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MICROBIOLOGY 5
WORLD OF PARASITES

NAICA AMINA C. PUNDUG

( INSTRUCTOR )

CARLA CALHANG

( STUDENT )
 INTRODUCTION
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism,
the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and
is adapted structurally to this way of life.[1] The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised
parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". [2] Parasites
include protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery;
animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey
fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and
the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts,
namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by
contact), trophically transmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted
parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation.
Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer-resource interaction,[3] but unlike predators,
parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do
not kill them, and often live in or on their hosts for an extended period. Parasites of animals
are highly specialised, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples
include interactions between vertebrate hosts and tapeworms, flukes, the malaria-
causing Plasmodium species, and fleas.
Parasites reduce host fitness by general or specialised pathology, from parasitic castration to
modification of host behaviour. Parasites increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for
resources necessary for their survival, in particular by feeding on them and by using
intermediate (secondary) hosts to assist in their transmission from one definitive (primary)
host to another. Although parasitism is often unambiguous, it is part of a spectrum of
interactions between species, grading via parasitoidism into predation, through evolution
into mutualism, and in some fungi, shading into being saprophytic.
People have known about parasites such as roundworms and tapeworms since ancient
Egypt, Greece, and Rome. In Early Modern times, Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek observed Giardia lamblia in his microscope in 1681, while Francesco
Redi described internal and external parasites including sheep liver fluke and ticks.
Modern parasitology developed in the 19th century. In human culture, parasitism has
negative connotations. These were exploited to satirical effect in Jonathan Swift's 1733 poem
"On Poetry: A Rhapsody", comparing poets to hyperparasitical "vermin". In fiction, Bram
Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula and its many later adaptations featured a blood-
drinking parasite. Ridley Scott's 1979 film Alien was one of many works of science fiction to
feature a terrifying[4] parasitic alien species.
Functions & Characteristics
Parasites are Asymbiotic, they can only be Obligate or
Facultative parasites. Parasites are non producers, i.e they feed off their host.
They can be classified based on their location in the host body, namely:
ectoparasites, endoparasites and mesoparasites.

How they Live?

A parasite is an organism that lives within or on a host. The host is

another organism.

The parasite uses the host's resources to fuel its life cycle. It uses the
host's resources to maintain itself.

Parasites vary widely. Around 70 percentTrusted Source are not

visible to the human eye, such as the malarial parasite, but some
worm parasites can reach over 30 meters in length.

Parasites are not a disease, but they can spread diseases. Different
parasites have different effects.
ENTAMOEBA NAEGLERIA ACANTHA BALAMU
MOEBA THIA

Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria is Acanthamoeba is Balamuthia

is an anaerobic a microscopic, mandrillaris is
parasitic
a free living free-living a free-living
amoeba that is
amoebozoan, part of amoebae ameba, or known to
the genus Entamoeba. amoeba* (single-
protist genus cause the
Predominantly celled living deadly
infecting humans and
consisting of organism), that neurological
condition
other primates 47 described can cause rare**,
known as
causing amoebiasis,
but severe
species often infections of the
granulomatous
E. histolytica is amoebic
estimated to infect
found in eye, skin, and encephalitis
central nervous
about 50 million warm
system. The
people worldwide. aquatic ameba is found
environments worldwide in the
environment in
as well as water and soil.
soil habitats
worldwide
HEMOFLA MALARIA TAXO PNEUMO
GELLATE PLASMA CYSTIS

Any flagellate Malaria is a disease Toxoplasmosis is a It is also known

caused by a parasitic disease as PJP,
protozoan caused for Pneumocystis
that is parasite. The jiroveci Pneumonia.
by Toxoplasma gondii.
parasitic in parasite is Infections Pneumocystis pneumonia
the blood transmitted to with toxoplasmosis is not commonly
humans through the usually cause no found in the lungs of
healthy people,
bites of infected obvious symptoms in
but being a source of
mosquitoes. People adults. Occasionally,
opportunistic infection, it
people may have a
who can cause a
few weeks or months lung infection in
have malaria usually of mild, flu-like illness people with a weak
feel very sick, with a such as muscle aches immune system.
high fever and and tender lymph
shaking chills. nodes
HELMINTHS
Helminths are worm-
like parasites that
survive by feeding on a
living host to gain
nourishment and
protection, sometimes
resulting in illness of the
host. There are a variety
of
different helminths from
the very large to the
microscopic. 'Helminth'
is a general term
meaning worm.
SCHISTO TREMA CESTODES
SOMES TODES
Schistosoma is a Trematodes are Cestoda is a class of
genus of trematodes, flattened oval or worm- parasitic worms in the
commonly known as like animals, usually no flatworm phylum. Most
blood flukes. They are more than a few of the species—and the
parasitic flatworms centimetres in length, best-known—are those
responsible for a highly although species as in the subclass
significant group of small as 1 millimetre Eucestoda; they are
infections in humans (0.039 in) are known. ribbonlike worms as
termed schistosomiasis Their most distinctive adults, known as
external feature is the tapeworms.
presence of two
suckers, one close to
the mouth, and the
other on the underside
of the animal.
ENTERIC
Some types of helminths and protozoa are
classified as intestinal parasites that cause
infection—those that reside in the intestines.
These infections can damage or sicken the host
(humans or other animals). If the
intestinal parasite infection is caused by
helminths, the infection is called helminthiasis
FILARIAL
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an
infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type.
These are spread by blood-feeding diptera such
as black flies and mosquitoes. This disease
belongs to the group of diseases called
helminthiases. Eight known filarial
nematodes use humans as their definitive hosts.