Structural Analysis PDF

Structural
Analysis
Solutions for Volume : I Classroom Practice Questions
= 15 – (20 -3)
Chapter‐ 1 = 15 – 17 = -2
Introduction to Structures &
Static Indeterminacy Internally unstable.
(v) In a member, there should not be more than

01. Ans: (d)
two internal hinges.
2 4
3
4 6 02. Ans: (b)
1
Sol: j = 9 ;
5
1 m = 16;
2 3 5
Dse = 3 – 3 = 0
Dsi = m – (2j – 3)
(i) r = 4; j = 5; m = 6; = 16 – ( 2×9 – 3)
Dse = 4 – 3 = 1 = 16 – 15 = 1
Dsi = m – (2j – 3) Stable but indeterminate by one
= 6 – ( 2×5 – 3)
= 6 – 7 = -1 03. Ans: (c)
The given truss is internally unstable. Sol: Dse= 0;
Dsi = m – (2j – 3) = 9 – (2  6 – 3) = 0
(ii) Dse = r – 3 j = 9, m = 14 The frame is internally as well as
=6–3=3 externally determinate.
Dsi = m – (2j -3)
= 14 – (18 – 3) = -1
The given frame is internally unstable.
(iii) All supports are roller,

 The given truss is unstable.
(iv)
Dse = 4 – 3 =1
Dsi = m – ( 2j – 3)
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:2: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
04. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: 19 A

Sol: Sol:
As the two supports are hinged total no. of

reactions = 4.
The deficiency of vertical member between
Number of reactions = 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8
the supports is taken care of by the additional
Equilibrium equations = 3
vertical reaction. Hence the structure is stable.
Dse = 8 – 3 = 5
Hence Dse can be taken as zero.
Dsi = 3c = 3  6 =18
Dsi = 2 (additional members in the first two
Force releases at A = n – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1
spans more than required for stability)
Force releases at B = n – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
Dse = 2
Where,
n = number of members joining at that
05. Ans: (b)
location.
Sol: A B
Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases
C
= 5 + 18 –1–3 = 19
07. Ans: (d)

Dse = 2 + 2 –3 = 1 Sol:
A B
Dsi = m – (2j – 3) = 10 – (2  5 – 3) = 3
Ds = 3+1 = 4
C D
Note: This is formula for internal
indeterminacy of pin jointed plane trusses.
We know that the basic perfect shape for pin
jointed truss is triangle either by shape or by No. of reactions(r) : 3 + 2 + 3 = 8
behaviour. Hence by removing three members Dse = r – 3
suitably (A, B & C as shown in figure), the Dse = 8 – 3 = 5
stability can be maintained. Dsi = 3  no.of closed boxes = 3c = 3  2 = 6
Ds = 1 + 3 = 4 force releases = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = 4

:3: Structural Analysis
Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases Moment releases at ‘C’ = 1

=5+6–4=7 Note: At B and C the hinges are tangential to
the horizontal beam. Hence the column and
Note: A & B are horizontal shear releases. beam will have only one common rotation.
Ds = 3 + 6 –1 –1 –1= 6
At each of them one force is released.
C & D are vertical shear releases. 10. Ans: (b)
At each of them one force is released. Sol:
Hinge
08. Ans: (a) E

G No. of reactions(r) = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
Sol: F
D No. of eq.eqns (E) = 3
Force releases = 1
A B C
Dsi = 0
Dse = (3 + 2 + 1)3 =3 Ds = 5 – 3 –1 =1
Dsi = 0
11. Ans: Zero
Force release at ‘D’ = 2
Sol: The given truss is statically determinate.
Force release at ‘F’ = 1
Determinate structures are not subjected to
 Ds= 3 + 0 –2 1 = 0
stresses by lack of fit, temperature change,
sinking of supports etc.
09. Ans: (b)
B C
Sol:
12. Ans: (c)
A Spring
Sol: In statically determinate structures, stresses
due to thermal changes, sinking of supports,
lack of fit will not develop.
Reaction at fixed support = 3
W
Reaction at hinged support = 2
Reaction at spring support = 1
Simply Supported Beam
Total reactions =6
Dse = 6 –3 = 3 W
Dsi = 3  2 = 6
Fixed End Beam
Horizontal force release at ‘A’ =1
Moment releases at ‘B’ = 1
W 2 14. Ans: (a)

Bending moment at mid span for S.S =
8 Sol:
B B
Bending moment at mid span for fixed Beam 
 O
W 2 C A O C
 
24 
D D
 As bending moment is greater in S.S Beam Fig: (i) Fig: (ii)
(determinate) than fixed beam
(indeterminate), sections are more If the joint O is considered as rigid as shown
 Uneconomical when compared to fixed in fig (i), rotation of one member with respect
Beam. to another member will be zero.
 Sections designed in determinate structures But, if hinge is considered at Joint ‘O’ as
are uneconomical. shown in fig (ii), OB, OC and OD will have
will have rotations with respect to OA. To
13. Ans: (c) make three relative rotations zero, we need to
Sol: apply 3- moments.
 Thus for a 4-members meeting at a joint,
number of restraining moments required = 3
= 4 1
Static indeterminacy (Ds) = Dse + Dsi – force  If ‘m’ members meeting at a joint, number
releases of restraining moments required = “m-1”.
Dse = 3 +3+3  3 = 6
Dsi = 3C  While calculating static indeterminacy, due
Where, to hinge in the structure m-1 extra
C = Number of closed Boxes = 2 equilibrium equations are considered.
=32=6
force releases = m 1 15. Ans: (c) x
Where, m = Number of members connected Sol:
to hinge
= 21 = 1
x
 Ds = Dse + Dsi – force releases
= 6 + 6  1 = 11

Let us consider section x-x divides the (or) When one part of structure moves
structure in to 2-parts. appreciably with respect to other part of
3
structure it is classified as unstable.
3
1 1
2 2
4 6 6 4
Chapter‐ 2
5 Kinematic Indeterminacy
5
Total unknowns are 6 01. Ans: (b)

To analyze Box frame 6 equilibrium Sol:
equations are required P
Static indeterminacy = 6 3 = 3
 Static indeterminacy of closed boxes were Dk = 3j – r Ds = (3m + r) – 3j
considered as 3 j = 2, r = 6 = 3 + 6 – (3×2)
Dk = 6 – 6 = 0 Ds = 9 – 6 = 3
16. Ans: (a) Dk = 0 Ds = 3
Sol:
Q
Ds = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0
External indeterminacy (Dse) = 2 + 13 = 0 Dk = 3j – r = (3×2) – 3
Internal indeterminacy (Dsi)  n  (2j 3) =3
Where,
R
n = Number of members connected by hinges
=6
j = Number of pin-Joints = 6 Ds = 0 Dk = 3
Dsi = 6 (2  6  3) j = 4, m = 3, r = 6
= 3 Ds = r – 3
 Dsi = – 3< 0 (Internally unstable) =6–3=3
Static indeterminacy (Ds) = Dsi + Dse Dk = 3j – r = 3 × 4 – 6 = 6
= 3 + 0 = 3
if Ds < 0 (It is considered as unstable)
02. Ans: (b) D.O.F of rigid joints = 7  3 = 21

Sol: A B D.O.F of fixed support =0
D.O.F of hinged support = 1
D.O.F of roller support =2

D.O.F of horizontal shear release support = 1
A & B are rigid joints.
Total D.O.F or Dk = 21 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 1= 25
The rigid joint of a plane frame will have
(Considering axial deformations)
three degrees of freedom.
Fixed supports will have zero degrees of Neglecting axial deformations = 25 – 11 = 14
freedom.
 Total number of degrees of freedom = 6 04. Ans:22 or 12
(considering axial deformations) Sol:
No.of members = 3
Neglecting axial deformations, degrees of 1
2
freedom or kinematic indeterminancy
Dk = 6 – 3 = 3
or
D.O.F of four rigid joints = 4  3 = 12
Using the formula
Dk = 3j – r D.O.F of hinged joint ‘1’ = 5
= 3  4 – 6 = 6 (with axial deformations) (three rotations and two translations)
=6–3= 3 (Neglecting axial deformations)

Note: While using the formula supports also D.O.F of joint 2 = 4 (two rotations and two
shall be treated as joints. translations. Both vertical members will have
one common rotation)
03. Ans: (b)
Sol: F D.O.F of fixed supports =0
E I
D.O.F of hinged support =1
B D H K Total D.O.F or Dk = 12 +5+ 4 +1= 22

(considering axial deformations)
A C G J
Neglecting axial deformations = 22 –10 = 12

05. Ans: 20 or 13 Total D.O.F or Dk = 6 + 0 + 2 +1 =9

Sol: (considering axial deformations)
2 1 Neglecting axial deformations = 9 – 4 = 5
Note: The effect of diagonal member shall not be

considered.
Note: At hinged support ‘1’ two rotations, at
hinged support ‘2’ one rotation, at each rigid
D.O.F of moment release at ‘1’ = 4
joint one rotation. No sway. Hence five D.O.F
D.O.F of horizontal shear release at ‘2’ = 4
neglecting axial deformations.
D.O.F of 3 rigid joints =33=9
D.O.F of fixed support =0
07. Ans: 6 or 2
D.O.F of hinged support = 1
Sol:
D.O.F of roller support =2
Total D.O.F or Dk = 4 + 4 + 9 +1+2 = 20

(considering axial deformations)
Neglecting axial deformations = 20 – 7 = 13
06. Ans: 9 or 5 D.O.F of two rigid joints =23=6

Sol:
1
Total D.O.F or Dk = 6 + 0 = 6
2 (Considering axial deformations)
Neglecting axial deformations = 6 – 4 = 2
Note: The effect of two inclined members shall

