to

prevent fastening loosening due to vibrations
•Locking washers, which prevent fastening loosening by

preventing unscrewing rotation of the fastening device;
locking washers are usually also spring washers.

(d) Washers

Calculation of
Joint Stiffness

(i) Bolted connections examples

(ii) Finding Fastener Stiffness

Verify!

(iii) Finding Member Stiffness
Total stiffness of members:
The spring rate or stiffness of the frustum is
Where E is the Young’s modulus.

For =30,
This equation must be solved separately for each frustum in the bolted joint.
• If the members of the joint have the same Young’s modulus E with
symmetrical frusta back to back, then they act as two identical springs in
series.
• Using the grip as l = 2t and dw as the diameter of the washer face, from the
above equation we find the spring rate of the members to be

• The diameter of the washer face is about 50% greater than the fastener
diameter for standard hexagon-head bolts and cap screws. Hence we can
simplify the equation for km by letting dw = 1.5d. If we also use =30,
• The equation for km can also be solved for km/Ed.
• =30 is recommended for hardened steel, cast iron, or aluminum

members.

• For the entire member made up of the same material, the equation for
km/Ed is approximated by an exponential curve-fit of the form

Summary
• Twisting the nut stretches the bolt to produce the

clamping force. This clamping force is called the
pretension or bolt preload.
• Since the members are being clamped together,

the clamping force that produces tension in the
bolt induces compression in the members.
• Stiffness of bolt or fastener:
• Stiffness of members made up of the same material:

Calculation of
Bolt Strength

Types of Bolt Failures
• Overloading (stretching)
• Fatigue
• Galling
• Shearing
• Galvanic corrosion
• Hydrogen Embrittlement

• In the specification standards for bolts, the strength is specified by
stating ASTM minimum quantities, the minimum proof strength,
or minimum proof load, and the minimum tensile strength.
• The proof load is the maximum load (force) that a bolt can
withstand without acquiring a permanent set. The proof strength
is the quotient of the proof load and the tensile-stress area.
• 15 percent fastener fatigue failure under the head, 20 percent at

thread runout, and 65 percent where the designer is focusing
attention.
• Bolts are sized by examining the loading at the plane of the

washer face of the nut.

SAE

ASTM

Metric

(a) Forces supported by bolt & members
• The load P is tension, and it causes the

connection to stretch, or elongate, through
some distance  that can be related to the
stiffnesses by recalling that k is the force
divided by the deflection.
• Since P = Pb + Pm, we have

What
happens
when P is &
applied?
Where,

(b) Calculation of Bolt Torque
• A good estimate of the torque required to produce a given preload,
Fi, is
where dm is the average of the major and minor diameters.
• The mean collar diameter is dc = (d + 1.5d)/2 = 1.25d and a torque

coefficient K
• Short form for the bolt torque is, therefore,

Examples:
• For lubricated bolt connection.
K = 0.18
• For zinc-plated bolt connection.
K = 0.20

(c) Calculation of bolt tensile strength,
field safety factor, and load factor
• Tensile stress:
• Yield factor of safety:
• Load factor:
Applied to the load P as a guard

against overloading.

• It is recommended for both static and fatigue loading that
the following be used for preload:
where Fp is the proof load, obtained from the equation

(d) Calculation of gasket pressure and
bolt spacing
• If a full gasket is present in the joint, the gasket pressure p is found
by dividing the force in the member by the gasket area per bolt.
• Thus, for N bolts
The gasket pressure is
• To maintain adequate uniformity of pressure, a rough rule for bolt

spacing around a bolt circle is
where Db is the diameter of the bolt circle and N is the number of

bolts.

Worked
Example

Example -E1
An M14 × 2 hex-head bolt with a nut is used to clamp together two 15-mm steel
plates.
a) Determine a suitable length for the bolt, rounded up to the nearest 5 mm.
b) Determine the bolt stiffness.
c) Determine the stiffness of the members.
Solution:
(a) From Table A-31, Nut height H = 12.8 mm.

L  l + H = 2(15) + 12.8 = 42.8 mm.
Rounding up,
L = 45 mm Ans.

