2.

Geophysical Assessment

a. Geologic mapping

Field geologic mapping was conducted in the Angat Dam watershed as part of the
project‟s activities. The following briefly describe the group‟s observations.
The Angat watershed is underlain by Late Eocene to Early Oligocene igneous and sedimentary
rocks that comprise the Bayabas Formation (Peña, 2008 and references cited therein) (Fig. IV-
24). Geologic field data obtained from the watershed show that the interbedded sandstones and
siltstones are overlain by andesites.
East of the spillway at Sitio Dike, minor exposures of interbedded sandstones and
siltstones were observed (Fig. IV-25). Outcrop samples are generally dark in color and
sometimes silicified. Thickness of beds range from 1 to 40 cm, with laminations of siltstones
also observed between sandstone beds. Sandstones exhibit very fine- to medium-grained
textures, and are often arkosic with a few oxidized volcanic fragments. Siltstones, on the other
hand, exhibit thinner (1 to 3 cm) and more friable beds compared to the more indurated
sandstones. In some exposures, they are light gray in color and tuffaceous.

39
Figure IV-24. Map shows the topographic and geologic characteristics of the Angat watershed.
The area is generally underlain by andesites with minor exposures of interbedded sandstones and
siltstones. Topography data are from ERSDAC, 2011, while lineaments are adapted from the
Angat HEPP Technical Report.

Figure IV-25. Minor exposure of interbedded sandstones and siltstones at Sitio Dike, east of the
spillway (Coordinates: N14°54.330‟ E121°10.802‟ WGS84). Beds strike northwest and dip
towards the southwest (Fig. III-24, map).
Overlying the interbedded sandstones and siltstones are andesites that exhibit aphanitic,
porphyritic, and agglomeratic characteristics. Field observations suggest that the andesites were
emplaced as flows. When coarse-grained, bloated feldspars are evident while pyroxene and
amphibole phenocrysts are also commonly observed. In most outcrops, andesites appear highly
weathered, densely fractured, and sheared, sometimes exhibiting striated surfaces or slickensides
(Fig. IV-26a and b). Joint sets generally strike NW and NE, and dip towards the NE and NW,
respectively.

40
Figure IV-26a. Exposure of highly sheared andesites observed west of the spillway
(Coordinates: N14°54.420‟ E121°09.967‟ WGS84). Note the „scratches‟ (striations/slickenlines)
parallel to the pen. Pen is approximately 10 cm-long (Figure III-26b).

b. Geohazards assessment

Geohazards are dangers present in an area that may be triggered by various natural or
anthropogenic activities such as earthquakes, ground shaking, volcanic eruptions, heavy rainfall
or man-induced earth movement. The likelihood for these hazards to manifest is also controlled
by the underlying geology of an area. The Philippine archipelago is a tectonically active region
frequently affected by numerous crustal movements at varying depths and magnitudes.
Geohazards relevant to the study area will be discussed in the following sections.

Fault-related/seismic hazards
The Philippine archipelago is a tectonically active region frequently affected by
numerous crustal movements at varying depths and magnitudes. Figure 6 plots the epicenters of
earthquake occurrences in the Philippines from 1973 to 2012 (NEIC-USGS, 2012). Earthquake
data for the Angat area show that this region experiences relatively fewer earthquakes than the
rest of the archipelago. Furthermore, the area has lesser moderate to deep hypocenters as
compared with other parts of the Philippines. The few epicenters close to the northern trace of
the WVF are mostly of ~M4.2 to M4.8 and these originated from <35 km depths (Fig. IV-27).

