Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

Lecture # 7
15-Oct-2019

by
Dr. Jahanzaib Israr
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: jisrar@uet.edu.pk
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Practice Problem #2
Bore holes at a building site show the following strata (levels in meters
measured from ground surface)
Top Soil 0 to -1
Sand -1 to -5 (Water table at -3.5)
Clay -5 to -9
There is impervious rock below -9 m. The bulk density of the top soil and
sand is 19.62 kN/m3 and that of clay is 18.83 kN/m3.

A building is constructed on a concrete raft 324 m2 at 3 m below the surface.

The total load is 90x103 kN. Assuming a spread of the load of 2 vertical to 1
horizontal, calculate the final settlement. The coefficient of volume
compressibility (mV) is 434x10-6 m2/kN.

In a consolidation test, a specimen of the clay reached 90% settlement in 4

hours. The specimen was 20 mm thick. Estimate the time in years for the
building to reach 90% of its final settlement.
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MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
CALCULATION

Consolidation Settlement
Today’s Discussion

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IMMEDIATE (ELASTIC) SETTLEMENT
• Caused by elastic
deformation of
dry/moist/saturated soil
• No change in moisture
content i.e. “Undrained
Settlement”
• Occurs immediately
after the construction
• Important for Granular
soil

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ELASTIC PARAMETERS
Main parameters for elastic settlement computation
• Modulus of elasticity (Es)
• Poisson’s ratio (ν)

Determination of Elastic Parameters

• Laboratory tests  expensive, time consuming
• In-situ tests  expensive, reliability?
• Commonly determined through empirical correlations
• Use of empirical correlations depend upon limitations of
correlations, experience, engineering judgement, etc.

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POISSON’S RATIO
Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5th ed.)

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 Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5th ed.)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

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 Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5th ed.)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

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IMMEDIATE (ELASTIC) SETTLEMENT
COMPUTATION
1. Methods Based Upon Theory of Elasticity
a. Timoshenko and Goodier (1951)
b. Mayne & Poulos (1999) Method
2. Methods Based Upon Strain Influence Factor
a. Schmertmann (1978) Method Mainly
b. Terzaghi et al. (1996) Method SANDS
3. Methods Based Upon SPT-N Values
a. Modified Mayerhof (1996) Method
b. Peck and Bazaraa Method
c. Burland and Burbridge (1985) Method
4. Elastic Settlement of Saturated Clays
a. Janbu, Bjerrum, and Kjaernsli (1956) Method
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TIMOSHENKO AND GOODIER (1951)
METHOD
ASSUMPTIONS
• Strictly applicable to flexible bases on half-space.
• The half-space may either be cohesionless materials of any
water content or unsaturated cohesive soils.
• The soils may either be inorganic or organic; however, if
organic, the amount of organic material should be small,
because both Es and s are markedly affected by high organic
content.
• In practice, most foundations are flexible. Even very thick
ones deflect when loaded by the superstructure loads.
• If the base is rigid, the settlement will be uniform, and the
settlement factor IS will be about 7 % less than computed by
equations. If footing base is considered rigid, ISR = 0.931IS
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TIMOSHENKO AND GOODIER (1951)
METHOD
Settlement at the corner of uniformly loaded flexible rectangular
footing of dimensions B’xL’ from Timoshenko and Goodier
(1951) is given as;

Found. Analysis & Design

Bowles (5th ed.) P-303
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 Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5
IF

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TIMOSHENKO AND GOODIER (1951)
METHOD
Settlement at the corner of uniformly loaded flexible rectangular
footing of dimensions B’xL’ from Timoshenko and Goodier
(1951) is given as;

Found. Analysis & Design

Bowles (5th ed.) P-303
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TIMOSHENKO AND GOODIER (1951)
METHOD Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5 ed.) P-303 th

H = thickness of compressible layer

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PRACTICE PROBLEM #3
Estimate the elastic settlement at the center of the raft (or mat)
foundation for a building with the given data;
qo = 134 kPa; B x L = 33.5 x 39.5 m
The strata comprises of a 6.0 m thick dense sand deposit (ES =
42.5 MPa) overlying a hard clay stratum (ES = 60 MPa)
extending to a depth of 14.0 m below NSL. A sandstone deposit
(ES ≥ 750 MPa) exists below 14.0 m depth. The foundation is
placed at a depth of 3.0 m below NSL.