D.O.F of 2 rigid joints =23=6
be taken as one member.
D.O.F of hinged support‘1’ =2 Note: At each rigid joint one independent rotation
(Two members are connected to the hinged + one sway of the frame as a whole.
support ‘1’. Hence two different rotations are
possible)
D.O.F of hinged support‘2’ =1

08. Ans: 4 or 2 11. Ans: ( b)

Sol: Sol: j = 6, r = 3,
Dk = 2j – r
= 2×6 – 3= 9
Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0
D.O.F of 1 rigid joint =13=3
Dsi = m – (2j – r)
D.O.F of fixed supports =0
= 9 – (2×6 – 3)
D.O.F of hinged support =1
Ds = Dse + Dsi
Total D.O.F or Dk = 3 + 1 = 4 =0
(Considering axial deformations)  Statically determinate and kinematically
Neglecting axial deformations = 4 – 2 = 2 indeterminate by 9.
Note: As no sway the axial deformation of two

12. Ans: (a)
beams shall be taken as one.
Sol:
Note: At rigid joint one independent rotation +
one rotation at hinged support.
09. Ans: 13 At fixed supports =0

Sol: For pin jointed plane frame Dk = 2j – r At ‘3’ Rigid joints =33=9
= 2(8) – 3 At locations A, B, C & D = 4  4 = 16
= 13 Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 9 + 16 = 25
by neglecting axial deformations
10. Ans: (b) Dk = 25 10 = 15
Sol: j = 6, r = 3, 13. Ans: (b)
Dk = 2j – r Sol: Degree’s of freedom of pin jointed plane
= 2×6 – 3= 9 truss =2
Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 Degree’s of freedom of pinjointed space truss
Dsi = m – (2j – r) =3
= 9 – (2×6 – 3) Degree’s of freedom of at rigid joint for plane
Ds = Dse + Dsi= 0 frame = 3
Degrees of freedom of rigid joints space
 Statically determinate and kinematically frame = 6
indeterminate by 9.  Options 3 and 4 are correct
14. Ans: (c)

Chapter‐ 3
Sol: 1 2 3 Statically Determinate Frames
y2
21 23
x2
Sign convention for forces
Degree’s of freedom are y2 , x2, 21 and
Axial compression: A compression
23 member will push the joint to which it is
i.e at each internal hinge there are 4 degree’s connected.
of freedom i.e (2 translations and 2 Rotations)
Axial tension: A tension member will
 Statement- (I) is true and pull the joint to which it is connected
Statement –(II) is false
15. Ans: (c) 01. Ans: (d)

A
Sol: Sol:
C 4m
1 2
A B 4m B 4m
10 t
Analyzing at ‘A’, two forces are in the same
line, hence the 3rd force AB is zero.
at fixed supports = 0
at Two rigid joints (1) and (2) = 3 + 3 = 6
02. Ans: (a) W
Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 6 = 6
Sol: 45 B C
DK (neglecting axial deformations) = 6 3
=3 2m
i.e. vertical axial deformations in members A
A D
and B y1 = 0, y2 = 0 and axial deformations
in member (C) is neglected i.e
2m
 x = 0, y1 = and , y2 = 0 makes
kinematic indeterminacy from 6 to 3. At ‘C’ the two forces not in the same line,
hence FCD = FCB= 0
Now analyzing at ‘B’ FBA= 0

: 10 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
03. Ans: (c) 06. Ans: (b)

C
Sol: E F Sol: 10 kN
B 2m
A C D B
A D
W W E
L L L
2m 2m
FDC = FDB RD = 5 kN   FCD = 5 kN

FCA = FCD At ‘D’ as reaction is normal to the plane of
FCE = W rolling and DC and the vertical reaction are in
 FCF = 0 the same line then FDE = 0
FBE = 10 kN
04. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (a)

10 kN D
Sol: First analyze at ‘E’. Sol:
R
 FEC = 0
30
Now analyze at ‘C’.
E C
 FCA = 0
F 45o
Q
P L F
A 60 B
05. Ans: (c) Apply V = 0 at Q.

Sol: 5 kN
A C FQR sin45o = F
 FQR = F 2 (tension)
3m
Now apply H = 0 at Q.
E
B D FQR .cos45o = FQP
5 kN
1
3m 3m F 2  FQP
2
At roller support the reaction is horizontal FQP = F (compression).
which is in line with BD
 FAB = 0
: 11 : Structural Analysis
08. Ans: (c) 09. Ans: (a)

Sol: X Sol:
A E
B  F
F
4m 2 3
4m D F
2 3
4m C 4m A B
C
4t
X 2t 10t 10t
2t 2m 2m
20t
Using method of sections. Pass a section
X – X as shown through the chosen member 2 3
tan =
AB and other two members so that these two 2
other members pass through a common joint   = 30o
say ‘C’. Pass the section as shown in figure
Consider left side of the section.
Apply M C  0 for the right part of the
Apply M = 0 for the left side of the section.
X section.
A
. B 4
 10  2  F cos 30 o 
3
4m
 F 10 t
C 4m Now analysis at joint E.

4m
4t Fy  0  2F.Sin 30 o  FCE
X 2t
2t
1
2 t  4  f AB  4 2  10   FCE
2
f AB  2 t Comp 
FCE 10 t tension 

10. Ans: (c) Reactions are VA =10 kN ,

Sol: F
HA = 20 kN 
30 o
D E 1000 kg
VB = 20 kN 
C
L FHG = FHE = 0
A B
Apply V = 0 at ‘G’
 FAC  FAE
L L
Apply H = 0
Consider joint F. FGE cos45o + FCG cos 45o = 20
We know that if two members act at a joint  2FGC cos 45o = 20
and if they are not in the same line then each
FGC = 10 2 (tensile)
of them are zero.
Apply V = 0 @C
Hence,  FCA = 0
FCF , FEF both are zero.
Similarly Consider joint C. 12. Ans: (b)
 FCD, FCA both are zero E D
P
Taking M B  0 , RA = 500  
3m
Joint (A)
FAD sin 45 = RA HA A
4m B C
 FAD = 500 2 (tension) 4m Vc
VA
11. Ans: (c)
Sol: 10 kN mc = 0
G H
P  3 – VA  8 = 0
20 kN 3m
F 3P
VA 
3m 8
C
D 3m  Fy = 0
E
3P
3m VA = VC =
8
HA = 20 kN A B
VA = 10 kN
6m VB = 20 kN

13. Ans: (b)

FAE X
Joint A 5 F3
3 A
F2
A   9m
8m
HA FAB 4 4 F1
VA cos   1
5
3 50 kN 50 kN
Fy = 0 sin   20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN
5 6 @ 6 = 36 m
FAE sin – VA = 0
3 Taking left side
FAE   VA  0
5
 MA = 0
3P 5 5P
FAE    50  12 – 20  6 –F1 8 = 0
8 3 8
F1 = 60 kN
FX = 0
FAB + FAE .cos  – P = 0
14. Ans: (a)
P
FAB  Sol:
2
At any joint in planar truss, only two
Joint (E)
equilibrium conditions (Fx = 0 and Fy = 0)
P E FED
are available
 Using there two equilibrium conditions, only
FBE two unknown member forces can be
FAE determined.
 Statement (I) and (II) are correct and
FX = 0
statement (II) is correct explanation of
FBE – FAE. sin  = 0
statement (I).
5P 3 3P
FBE   
8 5 8
15. Ans: (a)
FAB : FBE : FAE
By using method of sections method three
P 3P 5P
: :  4:3:5 unknown member forces can be determined
2 8 8
by using three equilibrium equations
(Fx = 0, Fy =0 and M =0).

16. Ans: (a)  Equilibrium equations are used at joints to

Ans: Generally purlins will placed at joints to analyze the structure. Hence it is also
eliminate bending moments in the truss called equilibrium method.
members, because sections/members designed
by bending is uneconomical when compare to 02. Ans: (b)
sections / members designed by axial loads. Sol: In theorem of three moments, consistent
 Truss members will carry only axial loads deformation method unknown forces are dealt
if loads are placed at truss joints. with. Hence these are force methods
Moment distribution and slope deflection
17. Ans: (d) method deal with displacements. Hence these
Ans: In practical, there is a possibility of reversal are displacement methods.
of stresses i.e. due to wind (or) Earthquake.
During reversal of stresses/forces, members 03. Ans: (a)
carrying zero forces (for a particular/forces, Sol: Force methods, deal with unknown
constant loading) may take forces. redundant forces. In pin jointed trusses, more
 These zero force members cannot be number of degrees of freedom. Hence
removed. stiffness methods are complicated compare to
force method.
Chapter‐ 4
Basic Methods of Structural Analysis
04. Ans: (c)
Sol:
01. Ans: (d) In Force methods, forces are kept unknowns
Sol: and unknown forces are found by using
 Stiffness method deals with unknown
geometric compatability conditions.
joint displacement (degrees of freedom).
It is nothing but kinematic Indeterminacy.
In displacement methods, joint displacements
Hence stiffness method is more suitable if
are kept as unknowns and joint equilibrium
kinematic Indeterminacy is less than static
conditions are enforced to find unknown
indeterminacy. As displacements are
displacements.
unknowns it is also called displacement
method.