Ground acceleration
Seismic waves travelling from the earthquake source (focus) to the surface cause
vibrations or trembling. The degree of damage associated with ground tremors is attributed to
several factors including: wavelength and duration of shaking, the distance from the epicenter,
the nature of the underlying materials, the degree of water saturation of soil/rock media, and the
character of infrastructures within the area (Johnson and DeGraff, 1988). From worldwide post-
quake studies of large-magnitude earthquake events, earthquake intensity is notably less in areas
underlain by bedrock compared to those underlain by soft foundation materials (e.g. sand and
clay) (Daligdig&Besana, 1993). Other factors such as the degree of weathering and the presence
of structures (fractures, joints, beddings, faults) may further increase the effects of ground
motion. Field surveys need to be conducted to assess the type of materials that underlie the study
area/s.

41
Figure IV-27. Earthquake epicenters collated from 1973 to 2012 illustrates the number, depth
and magnitude of the various events near the study area. Map was drawn using data from the
NEIC-USGS (2012). The color scale on the left depicts the depth of the earthquake source (in
kilometres).

To quantitatively describe the effects of ground movements, the Peak Ground

Acceleration (PGA) is used to calculate the maximum acceleration expected to be experienced
by ground particles during an earthquake. It gives an idea as to how hard the earth shakes at a
given geographic location, taking into consideration the strength of the quake, distance from the
source and type of rocks/soil in the area. It is expressed in terms of “g” or “%g”. Values of g
close to 0.3 or % g ≈ 30 are usually taken to suggest significant effect or damage to man-made
structures. Calculations for the Angat Dam site were done using the attenuation relationship
equation of Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) using assumed or best approximate values of
magnitude and distance (Table IV-1).

This attenuation relationship equation is stated as:

Log 10 A = 0.41M – log 10 (R + 0.032 x 10 0.4 M) – 0.0034 R + 1.30, (Equation 1)

Where: A is the peak acceleration, R is the shortest distance between the site and the earthquake
generator, and M is the considered probable magnitude to be produced by the earthquake
generator. Correction factors (0.6 for rock, 0.87 for medium soil, and 1.39 for soft soil) are
incorporated based on the nature of the underlying materials at the project site. Computations
done used different possible earthquake generators, earthquake strengths and type of underlying
materials (rock, medium soil and soft soil). The best proxy for the ground characteristics of the
communities near Angat may range between the Medium Soil and Soft Soil characteristics.

42
Magnitudes 3, 5 and 7 were used in the calculations to give a representative set of PGA values
for different possible earthquake scenarios.

Table IV-1. Peak ground acceleration resulting from various earthquake generators is computed
using the attenuation equation of Fukushima and Tanaka (1990).
Earthquake Magnitude Distance (km) Underlying material
generator between the site Rock Medium Soil Soft Soil
(Angat) and
earthquake
generator
West Valley 3 1 0.133 0.193 0.309
Fault 5 0.296 0.429 0.686
7 0.363 0.526 0.841
Manila Trench 3 200 0.000 0.000 0.001
5 0.001 0.002 0.003
7 0.008 0.012 0.020
Philippine Fault 3 30 0.005 0.008 0.012
Zone 5 0.032 0.047 0.075
7 0.133 0.193 0.308
East Valley 3 25 0.007 0.010 0.015
Fault 5 0.039 0.057 0.091
7 0.153 0.221 0.354

Values from Table IV-1 clearly show that the Manila Trench and the Philippine Fault
Zone have minor influence on the ground acceleration of the Angat area for magnitudes lower
than 7. Earthquake generators that may have significant effects on the area especially on large
engineering structures such as Angat Dam include the West and East Valley Faults. Of particular
concern is the West Valley Fault whose trace is less than 1 km away from the main Angat Dam
dike. Significant ground acceleration can lead to ruptures, produce liquefaction, subsidence,
differential settlement and various other hazards.

Mass movement/Landslides

The term "landslide" describes a wide variety of processes that result in the downward
and outward movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a
combination of these. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or
flowing. Table IV-2 summarizes the commonly accepted terminologies for mass movements.

