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2004 © Future Drugs Ltd ISSN 1475-0708 http://www.future-drugs.com Therapy (2004) 1(1), 159–167 159
REVIEW – Piraccini, Iorizzo, Antonucci & Tosti
www.future-drugs.com 161
REVIEW – Piraccini, Iorizzo, Antonucci & Tosti
A B
Figure 1 (A–B). Distal subungual onychomycosis due to Fusarium solani improved by 12 months of treatment with ciclopiroxolamine 8%
nail lacquer.
www.future-drugs.com 163
REVIEW – Piraccini, Iorizzo, Antonucci & Tosti
A B
A B
A: Nail lichen planus before treatment with intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide; B: Nail lichen planus after treatment.
occurs in the absence of skin or mucosal involve- associated with alopecia areata occurs in up to
ment. Nail lichen planus may cause definitive 12% of children affected by the disease, especially
nail destruction if not properly diagnosed and those with alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.
treated. Diagnosis of lichen planus of the nails is A shiny, less severe, variety of trachyonychia
suggested by thinning, longitudinal ridging and results from a diffuse regular superficial pitting. In
fissuring of the nail plate [19]. Pterygium forma- some patients opaque and shiny trachyonychia
tion is a possible outcome and indicates nail may coexist in different nails. Idiopathic trachy-
matrix scarring. onychia may be caused by lichen planus, psoriasis
and alopecia areata limited to the nails.
Systemic treatment
Triamcinolone acetonide 0.5–1 mg/kg intra- Treatment
muscularly once a month for 4–6 months. The nail changes tend to regress spontaneously
Almost all patients respond to treatment (Figure over the years. For this reason, trachyonychia does
3a & 3b); mild relapses are commonly observed not need to be treated, especially in children.
but recurrences are usually responsive to therapy.
Yellow nail syndrome
Intralesional treatment
This condition describes a chronic nail disorder
This type of treatment should be performed only characterized by an arrest or reduction in nail
when the disease is limited to a few nails. Triamci- growth resulting in nail thickening, hardening
nolone acetonide should be diluted 5–10 mg/ml and yellow discoloration. In the classic presen-
in saline solution and injected to a maximum of tation it is associated with lymphoedema and
0.2–0.5 ml for each digit. It is advisable to cool respiratory tract disturbances. It may be a para-
the proximal nail fold before injection to reduce neoplastic condition. The nail changes may
pain. Injections can be repeated monthly for 3 to improve spontaneously or after resolution of
6 months. The most common side effects include the associated systemic disease.
hemorrhages, pigmentary changes and atrophy of
the nail fold skin.
Systemic treatment
Trachyonychia • Oral vitamin E at dosages of 600 to 1200 IU
Trachyonychia describes an abnormality of the daily for 6–18 months may induce a complete
nail plate surface that is rough due to excessive clearing of the nail changes. Although the mech-
longitudinal ridging [20]. The condition com- anism of action of vitamin E in yellow nail syn-
monly affects most or all nails and is idiopathic or drome is still unknown, anti-oxidant properties
associated with alopecia areata. Trachyonychia of α-tocopherol may account for its efficacy
www.future-drugs.com 165
REVIEW – Piraccini, Iorizzo, Antonucci & Tosti
• Pulse therapy with itraconazole 400 mg daily with saline solution. After local anesthesia,
for one week in a month for 4 to 6 month. which may be achieved by a digital block, the
Although the mode of action of itraconazole bleomycin solution is dropped onto the wart,
in treating yellow nail syndrome is still which is then punctured with a disposable
unknown, the drug may act by accelerating bifurcated needle approximately 40 times per
nail growth. However, in the experience of 5 mm2 area of the wart.
this group, it is scarcely effective [21] No medications are required. Three weeks
after treatment the eschar can be pared away and
Warts the area examined for residual warts, which can
Warts are infections caused by human papillo- be retreated if necessary.
mavirus and originate in the hyponychium and
proximal and lateral nail folds that possess a Surgical treatment
granular layer. They appear as hyperkeratotic Subungual warts first require removal of the
papules or as a diffuse hyperkeratosis of the cuti- nail plate covering the wart under local anesthe-
cle. Periungual and subungual warts are usually sia. Curettage is then performed. This is fol-
difficult to treat and frequently recur [22]. lowed by application of an antibiotic ointment
and thick gauze padding. A carbon dioxide
Topical treatment lazer can successfully be used to treat subungual
and periungual warts.
• Topical antiwart solutions containing salicylic
and lactic acids are of moderate efficacy, as well
Expert opinion
as topical imiquimod 5% cream
Nails are difficult to treat and often require
• Topical immunotherapy with strong sensitiz- long-term treatment. Numerous factors are
ers (squaric acid dibuthylester [SADBE] or well known to influence the speed of nail
diphencyprone) is an effective and painless growth, but unfortunately many of these are
modality of treatment for multiple warts. unmodifiable, such as age and gender. Some
SADBE or diphencyprone 2% in acetone are medications can be administered to cure the
used for sensitization. After 21 days, weekly nails but also to alter the rate of nail growth,
applications are carried out with dilutions thus providing a more rapid and complete
selected according to the patient’s response. response to treatment. Nail disorders should
Complete cure usually requires 3 to 4 months always be treated because of the important role
of the nails in everyday life.
Intralesional treatment
Bleomycin has been successfully used to treat Outlook
viral warts for many years. The powder should In the last few years new treatments and for-
be diluted to a concentration of 1IU per ml mulations have become available to treat nail
disorders, helping clinicians improve patient
Highlights care. However, we believe more could be done,
especially for vehicles that are often not effec-
• Nails are difficult to treat, as it is necessary to wait for several months tive in the nail. In this way, nail disorders
before seeing the results of treatments and delivery of topical drugs is could be treated from outside rather than
difficult through the nail. inside with systemic treatments that have
• Several nail disorders are now easily treated, or at least improved, by
much more interaction with other drugs taken
clinical practices.
by the patient.
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•• A review of NDM and Candida
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treatment and long-term follow-up of 46 Department of Dermatology, University
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of Bologna Via Massarenti 1–40138
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Bologna (Italy)
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