05. Ans: (b) 08. Ans: (a)

Sol: Sol:
(i) Moment distribution was invented by
Description Option
Hardy-cross (A3)
Kani’s method is very much
A-4 (ii) Slope deflection method deals with
suitable for multistorey frames
Force method suitable if static displacements (B  4)
B-3 (iii) Kannis method also known as Rotation
indeterminacy is less.
Column analogy method suitable method (C 1)
for box frames with varying  C-1 (iv) Force method also known as flexibility
sections and inclined members method (D 2)
Displacement method suitable if
D-2
Kinematic Indeterminacy is less 09. Ans: (d)
Sol: For any truss, static indeterminacy (deals
06. Ans: (a) with forces) is less than kinematic
Sol: To calculate unknown forces in a structure, indeterminacy (displacements).
compatibility conditions are used to As Ds < Dk
analyze. It is advisable to adopt force method
 In all structural Engineering packages to
07. Ans: (b) analyze indeterminate truss, force method is
Sol: Kanni’s Method is suitable for: used for quick and exact solutions.
1. To analyze high storied structures.
2. Non-sway and sway analysis can be
done together.
3. Number of iterations for convergence
is less
4. If any mistake was done at any step, it
will get adjusted automatically.

FBD of AB:
Chapter‐ 5 WL
Energy Principles My 
2
M y L

01. Ans: (d) W 2
Sol: Vertical deflection @ C L
1  WL  1 
2EI 0  2  2 
 VAB    dy
W
B 1 WL2 WL3
L
C  y 
L/2 EI 2EI 4 0
8EI
Total vertical deflection at

L
2EI
WL3 WL3 WL3
A c =  
24EI 8EI 6EI
FBD of BC: 02. Ans: (b)

W Sol: Horizontal deflection at C
WL/2 x W
Q
B C EI
L/2 B Q
C
L/2
Mx = + WX
M X L
X 2EI
W
A
1
L/2
M x W
 VBC  
EI 0
Mx
W
dx
WL FBD of BC:
B
y 2
1
L/2 W
=
EI  WXX dx L
WL/2 x
0 Q Q
C W
 WX  3
L/2 B L/2
=  Q WL
 A B
 3EI  o 2
y
Mx = + WX
3
WL L
 M x
24EI 0
Q
A

1
L/2 As given has I varying from I to 2I,
hBC =
EI  WX 0dx  0
0
denominator shall be in between 6 and 12.
FBD of AB:
Traditional procedure:
WL
My =  Qy Mx = wx
2
I.x
M y Ix = I 
 y l
Q
L

 I1 x
l
  I(l l x)
1  WL  X W
hAB =    Q y y dy
2EI 0  2  I
Ix
L
2I
1  WL 
y dy
x
2EI 0  2 
 
w 2 x 2 .dx
l l
(Q= 0 as it is imaginary force) U X
I(l  x)
L
0 2E
1  WL  y 2  WL3 l
=    
2EI  2  2  0 8EI l
lw 2 x 2 dx

2EI (l  x)
WL3 0
Total horizontal deflection =
8EI w 2l x 2
l
2 EI 0 l  x
 dx
03. Ans: (c)

w 2l x 2  l 2  l 2
l
2 EI 0
Sol:  dx
W lx
EI
w 2 l  (x  l)(x - l) 
l l
2EI l2
  dx   dx 
2 EI  0 (l  x) 0
(l  x ) 
L
w 2 l  x 2 
l

Shortcut: Strain energy is inversely
 
2 EI  2
 lx   l 2 log(l  x  
l
0
 0 
proportional to I.
w 2l  l 2 
w l2 3
   l  l log e 2l - l log e l 
2 2 2
With uniform I, U = . 2 EI  2 
6EI
w 2l 3 w 2l  - l 2 2l 
With uniform 2I, U =    l 2 log e 
12EI 2 EI  2 l 


w 2l
2 EI

 0.5l 2  l 2 0.693  M=2PL
3L
w 2l 3 P
U=
10.35 EI P3L  2PL 3L 
3 2
 VA   0
3E I 2EI
04. Ans: (b)
Sol: Mx = W Rsin
06. Ans: (a)
M W
 R sin  Sol: B
W A M=

1 x x
EI 0
H B  WR sin   R sin   R d
h

WR 3
EI 0
 sin 2  d
C
1  cos 2
 sin 2   For member AB
2
Mx = Mz + M

WR 3  1  cos 2 
EI 0 
   d Mx
2  x
W

WR 3   sin 2  Mx dx
     v   Mx .
EI  2 2 0 W EI

WR 3 dx
H B   v   ( Wx  M ) x.
2EI o
EI
W = 0 {fictious load}

M M 2
EI o
Lv  x.ds 
05. Ans: (c) 2EI
Sol: Consider free body diagram Of ‘AB’
For member BC
B Mx = W+M
A
3L
Mx

P 3L W
h
dx
 v   ( W  M )
L 2L o
EI

M
h
M h 09. Ans: (a)
v  
EI o
dx 
EI Sol:
C
 W=0 D 1
M  
 h  
EI  2
  
(v)A =  h 
EI  2 4M B
A
07. Ans: (d) Apply unit horizontal load at ‘C’.
2
F  Due to this the force in the member BC zero.
Sol: Strain energy (u) of Bar AB =
2AE  Horizontal deflection @ C =k= 0
Where F = Axial force in the Bar
FAB = 0 10. Ans: (d)
u AB  0 Sol:
B
A w w
08. Ans: (b)
1 2 2
Sol: AE, l 2AE,l
D C 45 45
C
W
Apply unit vertical load at ‘C’. to get the
values of k.
A 4M B
Apply unit load in the vertical direction at 
Members Force P k Pkl/AE
AE
‘C’. Due to this unit load FCB = 1
W 1  W
Change in length of member BC due  
AC 2 2 AE 2AE
temperature change =  tl
W 1 l W
= 10  106  4000  25 = 1mm 
AB 2 2 2AE 4AE
 VC = k   = 1  1 = 1mm
 v c   Pkl = Wl

Wl

3Wl
AE 2AE 4AE 4AE

11. Ans: (d)

Sol:
Maxwell’s law of Reciprocal deflections:
Apply unit horizontal load at ‘C’. to get the
 ij  ji where
values of k
 ij = deflection @ ‘i’ due to unit load at ‘j’
B  ji = deflection @ j due to unit load at i
A 1 1 Further Maxwell’s law is valid for both
2 2 prismatic and non prismatic beams.
AE, l 2AE,l
45 45
1
C Maxwell’s theorem independent of EI.
Hence option ‘C’.
Members  Pk ' l 14. Ans: (c)
W1
P k AE AE Sol: X
AC W 1  W y
  2
2 2 AE 2AE
W2
AB W 1 l  W

2 2 2AE 4AE 1
 H C  
Pk ' l Wl Wl Wl
   Using Bettie’s Theorem:
AE 2AE 4AE 4AE
Virtual work done by
12. Ans: 1.5  10–3 W1 = virtual work done by W2
Sol: As the structure is determinate extra forces  w22 = w11

will not be generated due to lack of fit. 1 w 2
 
2 w1
 6 
tan    3 
Inclination of member BC
 4  10 
is mainly due to 6 mm extension in BD 15. Ans: (b)
 = 1.5  10–3 Radians. Sol: According to castigliano’s 1st theorem
U
13. Ans: (c) 
P W
Sol: A B i.e deflection at any point is equal to partial
derivative of strain energy with respect to
load acting at a point where deflection is
3L/4, EI
L/4, 4 EI desired to calculate. (A 4)

If y is considered as deflection 17. Ans: (c)

dy Sol: As per Castigliano’s second theorem, in any
 slope (B 2)
dx and every case of statically indetermination.
d2y M Where in, an indefinite number of different
 (C 3)
dx 2 EI values of redundant forces satisfy the
We know that, conditions of static equilibrium, their actual
dM values are those that render the strain energy
V (shear force) = (D 1)
dx stored to a minimum and this is applicable
only when the redundant support do not yield.
U U
i.e.  0 (or) 0
16. Ans: (c) R M
Sol: Apply unit Horizontal load at F by
Removing all External loads. Where,
C R and M are redundant forces and moments
B D
respectively.
U = Strain energy stored in the members
A F
G 1 kN
18. Ans: (a)

Horizontal deflection at Sol:
B
PKL
F,  H F  l l
B
AE 
A C A /2 /2 C
Apply H = 0
(I) (II)
 HA = 1 kN ()
 at point A, KAG = 1 kN (T) At joint B: (Fig. I)
at Join F, KFG = 1kN (T) P
 Forces in rest of members are zero due to  
unit load at F FBA FBC
Due to external loading, forces in members
Apply H = 0
AG and G F exists.
FBA cos = FBC cos
 Horizontal deflections of roller support
will be the summation of deformation in FBA = FBC
members AG and GF. Apply V = 0

FBA sin+FBC sin = P Both the statements are correct, but statement
2FBAsin = P (II) is not the correct explanation of statement
(I).
P
FBA  (C)
2 sin 
21. Ans: (c)
Similarly At joint B from fig. (II)
Sol: Strain energy and complimentary strain
P energy due to gradual application of load is
FBA  (C)

2 sin   always equal in elastic limit.
2
 For a particular
Value of  Stress (b)
(a)
FBA I  FBA II Stress
(a)  Strain energy

PKL
Deflection () =  (b)  Complementary strain energy
AE
P
  I   II Chapter‐ 6
Moment Distribution Method
 I will have less member force and less
deflections at B compared to II
01. Ans: (a)
19. Ans: (a) Sol: B
Sol: Generally in Rigid frames, Bending will be 4L EI = constant

major criteria for design of members when 3L
A C
4L E
compare to axial and shear forces.
 Strain energy due to Bending / flexure is 4L
more when compare to other.