Table IV-2. Types of mass movements, modified from Varnes' classification of slope
movements.
Type Of Movement Type Of Material
Bedrock Engineering Soils
Predominantly Coarse Predominantly Fine
Falls Rock Fall Debris Fall Earth Fall

43
 Topples Rock Topple Debris Slide Earth Slide
Slides Rotational Rock Slide Debris Slide Earth Slide
Translational
Lateral Spreads Rock Spread Debris Spread Earth Spread
Flows Rock Flow Debris Flow Earth Flow
(Deep Creep) (Soil Creep)
Complex Combination Of Two Or More Principal Types Of Movement
The occurence of landslides is a result of the interaction of both natural and
anthropogenic factors. The inherent geologic character of an area may contribute to its
susceptibility to mass wasting (i.e. landslide, debris flow, rock fall). Most common triggering
mechanisms for mass movement of materials are ground shaking (earthquake or due to a
volcanic eruption) and excessive rainfall. Sometimes preexisting landslide susceptibilities are
exacerbated by human activities which include deforestation (e.g., brought about by “kaingin” or
slash-and-burn farming methods), steepening of the slope following road construction, and
building of heavy infrastructures (e.g. houses, buildings, etc.) on slopes.

The underlying materials (i.e. soil, rock, fractured and weathered rocks) determine an
area‟s susceptibility to mass wasting. Hence, loose materials such as soils and other non-
cohesive aggregates are prone to mass wasting, in comparison to hard, non-fractured rocks (Sidle
and Ochiai, 2006). The degree of weathering and the presence of fractures and foliations also
exacerbate the tendency for slopes to fail. The presence of faults and activity along such
structures initiate mechanical and chemical weathering which help to weaken the materials.
Movement along faults also acts as triggers for landslides to occur. The planned field survey will
look into the details of the geological controls in the area that could contribute to landslide
susceptibility.

Slope gradient is a major factor to consider when assessing for an area‟s susceptibility to
landslide. Generally, the steeper the slope is, the higher its likelihood for failure. Slope
modification (eg. road cuts), often result in the over steepening of the slope, thus increasing its
susceptibility to landslide.

The introduction of water into pore spaces contributes to the increased chance for slope
failures. Hence, hydrological processes such as precipitation and infiltration have a major role on
landslide initiation (Sidle and Ochiai, 2006). These processes are particularly important in slopes
consisting of unconsolidated/loose earth materials (soils, sands, gravels). Oversaturation during
extended periods of rainfall often trigger unconsolidated materials to act with fluid-like
consistency, hence, moving faster downslope.

Based on the Modified Coronas Classification Map by the PAGASA (Fig. IV-28), the
project site falls under the Type III climate. As such, wet and dry periods are not very distinct in
this region but it is relatively dry between December to February or March to May and relatively
wet during the rest of the year. Prolonged and heavy precipitation during the wet season may
lead to landslides in the areas that are already predisposed to slope failures in terms of their
geologic and geomorphic natures.

44
 Other contributing factors include the steepness of the slope and ineffectiveness or lack
of the vegetative cover to hold the soil. Although landslides are primarily associated with
mountainous regions, they can also occur in areas of generally low relief. In low-relief areas,
landslides occur as cut-and-fill failures such as in roadway and building excavations.

The Mines and Geosciences Bureau of the DENR have previously evaluated the Angat
area for its landslide susceptibility. Their survey concluded that the areas immediately
surrounding Angat Dam are moderate to highly susceptible to mass wasting (Fig. IV-29).

Figure IV-28. Map showing the different climate types in the Philippines: Type I = Two
pronounced seasons which are: dry from November to April, and wet from June to September;
Type II = No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period from December to
February; Type III =No pronounced maximum rain period, with a short dry season lasting only
from one to three months; and Type IV =Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the
year (Source: PAGASA).

45
Figure IV-29. Landslide susceptibility map for the provinces of Bulacan and Rizal. The location
of the Angat Dam is shown by the blue box (MGB, 2009).

