Stoichiometry

• Mole ratio’s in balanced chemical reactions determine

relationships between chemicals
• You can relate the amounts of reactants to reactants,
reactants to products or products to products

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

1 mole Fe2O3
1 mole Fe2O3 = 3 moles CO 3 moles CO
2 moles Fe
2 moles Fe = 3 moles CO 3 moles CO
2 moles Fe
2 moles Fe = 3 moles CO2 3 moles CO2
Stoichiometry
Basic Steps of Stoichiometry:
1. Convert given to moles
2. Relate the moles of given to moles unknown
using the mole relationship
3. Convert back from moles to desired units
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

How much Fe can you extract from 1 metric ton of

Fe2O3?

1000 g Fe2O3 1mol Fe2O3

1000 kg Fe2O3 x 1 kg Fe O x 159.7g Fe O x
2 3 2 3
2 moles Fe 55.85g Fe
1 mole Fe2O3 x 1 mole Fe

= 699436.44 g = 699.436 kg Fe
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

How much CO do you need to extract all the Fe from 1

metric ton of Fe2O3?

1000 g Fe2O3 1mol Fe2O3

1000 kg Fe2O3 x 1 kg Fe O x 159.7g Fe O x
2 3 2 3
3 moles CO 28g CO
1 mole Fe2O3 x 1 mole CO

= 525986.22g = 525.99 kg CO
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

How much Fe2O3 do you need to extract 1 metric ton of

Fe?

1000 g Fe 1mol Fe 1 mole Fe2O3

1000 kg Fe x 1 kg Fe x 55.85g Fe x 2 moles Fe x
159.7g Fe2O3
1 mole Fe2O3

= 1429722.47g = 1429.72 kg Fe2O3

Stoichiometry
• In any practical reaction, the amount of product
will be determined by one of the reactants
• The reactant which determines the amount of
product is called the limiting reactant
• The limiting reactant is completely consumed, and
all other reactants will have some excess
• The limiting reactant is the reactant which
produces the smallest amount of product
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
1g of Fe2O3 is reacted with 1g of CO. How much Fe will be
produced?

If Fe2O3 is limiting
1mol Fe2O3 2 moles Fe 55.85g Fe
1g Fe2O3 x x x
159.7g Fe2O3 1 mole Fe2O3 1 mole Fe
=0.6994g Fe

If CO is limiting
1mol CO 2 moles Fe 55.85g Fe Since using up all of the
1g CO x x x Fe2O3 produces less
28g CO 3 moles CO 1 mole Fe
=1.3297g Fe product, Fe2O3 is limiting
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
1g of Fe2O3 is reacted with 1g of CO. How much Fe will be
produced?

If Fe2O3 is limiting
1mol Fe2O3 2 moles Fe 55.85g Fe
1g Fe2O3 x x x
159.7g Fe2O3 1 mole Fe2O3 1 mole Fe
=0.6994g Fe

To produce 0.6994g of Fe, the amount of CO used is:

1mol Fe 3 moles CO 28g CO
0.6994g Fe x x x
55.85g Fe 2 moles Fe 1 mole CO
=0.5259g CO is used
Stoichiometry
• The amount of product you expect to be made
from a set amount of reactant is called the
theoretical yield
• The actual amount of product you obtain is called
the actual yield
• The ratio of the two is called the percent yield

actual yield
Percent yield = x 100
theoretical yield
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

500kg of Fe was extracted from 1 metric ton of Fe2O3. What is the

percent yield?

1000 g Fe2O3 1mol Fe2O3

1000 kg Fe2O3 x x x
1 kg Fe2O3 159.7g Fe2O3
2 moles Fe 55.85g Fe
1 mole Fe O x 1 mole Fe
2 3

= 699436.44 g = 699.44 kg Fe Theoretical yield

500
699.44 x 100 = 71.5%
Stoichiometry
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

The yield of Fe extraction from Fe2O3 is 71.5%. How much Fe2O3 do

you need to extract 1 metric ton of Fe?
To get 1000kg of Fe, you
1000kg 71.5 must attempt to produce
= x = 1398 kg 1398kg
x 100
1000 g Fe 1mol Fe 1 mole Fe2O3
1398 kg Fe x x x x
1 kg Fe 55.85g Fe 2 moles Fe
159.7g Fe2O3
1 mole Fe2O3

= 1998752.01g = 1998.75 kg Fe2O3

Stoichiometry
• Sometimes making a compound requires more
than one step.
• The yields of each step must be considered

4P + 5O2 → P4O10 Yield = 89.5%

P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4 Yield = 96.8%
Stoichiometry
How much H3PO4 can be made from 1g of P?
4P + 5O2 →P4O10 Yield = 89.5%
P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4 Yield = 96.8%

1 mole P 1 mole P4O10 284g P4O10

1g P x x x = 2.29g
31g P 4 moles P 1 mole P4O10
2.29g x 0.895 = 2.05g P4O10

1 mole P4O10 4 moles H3PO4 98g H3PO4

2.05g P4O10 x 284g P O x 1 moles P O x 1 mole H PO
4 10 4 10 3 4
= 2.82g x 0.968 = 2.74g H3PO4
Stoichiometry
The amount of substance in solution is defined by
concentration

Concentrations may be expressed as:

mass solute (g)
%(w/v) =
volume solution (mL)
mass solute
%(w/w) = mass solute+mass solvent
moles solute
M=
volume solution (L)
Stoichiometry
You can interconvert between %(w/v) and M through
the FW

3g HCl 1000mL 1 mole

0.3%(w/v) HCl = x x = 8M
mL 1L 36.45g HCl
Stoichiometry
You may obtain the moles of solute from concentration
by multiplying by the volume

3 moles 1L
3M x 10mL = x 10mL x = 0.3 moles
L 1000mL

3g 1 mole
3%(w/v) KF x 10mL = mL x 10mL x 58g = 0.51 moles
Stoichiometry
When perfoming dilutions, the moles of solute
remains the same.

moles solute Unchanged

M=
L solution Increases

moles solute undiluted = moles solute diluted

M1V1 = M2V2
Stoichiometry
What volume of 18.0M sulfuric acid is required to
make 2.50 L of a 2.40M sulfuric acid solution?

