G H PATEL COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

A Report on

“Type of filter and its applications in detail”

Under subject of

Mechanical Operation (2150502)

B.E Semester-5
(Chemical Department)
Academic year – (2019-20)
Submitted by

Name Enrollment no.

Brij Patel 170110105031
Harsh Patel 170110105032
Kartavy Patel 170110105033
Kevin Patel 170110105034
Manav Patel 170110105035

Dr.Tejal M Patel
(Faculty guide)

Dr. Kaushik Nath

(Head of Department)
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Index

Sr.No Topic Page. No

1 Introduction 3
2 Applications 4
3 Classification 5
4 Shell and Leaf Filter 6
5 Press and Frame Filter 7
6 Rotary Drum Filter 8-9
7 Basket Centrifuge 10
8 Reference 11
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1.INTRODUCTION
Filtration is define as a process of separation of solids from a fluid by passing the same
through porous medium that retains the solids but allows the fluid to pass through.Filtration
classified into three types :
1.Cake filtration
2.Clarifying filtration
3.Cross flow filtration
The driving force for a filtration process is depends on the nature of suspension .The
mechanism whereby particles are retained by a filter issignificant only in initial stages of
filtration. Similar to sieving, i.e., particles of larger size can’t pass through smaller pore size of
filter medium. Straining Solids having the momentum move along the path ofstreaming flow and
strike (impinge) the filter medium. Thus the solids are retained on the filter medium.
Impingement Particles become entwined (entangled) in the masses of fibers (of cloths with fine
hairy surface or porous felt) due to smaller size of particles than the pore size. Thus solids are
retained within filter medium. Entanglement Solids are retained on the filter medium as a result
of attractive force between particles and filter medium, as incase of electrostatic filtration.
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2.APPLICATION
1. Production of sterile products.
2. HEPA filters or laminar air bench.
3. Membrane filters.
4. Production of bulk drugs.
5. Production of liquid dosage.
6. Effluents and waste water treatment
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3.CLASSIFICATION
1.Based on function:
1. Cake filter 2. Clarifying filter.
2.Based on operating cycle:
1. Batch filter 2. Continuous filter.
3.Based on driving force of separation:
1.Gravity filter
2.Vaccum filter
3.Pressure filter
4.Centrifugal filter
But, most important industrial filter equipment:
1.Shell and Leaf filter press
2. Plate and Frame filter press
3. Rotary Drum filter
4. Basket centrifuge
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4.SHELL AND LEAF FILTER PRESS

Description:
In these horizontal pressure leaf filter Jacketing and cloth enveloped filters are
optional. There are 2 hydraulic cylinders to open and close the special bayonet wedge
lock closure, which is provided at the lid. The retractable filtered shell is mounted on four
external wheels and all nozzle connections are mounted on fixed head of filter vessel.
Appropriate inter-locking (preventing opening under pressure) is also a key feature of this
type of horizontal pressure leaf filter. Range: Available in 5 sq. m to 250 sq. m.

Advantages:
Nil spillage, as a result of close and compact operation. No use of filtered cloth reduces
operational expenses. High productivity due to high rate of filtration. Cheap and
economical operational costs. Highly user friendly.
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5.PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS

Construction:
It consists of hollow frames and solid plates. The frame is open and is used as an
inlet for the material to be filtered. Plates have grooved surface to support the filter cloth
.. Filter cloth is fitted on each side of the plate. Plates and frames are placed alternatively
and fitted in the outer frame of the press. each plate has an outlet for filtrate .Each plate
acts as single filtration unit. The outlet of each plate is connected to a common outlet
pipe.
Working:
The filtering liquid enters the frame under pressure from the feed channel. The
filtrate passes through the filter medium onto the surface of the plate. The filtrate is
collected through common outlet pipe and the cake is deposited in the frames. The
process of filtration is continued until the frame is filled with filter cake.. When the
process is stopped, the frame is emptied and the cycle is restarted.
Advantages:
Filtering media can be used repeatedly .Filter cloth can be easily replaced.
Operation and maintenance is easy . It requires less space . Provides a large surface area
for filtration.
Disadvantages:
It is not a continuous process. The process becomes costlier because a lot of labor is
required for washing and replacement of the filter cloth. Leakage between the plates may
take place. Suitable when the slurry contain less than 5% solids .
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6.ROTARY DRUM FILTER

Principle:
Slurry filtered through sieve like mechanism on the rotation drum surface, under the
condition of vacuum. In addition compression, drying (using hot air), and removing the filter
cake (using knife) are possible.

Construction:
It consist of a metal cylinder mounted horizontally. The drum may be up to 3 meters in
diameter and 3.5 meters in length and gives surface area of 20 meter square. The curved surface
being a perforated plate, supporting a filter cloth. Internally, it is divided into several sectors
and a separate connection is made between each sector and a special rotary valve.

Working:
The drum is dipped into the slurry and vacuum applied to the outlet, which is connected to
the filtrate receiver. When the cake has formed, the cake drained or partially dried by vacuum.
The drum is sprayed with water to wash the cake. Retaining the vacuum connection drains the
cake and produces partial dryness then, removed by a doctor knife. When the solids of the slurry
are too much that the filter cloth becomes blocked with the particles, a pre-coat filter may be
used. A pre-coat of filter aid is deposited on the drum prior to the filtration process.

Advantages:
The rotary filter is automatic and is continuous in operation, so that the labour costs are
very low. The filter has a large capacity , so it is suitable for the filtration of highly concentrated
solutions. Variation of the speed of rotation enables the cake thickness to be controlled. Filter
has large surface area.

Disadvantages:
The rotary filter is a complex piece of equipment , with many moving parts and is very
expensive. The cake tends to crack due to the air drawn through by the vacuum system, so that
washing and drying are not efficient.
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7.BASKET CENTRIFUGE
Construction:
A batch centrifuge which is commonly used in industrial processing is the top suspended
centrifuge . It consist of a basket with perforated sides. The basket is held at the lower end of a
free swinging vertical shaft. the shaft is driven from above by an electric motor. The perforated
sides(walls) of the basket are covered with a filter medium on the inside. The basket is
surrounded by a casing provided with a filtrate discharge connection at the bottom.. The basket
may be constructed of mild steel, monel and stainless..

Working:
Slurry to be filtered is fed to the rotating basket through an inlet pipe or channel. It is forced
against the basket sides by centrifugal force. The liquid passes through filter medium into the
casing and out a discharge pipe, while solids forms a cake against the filter medium. The cake
discharged by cutting it out with an unloaded knife. and after rinsing the filter medium cycle is
repeated.
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8.REFERENCE

 W.L. McCabe, J. Smith and P. Harriot, “Unit Operation of Chemical

Engineering”,7th E.d.,McGraw- Hill, International Edition,2005.
 K.A.Gavhane, “Unit Operation-1”, Nirali Prakashan.