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Mines and Geosciences Bureau

has completed the geohazard assessment and mapping of the entire Philippines (DENR-MGB,
2011). These geohazard maps have been circulated to all local government units nationwide to
aide them in their planning needs. Information and education campaigns (IEC) have also been
conducted to raise awareness and preparedness for Geohazards (DENR, 2011). In Bulacan alone,
MGB Regional Office III (MGB-R3) had already assessed 569 barangays in the province for
flooding and landslide susceptibility.
To further substantiate the geohazard mapping efforts of DENR-MBG, this study
generated hazard maps of the 3 towns immediately downstream of the Angat Dam through the
use of GIS-based tools and multi-criteria analysis. These are the Angat, Bustos and Norzagaray
towns. The use of GIS has proven its efficiency and versatility in facilitating fast and transparent
decision-making for geohazards assessment applications (Manandhar, 2010). In terms of the
context of hazard management, GIS can be used to create interactive map overlays that illustrate

46
the spatial extent of hazards. Such maps can then be used to coordinate mitigation efforts before
any disastrous events can occur (Raford, 1999 as cited in Awal, 2003).
This chapter aims to determine the extent of vulnerable areas at barangay level in relation
to the landslide and flood hazards in the downstream communities of Angat Dam. Maps
generated from the study will be useful in strengthening the local disaster risk reduction
programsof these communities. In particulary, it can aid them in their planning for infrastructural
developments, relocation plans and other appropriate interventions as well asimpact mitigation in
the event of disasters.

Methodology
Mapping of geohazards in terms of flooding and landslide for the purpose of this study
considered several physical parameters. Hazard analysis involves handling of voluminous data as
input, hence, GIS offers the capability to standardize the analysis that can be done repeatedly
until the desired result is achieved. The study involved vector and raster analysis based on the
weights applied to each parameter using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to derive hazard
index for both flooding and landslide. The creation of these maps was guided by the flow chart
illustrated below (Fig. IV-30).

Figure IV-30. Hazard mapping flowchart of Angat, Bustos and Norzagaray, Bulacan

47
Preliminary Data Acquisition
The data used in this study were acquired from existing maps and secondary data from
various government agencies. The political boundaries within the study area used in this study
were derived from their respective Socio-Economic Profile (SEP) and Comprehensive Land Use
Plan (CLUP). Available shapefiles were also acquired from government institutions while the
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was downloaded from the Global Land Survey Digital Elevation
Model (GLSDEM; http://glcf.umd.edu/data/glsdem/). Table III-3 shows the summary of raster
and vector layers used in the study.

Table IV-3. Data Acquisition of the Study

Data Layer Data Type Source

Political Boundary Vector SEP and CLUP of Angat, Bustos and

(Polygon) Norzagaray

Landuse Vector DA-BARSAIL

(Polygon)

Slope Raster Aster DEM 30m resolution

Elevation Raster Aster DEM 30m resolution

Fault Line Buffer Vector PHIVOLCS Active and Liquefaction

(Polygon) Susceptibility Map of Region III

River Buffer Vector DENR-MGB Map Sheets (7172-I, 7272-IV

(Polygon) and 7272-I)

Geology Vector DENR-MGB Map Sheets (3164-I, 3264-IV

(Polygon) and 3261-I)

Flooding and Landslide Vector DENR-MGB Map Sheets (7172-I, 7272-IV

Susceptibility (Polygon) and 7272-I)

Preparation of Database
The political boundary, river system, fault line, geology as well as flooding and landslide
susceptibility data layers were generated through georeferencing of available printed maps and
then digitized using GIS. Database for slope and elevation factors were extracted from Aster
DEM with 30 meter resolution using raster functions in GIS. Proximity analysis in terms of

48
buffering was done in GIS for fault line and river system. All map layers were projected using
World Geodetic System 1984 as datum and UTM Zone 51N as coordinate reference system.