18M(X) = 2.4M(2.5L)

X = 0.33L = 330mL
Stoichiometry
How much 6.0M HCl is needed to make 100mL of
0.1M solution?

6M(X) = 0.1M(100 mL)

X = 1.67 mL
Stoichiometry
• When using solutions in chemical reactions, M can
be used to interconvert between volume and moles

What volume of 0.500M BaCl2(aq) is required to completely

react with 5g of Na2SO4?
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

1 mole Na2SO4 1 mole BaCl2 1 L BaCl2

5g x 142g Na SO x 1 mole Na SO x 0.5 moles BaCl
2 4 2 4 2
= 0.0704L = 7.04mL
Stoichiometry
What volume of 0.1M NaOH is required to neutralize 100mL of
0.25M H3PO4?

H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

0.25mmoles 3mmoles NaOH 1mL NaOH

100mL H3PO4x 1mL H PO x 1mmole H PO x 0.1 mmoles NaOH = 750mL
3 4 3 4
Stoichiometry
If 100.0mL of 1.0M NaOH and 100.0mL of 0.5M
H2SO4 solutions are mixed, what will the
concentration of the resulting solution be? Assume
that the volume is additive
Stoichiometry
Titrations
• A method of determining the concentration of one
solution by reacting it with a solution of known
concentration.
• A solution of one reactant o, the titrant, is carefully
added to a solution of another reactant, and the
volume of titrant required for complete reaction is
measured
• The concentration of titrant is known
• The concentration of the titrated solution is unknown
• Acid-base titration – quantitative analysis of the
amount or concentration of a base or acid
Stoichiometry
• Acid-base indicator – substance with different colors
that depend on the concentration of H+ in the solution
• Primary standard – A chemical compound which can be
used to accurately determine the concentration of
another solution. Examples include KHP and sodium
carbonate.
• Standard solution – A solution whose concentration has
been determined using a primary standard.
• Standardization – The process in which the
concentration of a solution is determined by accurately
measuring the volume of the solution required to react
with a known amount of a primary standard.
Stoichiometry
Characteristics of An Ideal Primary Standard
• Must not react with or absorb the components of
the atmosphere, such as water vapor, O2 and CO2
• Must react according to one invariable reaction
• Highly pure with known %purity
• High formula weight to minimize error in weighing
• Must be soluble in the solvent of interest
• Readily available
Stoichiometry
Primary standard for bases
KHP – potassium hydrogen phthalate (silent ph)

FW = 204.22 g/mol

Primary standard for acids

Na2CO3 (FW = 106 g/mol)
Stoichiometry
Standardization

Calculate the molarity of a NaOH solution if 19.7 mL of it

reacts with 0.4084 g of KHP.

NaOH + KHP -> NaKP + H2O

1mole KHP 1mole NaOH

0.4084g x 204.22g KHP x 1mole KHP = 0.001999moles NaOH
0.001999 moles NaOH
= 0.01015M
0.197L NaOH
Stoichiometry
Calculate the molarity of a sulfuric acid solution if
23.2 mL of it reacts with 0.212 g of Na2CO3.

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

Answer = 0.0862 M
Stoichiometry
An impure sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate,
KHP, had a mass of 0.884 g. It was dissolved in water
and titrated with 31.5mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution.
Calculate the percent purity of the KHP sample.
Molar mass of KHP is 204.2 g/mol.

NaOH+ KHP -> NaKP+ H2O

Answer = 72.76%
Stoichiometry
The titration of 36.7 mL of a sulfuric acid solution
requires 43.2 mL 0f standard 0.236 M NaOH solution for
complete neutralization. What is the molarity of H2SO4
solution

H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

0.236 moles NaOH 1 mole H2SO4

0.0432 L x x / 0.0367L
L 2 moles NaOH

Answer = 0.1388M
Stoichiometry
The mole relationship for a general titration

aA + tT -> Products

a x moles T = t x moles A
Stoichiometry
aA + tT -> Products a x moles T = t x moles A

HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O

moles HCl = moles NaOH
H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2 x moles H2SO4 = moles NaOH
At the equivalence point,
the moles of NaOH is
twice the number of
moles of H2SO4

2H3PO4 + 3Na2CO3 -> Na3PO4 + CO2 + H2O

3 x moles H3PO4 = 2 x moles Na2CO3
3 x M(H3PO4) x V(H3PO4) = 2 x M(Na2CO3) x V(Na2CO3)
Stoichiometry
The titration of 36.7 mL of a sulfuric acid solution
requires 43.2 mL 0f standard 0.236 M NaOH solution
for complete neutralization. What is the molarity of
H2SO4 solution

H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2 x M(H2SO4) x 36.7mL = 0.236M x 43.2mL

Answer = 0.1388M