D
 Strain energy due to flexure is considered.
I
4L 1
(D.F) BE  
20. Ans: (b) I I I 3 I 4
   
Sol: Deflection is calculated with the help of unit 4L 4L 4L 4 3L
load method and this method is based on
virtual work principle
02. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: A Sol:
B C D
A M
6m 4m 4m 1m
B C
1.5I I 2I I EI, L
EI, L
Distribution
Relative
Joint Member factor
stiffness ‘k’
D.F= k / k EI, L
BA 1.5I/6 0.5
B D
BC I/4 0.5
I Rotational stiffness of joint ‘B’
CB 0.4
4
C
3  2I  11EI
CD   0.6 
4 4  L
M 11EI ML
Note: Over hang present beyond ‘D’ does not   , =
 L 11EI
give fixity. Hence ‘D’ will act like simple
support. ‘B’ and ‘C’ have other supports  = Rotation of joint ‘B’.
beyond them. Hence they act like fixed
supports to calculate stiffness
05. Ans: (b)
03. Ans: (a)
Sol:
Sol: B
B
L L
L L/2 EI Rigid joint
A D A
O L L
EI = constant
EI D EI
L
L P
EI
Rotational stiffness of a joint is the sum of
C
stiffness of all members meeting at that joint
 KO = KOA + KOB + KOC + KOD
4EI 3EI 4EI 11EI

   0=
L L L L
B Consider free body diagram of ‘BC’
C B
Member D.F l M
2
A MD= P.L 1 2M
DB 3
2M
l
l
D
DA 1
PL 3 Consider free body diagram of ‘AC’
DC 1 2M
3
C l
l C
2
Moment at ‘D’ transferred from over hang, 2M l

Moment at ‘A’ =  M
l 2
MD = P.L
Distribution factors are 1 , 1 , 1 to DA,
3 3 3 07. Ans: (c)
DB, DC respectively. P
Sol:
PL
 MDA = A B
3 C
MA l/2 l/2
PL P/2 P/2
PL
A D 3
6
Load is acting at center of the beam.
1 PL PL p
 MA =   RA = RB = ()
2 3 6 2
(Far end ‘A’ is fixed, hence the carry over As center ‘C’ has an internal moment hinge
moment is half of that of moment of near end
MC = 0
‘D’ of beam ‘AD’)
L
MA = RB 
06. Ans: (d) 2
Sol: p L
= 
A 2 2
C pl
M MA = (anticlockwise)
l/2 l/2 4
B

08. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (a)

Sol: Carry over factor Sol: M
3m, I
C
Moment developed at far end B
C AB 
Moment applied at near end
M
A B M
C B
4m, I
RA=M/L RB= M/L

L L
Let us apply moment ‘M’ at A
k D.F
For RA ; take moment @ C = 0 D.FBA = 1
2
BA I 1
 Mc = 0  RA  L = M 4 2 D.FBC = 1
2
RA = M/L (upward ) BC 3 I 1
2
M 4 3
&RB  (downward)
L
Again Mc = 0 from right side Hence applied joint moment ‘M’ gets equally
 MB = RB  L distributed to members ‘BA’ and ‘BC’.
M  MBA = M/2, MBC = M/2
MB  L
L
 MB = M 11. Ans: (a)
Moment at B M Sol:
Carry over factor   =1
300 kNm
B C
Moment at A M A
3m 3m
09. Ans: (c)
Sol: D.F 1 0
Initial +300
A B moment
balance –300
L/2 L/2 moment
For prismatic beam with uniform EI,
carry over
–150
1 moment
The carry over factor =
2  Correct answer is 150 kN.m hogging.
Beam towards ‘A’ is more stiff (has more EI)
Beam towards ‘B’ is less stiff ( has less EI)
Carry over factor to ‘B’ is less than half
Shortcut:
4 EI
300 kN-m L A
3m 3m  1 B 2 EI
L
150 kN-m
4 EI
 1
2 EI L
L
300 kN-m
300 kN-m
3m  1  1 2 EI
2 EI
L L
300 kN-m Initially for  1 (clockwise) At A,
3m keeping ‘B’ fixed.

4EI
M AB  (Clockwise)
150 kN-m L
(carry over) 300 kN-m
2EI
M BA  (Clockwise)
L
–Ve Or hogging moments Then allow  1 (anticlockwise)
at B, keeping ‘A’ as fixed.
+Ve Or sagging moments Now,
4EI
M BA  (anticlockwise)
L
12. Ans: (b) 2EI
M AB  (anti clockwise)
Sol: L
K K If unit rotation at both ends, as shown
4EI 2EI
M AB  
=l =l L L
L 2EI
 (Clockwise)
EI uniform L
We know that moment required to produce a 4EI 2EI
M BA  
L L
unit rotation is called stiffness.
2EI
∵ Slope  = 1 at both ends  (Anti clockwise)
L
2EI
Hence, K  M
L

13. Ans: (b) Consider the section passing through the

Sol:
2 3 middle of the beam ( xx)
  D
B
I
C
4 
A
1
 ∴  is present.
From the above diagram, it is seen that in the
2 3
member BC rotation is clock wise at B and
anticlockwise at C.
6EI
6EI ∴ B = C
L2
L2
6EI 15. Ans : (b)
M 23 
L2 Sol:
2m , 2I
6EI
 2 3m 2m I
4
2I
6EI

16
Moment required for
sway of right column
14. Ans: (b)
D 6E I 6E I
Sol:  2

2 4
x
I 3
l  E I  1.5 EI
B 2
B C C
Moment required for sway of left column
l I
6 2 EI  
x 
32
A
4
 E I  1.33 EI .
3

As the left column requires less moment for 17. Ans: (a)
sway compared to right column, the resistance Sol:
W W
of left column is less against sway. l/2 B l/2 C
A
Frame will sway towards left l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2
D.F
½ ½
16. Ans: (b)
Initial  wl  wl  wl  wl
Sol: moments 8 8 8 8
A
B
EI,L
Balance  wl
 wl
moments 8
8
EI,L WC  wl  wl
C.O 0 0
16 16
D  Final 0  3 wl  3 wl
Moments 0
16 16
WL
Free moment at centre of AB =
Hint: As bar ‘BC’ is rigid it acts like sinking 4
fixed support. Using the Moment distribution method
6EI 6EI
3 wl
Moment at support B, MB =
L2 L 2
16
A B
The ratio of support moment at ‘B’ and free
3WL 4
moment of AB =  = 0.75
12EI 16 WL
L3 18. Ans: (a)
12EI A B C
L3 Sol:
Free body diagram of ‘AB’
As seen from above F.B.D. the  reaction
developed at B is 12 EI /L3. A B C
Similarly form F.B.D of ‘CD’ the  reaction 
developed at ‘C’ is 12EI /L3.

moments due
from vertical equilibrium condition, to external 0 0
load
Wt. of rigid block W = 12EI /L3+12EI /L3
= 24EI /L3 moments due
to sinking of 0
 down ward deflection  = WL3/24EI central support

The directions of moments at central support 20. Ans: 4

due to external load and sinking of central Sol: P
B C
support are shown.
Z
BZ = ZC
h EI=Constant
As seen above, the net central support
h>L
moment (negative moment) reduces. A D
From the fundamentals of redistribution of L

moments, if negative moment at central
support decreases, the positive (sagging) Free body diagrams of beam and columns are
moment at midspan increases. shown below.
19. Ans: 1
B I C
Sol: P
0.5I L/2
L I
6EI
Sway moment, MBA  Carry Carry
L2 over over
3E(0.5I)
Sway moment, MCD 
(0.5L) 2
The B.M.D of the frame is shown below.
6EI
=
L2 M M
M BA 2 3
 1
M CD
1 4
M/2 M/2
At the locations 1, 2,3and 4, the bending

moment is changing sign. Hence, four points
of contra flexure.

21. Refer GATE solutions Book.(2004) Free BMD under load M0 (part – 1):-
22. Refer GATE solutions Book.(2006)

Mo
23. Ans: (d) Mo / l Mo / l

Mo
Sol: After distribution of unbalanced moment to
4EI
adjacent span, one half of this amount with 3l/y
l/4
some sign is carried over to other end of
respective sign.
 Option (d) is incorrect. 3M o
4EI
B.M.D for constant EI
24. Ans: (a) Mo
Sol: All the given statements are correct w.r.t 4EI M
o
Hardycorss (or) Moment distribution
8EI
method. l/2 l/4
0
l/4
25. Ans: (b) Mo
Mo
Sol: To find out fixed end moments 8EI
4EI
Area of fixed bending moment diagram
B.M.D for varying EI
= Area of free bending moment diagram
Area of the BMD
M
M EI M 1  M 1   M M 
2EI 2EI     o    3 o  o 
2 4 8EI 2 2  4EI 4EI 
l/4 l/2 l/4
1  Mo  Mo
  
2  EI  4EI
 M M  1   Mo  Mo
Area of fixed BMD =  2    
4 2EI EI 2 
2 2  EI  4EI
M M 3M
   …. (1)
4EI 2EI 4 EI

Free BMD under load M0 (part – 2): Area of free BMD
1  Mo 1   M2 3 Mo  1  Mo
         
2 4 8EI 2 2  4EI 4 4EI  2 4 8EI
1 M 
   o
2 2  EI 
Mo
Mo
Mo / l Mo / l 
4EI
Mo
Total area of BMD
4EI
= Area of free BMD (Part I) + Area of free
3l/ BMD (Part II)
0 4 l/h
Mo Mo Mo
   ……(2)
3M o 4EI 4EI 2EI
4EI Equate (1) and (2)
B.M.D for constant EI
3 M M0
 
4 EI 2EI
Mo 2M 0
M
4EI 3
Mo
8EI Chapter‐ 7
Slope Deflection Method
Mo
01. Ans: (a)
8EI
Sol: In slope deflection method deformation due
Mo
to axial force and shear force are neglected.
4EI
3M o Deformations due to flexure only are
4EI considered.
B.M.D for varying EI
02. Ans: (c)