H = 12.8 mm

(b) LT = 2d + 6 = 2(14) +6 = 34 mm
ld = L - LT = 45 - 34 = 11 mm,
lt = l - ld = 2(15) 11 = 19 mm,
Ad = (142) / 4 = 153.9 mm2.
From Table 8-1, At = 115 mm2.
E = 207 Gpa (using Table 8-8)
(c)

E # 2. An upside-down “A” shaped frame as shown in figure below, is to be bolted to a horizontal
ceiling steel beam using two ISO 8.8 bolts. The size of each bolt is M16  2. The frame is
to support the 35kN radial load. The total grip length, LG = 42 mm, includes the thickness
of the steel beam, the A frame feet, and the steel washer used. Modulus of elasticity for
steel, E = 207GPa. Ignore the weight of the frame.
• Determine the tightening torque

required if the connection is
permanent and the fasteners are Horizontal ceiling
lubricated. steel beam
• Determine the stiffness of bolts, kb LG

and stiffness of the members, km.
• Calculate the percentage of the load

taken by the bolts and the members. An upside down
“A” shaped frame
Suggest a way to increase the
percentage of load on the members.
Radial load = 35kN

Solution (a).
From Table, At = 157 mm2
Sp = 600 Mpa
Fp = 157(0.600) = 94.2 kN
Fi = 0.90 Fp = 0.90(94.2) = 84.78 kN
T = 0.2 (84.78)(16) = 271.296 Nm
(b).
 (16 )2
L  LG+ H = 56.8 mm Ad = = 201 .06 mm 2
4
From table, take L = 60 mm
Ad At E
kb =
LT = 2D + 6 = 2(16) + 6 = 38 mm Ad lT + At l d
Ld = L – LT = 60 – 38 = 22 mm
201 .06(157 )207
kb = = 874 .12 MN/m
LT = LG – ld = 42 – 22 = 20 mm 201 .06(20) + 157 (22)

km  Bd 
= A exp 
Ed  LG 
A = 0.78715
B = 0.62873
km  0.62873 (16 ) 
= 0.78715 exp  = 1.0002
Ed  42 
km = 1.0002 (207) 16 = 3312.66 MN/m
(C). Since, members take less

kb
C= than a recommended 80%
kb + k m
of the load, Therefore,
 874.12 
C =  100% = 20.88% increasing the length of the
 874.12 + 3312 .66 
grip, LG, can increase
• Bolts carries 20.88% of external load. percentage of load on the
• Members carries 79.12% of external load. members.

Exercise Problems
8.11, 8.19-21, 8.31 & 8.47

Thank You!

07 MDB3083 Lecture3 (C) Threaded Fasteners

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Lecture-3(c)

CO# CO Description POs Addressed

Design the basic mechanical components in

Develop engineering models of the

Apply materials selection in the design of

Apply Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

1.2 Threaded Fasteners

1.3 Calculation of Joint Stiffness

1.4 Calculation of Bolt Strength

1.5 Worked Examples

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Threaded joints are detachable joints of

Types of bolted joints. ... joining

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Screw: An externally threaded fastener

Bolted joint Screw Joint

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• Convenient to assemble and disassemble

• May be applied to varies operating conditions

• Relatively less costly to produce due to standardization and

Disadvantages of threaded joints:

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

•Thread Diameter (T). Also called major diameter.

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Thread length of inch series:

Thread length of metric series:

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Washers can be categorized into three types;

•Plain washers, which spread a load, and prevent damage to

•Spring washers, which have axial flexibility and are used to

•Locking washers, which prevent fastening loosening by

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Total stiffness of members:

The spring rate or stiffness of the frustum is

Where E is the Young’s modulus.

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• The equation for km can also be solved for km/Ed.

• =30 is recommended for hardened steel, cast iron, or aluminum

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• Twisting the nut stretches the bolt to produce the

• Since the members are being clamped together,

• Stiffness of bolt or fastener:

• Stiffness of members made up of the same material:

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• 15 percent fastener fatigue failure under the head, 20 percent at

• Bolts are sized by examining the loading at the plane of the