Landslide and Flood Hazard Criteria

The landslide hazard criteria used in this study were presented in Table IV-4 and
IV-5. In terms of mapping the landslide hazard, parameters such as land use, slope, elevation,
distance from fault line (fault line buffer), geology and landslide susceptibility (DENR-MGB)
were used. Similar parameters were also considered in flood hazard mapping except for distance
from river (river buffer) and flooding susceptibility (DENR-MGB). Reclassification of the
attributes on the said parameters has been employed using GIS.
All factors identified in hazard mapping comprised of subfactors based on the attributes
of each layer. Ranking were done based on their relative influence on the occurrence of hazards
using a rating scale of 1 to 4. However, there are two ways of assigning the rank for each
subfactor such as straight ranking (1 as the most important and the 4 as the least important) and
inverse ranking (1 as the least important and 4 as the most important).

Table IV-4. Factors for landslide hazard mapping

Factors AHP Subfactors Hazard
Weight Ranking
Landuse 0.028158 Developed 3
Agricultural 2
Forested 2
Grassland 1
Slope 0.290087 0-15% 1
15-45% 2
>45% 3
Elevation 0.123793 <100 3
100-150 2
>150 1
River buffer 0.137677 < 1km 4
1-5 km 3
5-10 km 2
>10 km 1
Geology 0.038126 Clastics 3
Pyroclastics 2
Old Sedimentary 1
Flooding 0.38216 No Data 0
Susceptibility Low 1
Moderate 2
High 3

49
Table IV-5. Factors for flood hazard mapping
Factors AHP Subfactors Hazard
Weight Ranking
Land use 0.164774 Developed 3
Agricultural 2
Forested 2
Grassland 1
Slope 0.127328 0-15% 1
15-45% 2
>45% 3
Elevation 0.022379 <100 3
100-150 2
>150 1
Fault line buffer 0.07757 < 1km 4
1-5 km 3
5-10 km 2
>10 km 1
Geology 0.19705 Clastics 3
Pyroclastics 2
Old Sedimentary 1
Landslide 0.410899 No Data 0
Susceptibility Low 1
Moderate 2
High 3

A. Land use Factor

The land use factor was derived from available spatial data of Department of Agriculture
– Bureau of Agricultural Research Spatial Analysis and Information Systems Laboratory (DA-
BARSAIL). Ranking was based on the influenced of human activities on the given land uses,
hence, land uses which is usually manipulated brought by human needs are susceptible on the
occurrence of landslide and flooding. Land use maps of the study are shown in Fig. IV-31 to III-
33.

50
Figure IV-31. Landuse map of Angat, Bulacan

51
Figure IV-32. Landuse map of Bustos, Bulacan

52
 Figure IV-33. Landuse map of Norzagaray, Bulacan

B. Slope and Elevation Factor

The slope (Fig. IV-34 to IV-36) and elevation (Fig. IV-37 to IV-39) factors were
extracted from a 30-m Aster DEM using GIS. Areas with flat to gentle slope (<15%) and located
in low elevation areas are susceptible to flooding. On the other hand, areas with moderate slope
to steep slope (15% to >45%) at higher elevations are highly susceptible to landslide.

53
Figure IV-34. Slope map of Angat, Bulacan

54
Figure IV-35. Slope map of Bustos, Bulacan

55
Figure IV-36. Slope map of Norzagaray, Bulacan

56
Figure IV-37. Elevation map of Angat, Bulacan

57
Figure IV-38. Elevation map of Bustos, Bulacan

58
 Figure IV-39. Elevation map of Norzagaray, Bulacan

C. Fault line Buffer Factor

The traces of West Valley Fault according to PHIVOLCS maps were buffered at
specified distance using proximity analysis of GIS (Figure IV-40 to IV-42). Highest rank was
designated for those areas near to the fault line while lowest for areas farther from the fault line.