Sol: No. of unknown joint displacements is the
most appropriate option. Option (b) is

ambiguous as nothing is spelt about axial  = relative sinking of right support with
deformations. respect to left support. In the standard
equation right support is assumed to sink
03. Ans: (c) more than left support and  is taken as +Ve.
Sol: The number of equilibrium equations is In the given problem A is clock wise hence
= number of unknown joint displacements. taken as positive. B is anti clock wise hence
taken as negative. Further right support sinks
P less than that of left support.
For the above beam unknown displacement is A B

B
the rotation at central support only. A
A B
Q /2

For the above beam unknown displacements
are the rotations at central support and right 2EI   3 
M BA    2 .        
end support. L  2 L2 
R 3EI
X Y 
L2
05. Ans: (a)

For the above frame unknown displacements
Sol: 15kN/m
are the rotation at rigid joint X and sway
B D
deflection at right support Y. C
5m 7m
04. Ans: (a)
2EI  3 
Sol: MBA= 2    
L  L 
B A
8m 4m
Note:
 WL2
Clock wise rotations are taken as +Ve. Fixed end moment M BC 
12
Anti clock wise rotations are –Ve.
15  8 2
  80kN.m
12

2EI  3  07. Ans: (b)

MBC = 2 B   C    M BC
L  L Sol: 30 kN/m
2EI
M BC  2 B   C  0  80 Q
3m
R
8
 0.25EI2 B   C   80 EI
4m
06. Ans: (c) P

Sol:
P B 4m C At joint ‘Q’ relative stiffness
M 30 3EI 4EI
4m EI=Constant 4m =     2EI
  3 4
A hinge D 15
Q 
EI
Free body diagrams of columns shown below. 08. Ans (a)

Sol: Slope at ‘R’
The joint moments are assumed clock wise 2EI
MR = 0 = (2 R   Q )
B C
MCD
3
MBA Q   Q  7.5
  QR  R  
4m 4m 2 2 EI
A D (Sign neglected)
MAB MDC=0
HA HD
09. Ans: 20
For horizontal equilibrium  H = 0 Sol:
B C
HA+HD+P=0
M AB  M BA 10 kN
HA  5m
4
2.5 m
M CD  M DC M CD  0 M CD A D
HD   
4 4 4
10 m
M BA  M AB M CD
 P0
4 4
For column AB, MB = 0

5HA=15 + 10 + 102.5 Here MCB = 0 (because of hinge at C) and

 HA = 10 kN  B
10kN.m
M CB  0
2EI    
2.5m 0  2 C  0  3  
Applying  H=0 10kN L    
HA+HD=10 Hence,  = l  and B = 0 (for fixed support)
2.5m
10 +HD =10
HA
15kN.m 3
0  2 c 
A 
 HD = 0 F.B.D of Column AB
 3
C =
C 2
20 2EI  3 
MBC = M BC   2 B   C  
5m
L   
2EI    3  3 
 0 0    
L   2   
HD =0
MDC=0
D 2EI  3 

F.B.D of Column CD   2 
3EI
M  M DC M BC 
H D  CD =0 L
5
20  M DC
=0 11. Ans: (b)
5
Sol:
 MDC = 20 kN-m B C
10 kN/m
4m 4m
10. Ans: (c)

Sol:
A D
A B


Horizontal Equilibrium equation
 c HA + HD + 10  4 = 0
HA + HD + 40 = 0 ……(1)
2EI  3 
MCB = M CB   2 C   B  
L  

Span AB: The above two conditions are equilibrium

MBA
B equations at joints B and C.
10 kN/m
Substitute (3) and (4) in equation (2)
4m
–MBC – MCB = – 80
HA
 MBC + MCB = 80 kNm
A MAB = 0
Taking moments about point B,

12. Ans: (b)
MB = 0
Ans:
–HA  4 + MBA + MAB – 10  4  2 = 0 In slope deflections methods, joint
4HA = MBA – 80 displacements/Rotations are treated as
 M  80  unknowns. To calculate unknown joint
H A   BA kN ()
 4  displacements equilibrium conditions will be
MCD
D applied at each joint and displacement at a
Span CD:
joint are independent of the displacements of
4m
the member at the far end of the joint.
C  Option (b) is correct.
HD
MDC = 0
Taking moments about point D, 13. Ans: (b)

MD = 0 Ans:
In moment distribution, slope deflection
MCD + MDC – HD  4 = 0
method and Kanni’s method unknowns are
M
H D  CD () displacements/rotations.
4
 These methods are classified as
Substitute HA and HD in eq. (1)
displacement methods/stiffness method.
M BA  80 M CD
  40  0  Statement (I) is correct.
4 4
In moment distribution method final end
MBA + MCD –80 + 160 = 0 moments are calculated without calculation of
MBA + MCD = –80  (2) displacement like in slope deflection method.
We know that  Statement II is correct
MBA + MBC = 0  MBA = –MBC  (3) But, Statement II is not the correct
explanation of Statement I.
and MCD + MBC = 0  MCD = –MCB  (4)
14. Ans: (b)

Sol:
Chapter- 8
Plastic Theory
While calculating final end moments in
moment distribution method we follow,
Total moment  Fixed end moment   Distributed moment at a joint 01. Ans: (d)
(1) ( 2) Sol: Ductile materials like mild steel are used for
When we recall slope deflection equations, design using plastic theory. For ductile
for a fixed beam shown below materials plastic deformation before Fracture
2EI is much larger than elastic deformation.
MBA  MBA  (2B )
L B
A C 02. Ans: (c)
(i) (ii)
Sol: Shape factor is the ratio of plastic moment
2EI and yield (elastic) moment.
M BC  MBC  (2B )
L
(i) (ii) M P f y .Z P Z P
S  
Me f y .Z Z
1st term (i) is fixed end moment
2nd term (ii) is distributed moment. We know that section modulus represents the
Concept of summation of fixed end moment strength of a section both in plastic and elastic
and distributed moment in moment theory.
distribution method comes from slope
As ZP > ZY for all sections, shape factor
deflection equations only.
indicates the increase of strengths of a section
In slope deflection method, displacement are
due to plastic action over elastic strength.
calculated to analyze end moments.
 Statement II is correct Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct.
But Statement II is not the correct explanation Shape factor is more if area near neutral axis
of Statement I. is more (bulk area).
For example :
i) Consider a square section and circular

section of same area.
A A
Scircle = 1.7 Ssquare = 1.5

ii) Refer solution of Problem 3: for I section and Elastic N.A = 40 – 20 = 20 mm

along Y axis area is more near neutral axis Note: Better use calculations in cm to save time
compared to area near X axis. Hence shape
factor SYY > SXX 04. Ans: (a)
statement 3 is wrong. 05. Ans: (c)
Sol: Plastic moment MP = fy  zp
03. Ans: (d)
100 Given,
Sol:
MP = 120 kN.m
20 40 (1)
MP = fy  5  10-4
Yield stress
Plastic N.A. (2) 100
120  10 6
Elastic N.A. fy = 4
 24  1010 N / m 2
5  10
= 240 N/mm2
20
Elastic N.A. distance from top of flange 06. Ans: (a)
A 1 Y1  A 2 Y2 Sol:
ye = W
A1  A 2
100  20  10  100  20  70
ye = = 40mm
2000  2000 X X
lp
Plastic N.A. from top of flange; lp
Plastic N.A. divides the section in to two
equal areas. l
Total area of the section = 4000mm2

Me
Half of area = 2000mm2
As the flange area is also equal to 2000mm2,
Mp
the plastic neutral axis lies at the junction of
From similar triangles,
flange and web.
p 
Plastic neutral axis distances from top 
(M p  M e ) Mp
yp = 20mm
Distance between plastic N.A.
( M p  M e ) Shortcut :
p 
Mp  M.R of fully plastic section = f.bh2/4
 1  M.R of fully elastic section = f.bh2/6
 p   1  
 S  M.R of partly plastifyed section lies between
(Shape factor of I section  1.12 the above two values.
(f.bh2/6) < Mep < f.bh2/4
 1 
  1    The denominator of the above value will be
 1.12 
between 4 and 6. Hence by elimination
 technique option c.
p 
8
08. Ans: (d)
07. Ans: (c) Sol: Load factor (Q)
Sol: fy Factor of safety in elastic theory  shape factor
h/4 
1  additional % of stress allowed for wind
h 1.5  1.12
  1.4
1  0 .2
h/4
fy 09. Ans: (c)
b
Sol:
Mep = M. R of elasto plastic section l
= M.R. of elastic part + M.R.of Plastic part MP MP
= fy.Z + fy.Zp MP
2 Wc L M
b h bh 2  2M P  Wc  16 P …… (1)
Zelastic part = .   8 L
6 2 24
At the elastic limit, the centre moment is one-
  h  h .h  3bh 2
Zplastic part = 2 b     half of the end moment.
  4  4 8  16
Mep = fy.Z + fy.Zp

 bh 2 3bh 2  11
= fi   = f y  bh 2
 24 16  48 WL2
12
WL2
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We L M times that of end wires. Hence the central