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 Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5
IF

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 Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5

IF

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PRACTICE PROBLEM #4
Resolve Practice Problem #2 and determine the total
settlement at the center of concrete raft foundation with the
following additional information given;
Es for Top Soil = 15 MPa
Es for Sand = 18.5 MPa above WT and 11 MPa below WT
Es for Clay = 23.04 MPa

Consider the raft to be rigid.

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 Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5

IF

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PRACTICE PROBLEM #5

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PRACTICE PROBLEM #5

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 Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5
IF

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SCHMERTMANN (1978) METHOD
Semi-empirical approach
approach  theory + model studies for vertical
strain in sands below foundation as function of depth
From elasticity theory; ∆𝑞
𝜀𝑣 = 𝐼𝑣
𝐸𝑠
Where,
eV = vertical strain
Dq = net foundation contact pressure (kN/m2)
ES = Modulus of elasticity of sand (Young’s Modulus) (kN/m2)
IV = Strain influence factor for soil beneath foundation

Settlement 𝑆𝑒 = 𝜀𝑣 ∙ ∆𝑧
Where,
Dz = Thickness of compressible layer
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SCHMERTMANN (1978) METHOD
∆𝑞
𝑆𝑒 = 𝜀𝑣 ∙ ∆𝑧 𝑆𝑒 = 𝐼𝑣 ∙ ∆𝑧
𝐸𝑠
Correction Factors
C1 = Correction factor to compensate for the effects of foundation depth
(or embedment)
C2 = Correction factor for creep and other time dependent deformations
𝑞𝑣𝑜
𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 𝐶2 = 1 + 0.2 log 10𝑡
∆𝑞
Where,
qVO = soil overburden pressure at base of foundation (kN/m2)
t = Elapsed time (years) ?Next slide
∆𝑞
𝑆𝑒 = 𝐼𝑣 ∙ ∆𝑧 ∙ 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝐸𝑠
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SCHMERTMANN (1978) METHOD
Strain Influence Factor (IV)

Max. Stress below footing (IVP)

Square (Axisymmetric)  at depth B/2
Strip (Plain Strain)  at depth B

Square foundations
(L/B = 1)

Strip foundations
(L/B > 10) q = foundation contact pressure
q’vo = overburden pressure at foundation level
Dq = net foundation pressure
s’vp = soil overburden pressure at depth for Ivp
(B or B/2)
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Practice Problem #5
A square footing 3 m by 3 m is resting on a sand deposit shown
in the figure. Assuming the modulus of elasticity of the sand to
be equal to 2.5qc, determine the elastic settlement of foundation
5 years after construction using Schmertmann method.

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Practice Problem #5

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Practice Problem #5

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Practice Problem #5

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Practice Problem #6
The results of a CPT sounding
performed at a site are shown in
figure. The soils consist of young
normally consolidated sands with
interbedded silts. The groundwater
table is at a depth of 2.0 m below the
ground surface.
A 375 kN/m load is to be supported
on a 2.5 m x 30 m footing to be
founded at a depth of 2.0 m in this
soil. Use Schmertmann’s method to
compute the settlement of this footing
soon after construction and the
settlement 50 years after construction.
Use Es = 2.5 qc; g = 17 kN/m3 (above
WT), and g = 20 kN/m3 (below WT) 34
Practice Problem #6

B = 2.5 m
D = 2.0 m
Strip Foundation
Influence zone  Down to 4B

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Practice Problem #

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REFERENCE MATERIAL
Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Ed.)
Joseph E. Bowles (Timoshenko & Goodier Method)
Chapter #5 (Modified Mayerhof Method)

Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (7th Ed.)

Braja M. Das
Chapter #11

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations (7th Ed.)

David F. McCarthy (Schmertmann Method)
Chapter #10

CONCLUDED
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