 Me  e
8 2 wire will reach the yield stress ‘fy’ initially.
12M e The end wires will have half the strain of that
 We  …… (2)
L of middle wire. Hence they reach stress of
From eqs. (1) & (2) 0.5fy when the middle wire yields.
16M p The load corresponding to yielding of one of
Wc 4M P 4
 L  =  shape factor the wires
We 12M e 3M e 3
We = fy.A + 2(0.5fy) A = 2 fy.A
L
4 3 At plastic collapse the end wires will also
=  =2
3 2 reach yield stress fy.
(For rectangular section S = 1.5) When the end wires are yielding, the stress in
Deformation is just observed means the beam the middle wire remaines constant (fy).
is subjected to elastic failure with yield load collapse load = 3fy.A
(We=10kN/m) ratio of collapse load and yield load = 3:2
Collapse load = 2  10 = 20kN/m
11. Ans: (a)
10. Ans: (b) Sol: In all theories, viz. elastic theory, plastic
Sol: theory and limit state theory, Bernouli’s
assumption is valid according to which “Plane
1 l l 3
transverse sections which are plane and
2 l/2
normal to the longitudinal axis before bending
remain plane and normal after bending”.
It means
W Strain variation
The given frame is symmetrical both in
is linear as shown
loading and configuration. The rigid block of
aside
weight W will have uniform deflection.
All the three wires will have same elongation.
Strain = change in length/original length
As central wire has half length compared to
end wires, the strain of central wire is two

12. Ans: (a) P Mechanism AB:

Sol: Mp
2 Mp W B
A
L/2 L/2 L/2
L/2
 Mp
MP 2MP
  
 
Mp Mp
 
MP MP Wi = 3Mp
External workdone = Internal workdone L
We = W = W 
5 Mp = p × L/2 × 2
10M p We = Wi
p
L 6M p
 Collapse load WC =
10M P L
Collapse load =
L
14. Ans: (d)

13. Ans: (d) P
Sol:
Sol: W W
l/2
A B C
MP MP Z
A B C
L/2 L/2 2L/3 L/3 l l
The given continuous beam will have two BC will act like propped cantilever with
independent mechanisms. Both will behave central point.
like propped cantilevers. Beam AB has 6M p
Collapse load = P 
central point load which has more B.M. L
compared to BC which has eccentric point 15. Ans: (b)
load. Hence mechanism AB is sufficient to Sol:
L
know collapse load in objective papers.
L/2

Sway mechanism only possible.  Two plastic hinges will form at failure for
DS = 43 =1 combined mechanism. One plastic hinge will
Number of plastic hinges for collapse = 1+1 = 2 form under point load ⑤ on the beam. The
Plastic hinge and moment towards beam side
second plastic hinge will form at ④ on the
only since no rotation towards vertical
column side of Lee ward side node of frame
column side.
as column side has MP which is less than 2MP

 Mp of beam.

Reason for not having plastic hinge on
Mp
windward side: As seen in the combined
mechanism, the column and beam have
P rotations in the same direction (clock wise)
Wi = 2MP ; We = P. = P.L. and hence the initial included angle will not
We = Wi change.
2M P Reason for having plastic hinge on Lee ward

P 
L side: As seen in the combined mechanism, the
16. Ans: (c) column and beam have rotations in the
Sol: 3 opposite (column clock wise and beam anti
2
1 2Mp 2Mp 4 clock wise) and hence the initial included
5
angle changes leading to plastic hinge on
Mp, L Mp, L weaker side.
17. Ans: (b)

Sol: 2W
Clock
Anti B C
wise W
Clock L/2 E L/2
4 wise
5 4
5
L/2 MP L/2
Clock A D
wise Clock
wise L
DS = 4 –3 = 1

(i) Beam Mechanism BC: (iii) Combined Mechanism:
2W 2W MP
Mp B C W
Mp 1   
 
    MP
Mp Mp
   
Mp E Mp
L Mp Mp
We = 2W. = 2W.  .
2 We = W1 + 2W
Wi = 4Mp. L L
= W.  . + 2W.  .
2 2
Wi = We Wi = MP. + MP. + MP. + MP. + MP.+ MP.
4M P = 6MP.
W …. (i)
L We = Wi
4M p
W  …. (iii)
(ii) Sway Mechanism: L
Mp Mp ∴Collapse load is the minimum of above three
W   cases
 
4M p
  WC 
 L
Short cut:
Mp Mp
Compared to the columns, the beam has
Wi = We  4Mp = W double the length and double the load. Hence
practically the beam mechanism will govern
L
4Mp = W  the collapse.
2
8M P 18. Refer ESE solutions Book.(2008)

W …. (ii)
L 19. Refer ESE solutions Book.(2013)

21. Ans: (a)

Chapter‐ 9
Sol: Principle of superposition valid for linear Rolling Loads & Influence Lines
elastic structures for which stress verses
strain relationship is linear.
In case of plastic theory the relationship is bi- 01. Ans: (a)
linear (Elasto- plastic). Sol: 2 t /m


A 4m 12m B
Stress

Strain
(a) (b) ¾ (+)
(a) – elastic range (–)
(b) - plastic range ¼
22. Ans: (d)

S.F @ = Intensity of u.d.l  area of I.L.D
Sol: Shape factor of circular section = 1.7
under u.d.l
and shape factor of rectangular section = 1.5
1 3 1 1 
 statement (I) is incorrect Max Vx  2   12    4 = 8t
2 4 2 4 
Compared to rectangular section, circular
section has more are near to neutral axis than
02. Ans: (c)
at the extreme fiber.
Sol:
 Shape factor is more for circular section 120 kN
than rectangular section

0.4L 0.6L
S = 1.7 S = 1.5 The maximum B.M @ a section occurs if the

point load is @ the section.
Wab W  0.4L  0.6L

Maximum B.M = 
L L
= 0.24 WL

03. Ans: (b) 80  60  100 40  120

  9.60  0
Sol: 15 25
A B
M
x  Allow to 120 kN to cross C and place 100 kN
l on section C
80  60 40  120  100
 =  1.06<0
M M 15 25
RA =  RB =
L L Avg load LHS Avg load on RHS
Take moment at the distance ‘x’ from support
A  Place 100 kN on C and other load in their
M respective position maximum BM at C
 Mx = M  .x
L
When x = L, Mx = 0 06. Refer GATE Solutions Book
When x = 0, Mmax = Mx = M
07. Refer GATE Solutions Book
05. Ans: (b) 08. Refer GATE Solutions Book
Sol:
60kN100kN120kN
40 kN
09. Ans: (c)
80 kN
3 m3 m 3 m 3 m
A C B Sol:
x D
15 m 25 m A B
L 3L
0.25x 0.75x
ab 15 25 4 4
=
 40 ab Average load on AD = Avg load on BD
=9.375 m
= 9.375 m 
The ratio of AD : DB =1:3
 ¾th of u.d. l has to cross the quarter section ‘D’.
Place 40 kN on section C
40
Avg load on LHS 
25
80  60  100  120 40
  22.4 kN
15 25
 Allow to 40 kN to cross C and place 120 kN
on section C

10. Ans: (b)  Using Muller Breslau’s principle, release the

Sol: A B C D shear constraint by assuming shear hinge at
E
‘x’. The deflected profile is the I.L.D shown.
hinge
12. Ans: (a)
1.5 Sol: A C
1.0 B
1.0 + 
1/2 1/2
Apply Muller Breslau’s principle. To draw
I.L.D for support RC, apply unit vertical A B C
displacement at ‘C’. To the left of hinge ‘B’, + 1/8

simple support ‘A’ exists which cannot offer
resistance against rotation but offers Apply unique rotation at ‘B’ by assuming a
resistance against vertical displacement only. hinge. The deflection profile is the I.L.D for
Hence hinge ‘B’ rises linearly as shown. moment at ‘B’.
Support ‘D’ only can rotate. Free end ‘E’ can Note: as A and B are fixed A = B = 0
have vertical deflection also. Ordinates are To calculate ordinate at ‘B’ assume unit load
proportional to distances as the I.L.D for is applied at ‘B’. Due to this the B.M at ‘B’ =
determinate structures are linear. L / 8. Further fixed beam being statically
indeterminate structure, the I.L.D will be non-
11. Ans: (d) linear.
Sol: x
A B C D E
13. Ans: (b)
x
Sol:
 At x-x the I.L.D has vertical ordinate with

For minimum positive moment at ‘x’ shown
change in sign from one side to the other side.
(mid point of second span), no load on second
It is the character of I.L.D for shear force.
span but u.d.l on alternative spans shall be
provided.

 Positive moment at ‘x’ means sagging in the 15. Ans: (d)

second span. As minimum positive moment is Sol: The frame shown is through type truss in
required, don’t place the load on the second which loads will be transferred to the bottom
span. Further to counter sagging in second joints. Hence no load is possible at joint ‘E’.
span place the u.d.l on alternative spans (1, 3 Hence at ‘E’ three forces exists of which two
and 5) are in the same line, hence the third force
‘EJ’ is zero.
 concept can be easily understood by seeing
the deflection profile shown using pattern 16. Ans: (c)
loading. Sol:
A B C D E F
Common Data for Questions 14 & 15

As per Muller-Breslau’s principle, apply unit
displacement in the direction of reaction A.
1
C D E F G
A B D
C
A B
H L At B, member willILD for Due
rotate. reaction A at
to hinge
I J K
L=54 m point D, effect of unit displacement at A will
not get effected.
14. Ans: (c)
Sol: 17. Ans: (b)
Sol: When length of UDL is greater than span
length
1 To obtain maximum B.M (or) absolute max
I.L.D for axial force in the member ‘CH’

B.M, UDL should cover entire span
Design force for member CH

= Intensity of u.d.l  area of I.L.D under  Statement I is correct
u.d.l
1 
= (10 + 20)   18  1 = 270 kN (tension)
2 

When length of UDL is less than span

length
To obtain max B.M at section, this section
Chapter‐ 10
Arches & Cables
should divide the load in the same ratio as it
divides the span.
For absolute max B.M, center of span will 01. Ans: (a)
coincide with C.G of load. Sol: 100 kN/m
 In both cases UDL should be divided by C

8m
section.
 Statement (II) is correct. A HB
B
But statement (II) is not the explanation of Vb
20m 20m
statement (I)
18. Ans: (c)

Take moment about A MA = 0
Sol: ILD for indeterminate structures is
40  Vb = 100  8  8/2
curvilinear and for determinate structures is
Vb = 80 kN
linear.
MC = 0, from RHS
ILD can be drawn for indeterminate structure
80  20 = HB  8
qualitatively. But, for determinate structures
HB = 200 kN
both qualitative and quantitative diagram can
be drawn.
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: w
19. Ans: (a)
Sol: To find out the location of maximum B.M C
R
and its value, ILD is used while design of
bridges. H = wR H = wR
2 2
R R
w.R w.R
Mc = 0

H.R = wR.R – wR. R/2 x2

= constant
wR 2 y
H R = wR2– = HR
2 x
  constant
wR y
H
2
1  1   2 
03. Ans: (c)   2  
h1 h2 h1  h 2 h1  h 2
Sol:
B C
 h1  h2
 1  and  2 
h1  h 2 h1  h 2
4m
Taking moments on left portion about C
10 kN/m
 VA   1  H  h 1  w ( 12 ) / 2  0
A D w 1 Hh 1
20 kN/m  VA   …….. (1)
2 1
5m
VA VD Similarly taking moments on right portion
As the support are at same level, the vertical about C,

reactions can be worked to similar to that of  VB   2  H  h 2  w ( 22 ) / 2  0
S.S beam
h  w 2
 VB  H. 2   …….. (2)
MD = 0 from left  2  2
5VA = 10  4 2 = 80 kN  VA = 16 kN
Apply V = 0,
VA + VB = w(l1 + l2) = wl
04. Ans: (a)
w kN/m Substitute VA and VB in above equation
Sol:
w 1 h   h  w 2
 H 1   H 2    w
C 2  1   2  2
h1
h h     2 
h2 H 1  2   w  1   w
A  1  2   2 
l1 h h     w
B H 1  2   w  w   
l2  1  2  2 2
Equation for parabola

l can be taken as
Substitute l1 and l2 in above equation

  06. Ans: (c)

  160 kN
  w Sol:
h1 h2 4m
 H   C
   h1    h2   2
  




 h1  h 2
   h 1  h 2   D 4m
A

H ( h1  h 2 ) h1  h 2 ( h1  h 2 ) 
w 2
2
 H
8m
B H
w 2 16m VB = 40 kN
H  120 kN= VA
2( h 1  h 2 ) 2
05. Ans: (b) 160  12 160  4

 VA = VB 
1 kN/m 16 16
Sol:
C = 120 = 40 kN
A Take Mc = 0 H  4 = 40  8
8m
5m  H = 80 kN.m
1m
VA Calculation of vertical ordinate at section ‘D’
B
10m HB where the point load is acting
HB = 1500 N 4h
VB y ( x)(l - x)
l2
Supports are at different levels Mc = 0 4 4
  (4)  (16  4)
from right 16 2
1
Vb  10 = 5 Hb Vb = 0.5 Hb …. (1) =  4  12  3m
16
Mc = 0, from left.
Note: The height at quarter of a parabola is
4HA + 1  8  4 =VA  8
= 3h/4
VA = 0.5HA + 4 …. (2)
MD = 120  4 – 80  3 = 480 – 240
Va + Vb = 8  1 = 8
= 240 kN-m
HA = Hb = H
Va + Vb = 0.5 Hb + 0.5Ha + 4
Va +Vb = H + 4
8=H+4 H = 4 kN

07. Ans: (b) Apply MC = 0 from right

W
Sol: x L
H.h = .
C L 2
R1
R2 x
H =
A 2h
B For horizontal thrust to be maximum
R1 R2 L
x= i.e., at the crown.
2
MC = 0 from left L
 Maximum horizontal reaction of is
VA.R1= H.R1  VA = H 4h
Similarly VB = H possible if the load is at the crown.
VA + VB = 2H = W
09. Ans: (d)
W
H= Sol: When resolved it can be axial force
2
08. Ans: (d)
Sol: 1
x C
h B Catenaries shape
A If load is along
H H
Parabolic shape the length
VA L If load is along
VB horizontal span
L
4h
ILD for H
Assume a unit load rolls on the span from left

to right. The horizontal and vertical reactions
will change at the supports as the load moves Load transferred from cross girders to the
longitudinal girder in cable bridges.
on the span.
Assume the unit load be at a distance x from A. 10. Ans: (b)
Then Sol: Figure shows an arch (either two-hinged or
Lx x three-hinged arch) subjected to an external
VA = and VB =
L L load system. Consider any section X.
Consider the equilibrium of the part AX of
Assume H=The horizontal thrust at supports.
the arch. This part is in equilibrium under the The component of the reacting forces at X
action of the following perpendicular to the tangent at X is called the
i) Reaction Va and H at A Shear Force (or) Radical Shear at X.
ii) External loads between A and X  Shear at X= S
iii) Reacting forces VX and HX provided by the = HX sin –VX sin (or) VX cos –HX sin
part XB on the part XA at X
The component of reacting forces at X along
iv) Reacting moment (bending moment) at X.
the tangent X is called the Normal thrust at X.
Resolving the forces on the part AX vertically
and horizontally, we can determine the
 Normal thrust at X = Pn = HXcos +VXsin
vertical and the horizontal reacting forces VX
(HX = H) from F.B.D
and HX at D.
(Neglecting sign)
P1 P2
X C
11. Ans: (c)
w l wl
y Sol:  H max .h  .  H max  s
2 2 4h
H x H (due to rolling point load)
A B
Va
P1
VX C
 P2 Vb  In the problem, here. Place 20 kN at
centre.
y
10 20
H x H
A B
Va Vb
S
M Pn 5 4m
12.5 kN 12.5 kN
Arch section subjected to normal thrust Pn

radial shear S, bending moment M. Mc = 0
12.5  10 = H  4
Let the tangent to the centre line of the arch at
12.5  10
X be inclined at  to the horizontal. H= = 31.25 kN
4
12. Ans: (b)

wl 20  16 C
Sol: V    160 kN
2 2
wl 2 20  16 HA A HB
H 
8h 8 4 B
VA VB
= 160 kN V TMax
H H L/4h
14. Ans: (b)

TMin= H
VB
20 kN/m Sol:
VA
16 m A
B
H
Tmax  V 2  H 2  160 2 kN H 3m
Tmin = H = 160 kN 2m
C
13. Ans: (c)

8m 12m
Sol: When unit load is in b/w A and C 10 kN/m
Considering RHS of C.
L
H  h = VB 
2 Mc = 0, from left
x L 1 x VA  8 = H  2 + 10  8  4
H   
L 2 h 2h VA = 0.25 H + 40 …. (1)
Mc = 0 from right
When unit load is in b/w C and B.
Considering LHS 12Vb = 3H + 10  12  6
L Vb = 0.25H + 60 …. (2)
VA   H  h Va+ Vb = 200 kN
2
(L  x ) L L  x 400 = 0.25H + 40 + 0.25 H +60
H  
L 2h 2h 400 = 0.5 H + 100
 H = 200 Kn

15. Ans: (c) Vb 

H
Sol: H = 200 kN 2h
Vb = 0.25  200 + 60= 110 kN Wx
H
Maximum tension occurs at highest support 2h
(B) The maximum bending moment occurs under
 Tmax. = H 2  Vb 2  110 2  200 2 the load “W”
(B.M)x–x = (Va) (x) –H y

16. Ans: (a)
W   x   Wx  4hx   x 
Sol: Stresses will generate due to change in = x  
  2h  2
temperature, rib shortening, and lack of fit in
two hinged arches only, but not in three Wx (  x ) 2 Wx 2 (  x )
 
hinged arches because two hinged arches are  2
indeterminate structures. d
For maximum B.M x x  0
dx
17. Ans: (b)
Sol:
w


  2x   2w2 2x  3x 2  0


w C
x
(l – 2x) (l) – 2(2 lx – 3x2) = 0
h l2 – 2xl – 4lx + 6x2 = 0
H A B H 6x2 – 6lx + l2 = 0
Va Vb
l
 6  6 2  46 2 
x
26
Let ‘W’ be single rolling load placed at a
distance x from left end support A, 6  12 2 6  2 3
x  x
12 12
x Wx
Va  W  and VB 
   
x 

 62 3 
and x 
 62 3  
Taking moments about point C on right hand 12 12
section, Mc = 0 = 0.788l and 0.211 l
  Absolute maximum B.M occurs from

 Vb   H  h  0
2 0.211 l from both supports

18. Ans: (c) Taking moments about right hand portion of

Sol: 2 kN/m hinge C, Mc = 0
–Vb  20 + H 10 = 0
C
10  20
10 m H  20kN
10
10 m
10 kN
H A B H 2 kN/m
VA 40 m VB  20 kN
10 m
We know that equation of arch is

20 kN
4hx (  x )
y
2 30 kN
dy 4h
   2x  Net horizontal load at D = 20 kN ()
dx  2
Net vertical load at D = – 2  10 + 30
 dy 
tan    
 dx  at x 10 = 10 kN ()
4 10 Normal thrust at D = 20 cos  + 10 sin 

 40  2 10
40 2
2 1
 20   10 
120 1 5 5
 
40 2
40 10
-1 = 
  = tan (1/2) 5 5
Statement 1 is correct 50
=
Taking moments about point A, MA = 0 5
–Vb  40 + 2  20 10 = 10 = 10 5kN
Vb = 10 kN  Statement 2 is incorrect
 VA = 2  20 – 10 Shear force (S) = (20) sin – 10cos
VA = 30 kN 1 2
 20   10  =0
5 5

 Statement 3 is correct. 3
VA  w
8
Bending moment (B.M)
1  w 2  w 2
= 30  10 – 20  yat x = 10 – 2  10  5 H   
2  8h  16h
4  10  1040  10
y at x 10  2
40 2 B.M XX  VA x   wx  Hy

2
= 7.5 m 3wx wx 2 w 2 4hx   x 
   
(B.M)x=10 = 30  10 – 20  7.5 – 2  10  5 8 2 16h 2
= 50 kNm 3wx wx 2 wx   x 
  
8 2 4
 Statement 4 is incorrect
3wx wx 2 wx wx 2
   
8 2 4 4
19. Ans: (b) y wx wx 2
x  
Sol: ‘w’kN/m 8 4
At x = 0 ; (B.M)x–x = 0
w 2
At x = l/4 ; (B.M)x–x =
h 64
 (B.M)x–x is sagging moment between A and C
H x H
x w 2
y (B.M)y–y = (Vb) (x) – y
16h
VA l VB
wx w 2 4hx   x 
  
Taking moments about point A,  MA = 0 8 16h 2
 
– Vb    w    0 wx wx   x 
 
2 4 8 4
w w wx wx 2
Vb  kN   
8 8 4 4
Apply V = 0
 wx wx 2
w  
VA + VB = 8 4
2 at x = 0 (B.M)y–y = 0
w w
 VA    w 2
2 8 at x = l/4 (B.M)y-y =
64
at x = l/2 (B.M)y-y = 0
 (B.M)y-y is hogging moment between C and B 2 2

H H H H
C =       2 
+ve 2 2 2 2
–ve Inclination angle with horizontal
VA H / 2
tan  =  =1
A B.M.D (kNm) B HA H / 2
  = 45o
20. Ans: (c)
Sol:
21. Ans: (d)
W
Sol: In three hinged arches
C
 H   h 
    
 H   h 
2R H
R B
Where, H = Horizontal thrust
H 2R
A VB  H = Change in Horizontal thrust
VA h = Rise of an arch
Taking moments about point C on right hand h = change in rise of an arch.
portion Mc = 0
 In three hinged arches as temperature
–VB  R + H  R = 0
increases, horizontal thrust decreases.
VB = H
 Statement (I) is incorrect
Taking moments about point C on left hand
As temperature increases, change in length
portion, Mc = 0
occurs as there is a free moment at hinge C.
(VA) (2R) – H  2R = 0
 Statement (II) is correct.
VA = H
But we know that
VA + VB = W 22. Ans: (a)
H+H =W Sol: Due to temperature rise in two hinged arches,
 H = W/2 horizontal thrust will be generated at each

supports.
 HA = HB = H/2
and VA = VB = H/2 EIT 
Horizontal thrust, H 
 y ds
2
2 2
Resultant load at A = VA  H A
 Bending moment on arch is due to
horizontal thrust H .
B.M = (–H) (y) 02. Ans: (d)

 Shape of bending moment diagram will Sol:
2I I 2I
correspond to shape of arch A D
B C
Statement (II) is the correct explanation of 4m 4m 8m
 
Assume restrained structure at 1 & 2
statement I.
A B C D
23. Ans: (a)

Sol: (B.M)x–x in arch = Beam moment – ‘H’ Restrain at ‘C’. Apply unit rotation at B
moment.
‘H’ moment (or) moment due to “H” will A B C D
reduces the bending moment in arch. This is
4m
called arching action. Due to this cross- 4m
section of arch reduce, which is practically Consider BC
used in the construction of dams in irrigation
field. 4EI C
 EI
4
0.5 EI
B
Chapter- 11
Matrix Methods k21 = force developed at 1 due to unit rotation
at
01. Ans: (b) k21 = k12 = 0.5 EI

1 3EI 0.5EI 
Sol: d 
EI  k   

d1 EI 2 0.5EI 2EI

d 2 EI 1
d1 2EI

d2 EI
d2 = d1/2

03. Ans: (d) 4EI 3EI 7 EI

K22 =  
Sol: l l l
1  6EI 3EI  3EI
K12 = 2
 2 =
2 l l l2
A B
L C L  15EI  3EI 
 K11 K12   l 3 l2 
K=   7 EI 
6EI 6EI 6EI K 21` K 22    3EI 
 2 0  l2 l 
l2 l2 l
6EI 6EI 04. Ans: (a)
l2 l2 Sol:
6EI 3EI 3EI l
 2  2
l2 l l I
For portion AC () RB
6EI 6EI 2I l
 2
= l 2
l  12EI
l l3
3EI 3EI
For portion BC( ) RB =  3 Initially restrain the structure @
l3 l
co-ordinates 1 & 2.
12EI 3EI 15EI
K11 = 3  3  3 Allow unit defection in the direction 1 only.
l l l
 3EI 6
2EI 
K21 = L2
l2
d
24EI
L3
d1 =1
6EI
12 EI
l2
L2
6EI 3EI
l2 l2 24EI
24EI L3
 k11  3
L
With this value of k11 only option (a).
4 EI
l 3EI
l

05. Ans: (d)  Flexibility matrix is a square and

Sol: symmetric matrix.
1
Stiffness   In flexibility matrix all the leading
flexibility
diagonal elements are always positive and
[K]  Stiffness matrix other diagonal element may be positive
[]  flexibility matrix (or) negative.
 [k] [] =I
 Flexibility matrix [] = [k]-1 08. Ans: (d)
Sol: 
2EI  2  1 
Given [k] = 
L  1 2  EI
L  2  1 l EI
  = k  
1
6EI  1 2  EI l
06. Ans: (c)

l
Sol: To calculate K23:
1 2
Apply unit Rotation in the direction of
degree of freedom ‘3’ and lock other
degrees of freedom i.e. (1 and 2)
Order of stiffness matrix = degree of
kinematic indeterminacy = degrees of
2EI 4EI
freedom o
 =1 
 Order of stiffness matrix = [2  2] EI, l 4EI
o
=1 
07. Ans: (c)
Sol: EI, l EI,l
Flexibility is defined as displacement
obtained due to unit applied load .
 Flexibility matrix contains displacements 2EI

elements. 

K23 = Moment developed in the direction of 11. Ans: (c)

degree of freedom ‘2’ due to unit rotation in Sol:
the direction of degree of freedom 3. As per maxwell’s reciprocal theorem,
2EI deflection at point A due to unit load at B is

 equal to deflection at point B due to unit load
at A.
09. Ans: (d) i.e f21 = f12 (or) k12 = k21
Sol: Stiffness is defined as force required due Diagonal elements (i.e. k11, k22, k33 etc) of the
obtain to unit displacement. matrix are not same.
st
 To obtain 1 column of stiffness matrix,  Statement (II) is flame.
Release unit displacement in the direction of
degree of freedom ‘1’ by look other degree’s 12. Ans: (a)
of freedom. Sol: Size of stiffness matrix and flexibility
matrix are different because stiffness matrix
10. Ans: (a) deals with unknown displalcements and
Sol: Elements in the leading diagonal in flexibility matrix deals with unknown forces.
flexibility matrix are always positive
because, displacement will occur in the  Size of stiffness matrix is equal to number of
direction of force applied. unknown displacements/Rotations, and size
But Rest of elements other than leading of flexibility matrix is equal to number of
diagonal elements may be Negative. unknown forces/Moment.
statement (II) is correct explanation of
statement (I).

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(v) In a member, there should not be more than

(iii) All supports are roller,

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04. Ans: (a) 06. Ans: 19 A

As the two supports are hinged total no. of

07. Ans: (d)

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Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases Moment releases at ‘C’ = 1

08. Ans: (a) E

W 2 14. Ans: (a)

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Total unknowns are 6 01. Ans: (b)

02. Ans: (b) D.O.F of rigid joints = 7  3 = 21

D.O.F of roller support =2

= 3  4 – 6 = 6 (with axial deformations) (three rotations and two translations)

=6–3= 3 (Neglecting axial deformations)

B D H K Total D.O.F or Dk = 12 +5+ 4 +1= 22

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05. Ans: 20 or 13 Total D.O.F or Dk = 6 + 0 + 2 +1 =9

2 1 Neglecting axial deformations = 9 – 4 = 5

Note: The effect of diagonal member shall not be

Total D.O.F or Dk = 4 + 4 + 9 +1+2 = 20

06. Ans: 9 or 5 D.O.F of two rigid joints =23=6

Neglecting axial deformations = 6 – 4 = 2

Note: The effect of two inclined members shall

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08. Ans: 4 or 2 11. Ans: ( b)

Note: As no sway the axial deformation of two

09. Ans: 13 At fixed supports =0

14. Ans: (c)

15. Ans: (c) 01. Ans: (d)

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03. Ans: (c) 06. Ans: (b)

FDC = FDB RD = 5 kN   FCD = 5 kN

04. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (a)

05. Ans: (c) Apply V = 0 at Q.

08. Ans: (c) 09. Ans: (a)

C 4m Now analysis at joint E.

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10. Ans: (c) Reactions are VA =10 kN ,

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13. Ans: (b)

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16. Ans: (a)  Equilibrium equations are used at joints to

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05. Ans: (b) 08. Ans: (a)

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Total vertical deflection at

FBD of BC: 02. Ans: (b)

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03. Ans: (c)

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11. Ans: (d)

12. Ans: 1.5  10–3 W1 = virtual work done by W2

Sol: As the structure is determinate extra forces  w22 = w11

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If y is considered as deflection 17. Ans: (c)

18. Ans: (a)

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(a)  Strain energy