59
Figure IV-40. Fault Line Buffer map of Angat, Bulacan

60
Figure IV-41. Fault Line Buffer map of Bustos, Bulacan

61
 Figure IV-42. Fault Line Buffer map of Norzagaray, Bulacan

D. River Buffer Factor

The river system used was derived from the hazard maps of DENR-MGB
(Fig. IV-43 to IV-45) and it was also buffered at specified distance. Areas closer to the river
system obtained the highest ranking since water level rise is expected to be highest at these areas.
Thus, lower rank was assigned for areas farther from the river.

62
Figure IV-43. River Buffer map of Angat, Bulacan

63
Figure IV-44. River Buffer map of Bustos, Bulacan

64
 Figure IV-45. River Buffer map of Norzagaray, Bulacan

E. Geological Factor
Geological factor used in the study was derived from the DENR-MGB mapsheets (Fig.
IV-46 to IV-48). The rock types identified on the mapsheets were grouped into categories based
on their composition as basis for ranking such as clastics, limestone/pyroclastics and igneous/old
sedimentary rocks.

65
Figure IV-46. Geologic map of Angat, Bulacan (DENR, MGB)

66
Figure III-47. Geologic map of Bustos, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

67
 Figure IV-48. Geologic map of Norzagaray, Bulacan (DENR, MGB)

F. Landslide and Flooding Factors

Landslide (Fig. IV-49 to IV-50) and flooding factors (Fig. IV-51 to IV-53) were
generated from landslide and flooding susceptibility map produced by DENR-MGB. Ranking of
both hazards were based on the description identified by DENR-MGB in which area with high
susceptibility hazards obtained a higher rank.

68
Figure IV-49. Landslide Susceptibility map of Angat, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

69
Figure IV-50. Landslide Susceptibility map of Norzagaray, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

70
Figure IV-51. Flood Susceptibility map of Angat, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

71
Figure IV-52. Flood Susceptibility map of Bustos, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

72
 Figure IV-53. Flood Susceptibility map of Norzagaray, Bulacan (DENR-MGB)

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Through pair-wise comparison matrix (PCM) among the factors used in the study,
individual weights were estimated using AHP which was developed by Saaty in 1980 (Table IV-
6 and IV-7). PCM made use a scale of 1 to 9, with 1 being of equal importance and 9 of extreme
importance. The Saaty Rating scale was presented in Appendix B. Results of the PCM will lead
to the next step in AHP which involve derivation of consistency vectors and relative important
weights (RIW) as shown in Table IV-8 and IV-9.

73
 Table IV-6. Pairwise comparison matrix for landslide hazard factors
Factors
Factors Elevatio Fault line Landslide
Landuse Slope Geology
n Buffer Susceptibility
Landuse 1 1 9 3 1 0.333
Slope 1 1 7 3 0.33 0.2
Elevation 0.111111 0.142857 1 0.143 0.111 0.111
Fault line
Buffer 0.333333 0.333333 6.993007 1 0.333 0.2
Geology 1 3.030303 9.009009 3.003 1 0.333
Landslide
Susceptibility 3.003003 5 9.009009 5 3.003 1
Total 6.447447 10.50649 42.01103 15.146 5.777 2.177

Table IV-7. Pairwise comparison matrix for landslide hazard factors

Factors
Factors Elevatio River Flooding
Landuse Slope Geology
n Buffer Susceptibility
Landuse 1 0.111 0.111 0.111 1 0.111
Slope 9.009009 1 3 3 5 1
Elevation 9.009009 0.333333 1 1 3 0.2
River Buffer 9.009009 0.333333 1 1 5 0.2
Geology 1 0.2 0.333333 0.2 1 0.111
Flooding
Susceptibility 9.009009 1 5 5 9.009 1
Total 38.03604 2.977667 10.44433 10.311 24.009 2.622

Table IV-8.Consistency matrix and derived weights of landslide hazards

Factors
Row Consistency
Factors Fault line Landslide RIW Lambda
Landuse Slope Elevation Geology Total Vector
Buffer Susceptibility
Landuse 0.1551 0.095179 0.214229 0.19807 0.1731 0.152963 0.988644 0.164774 6.360634 6.433696192
Slope 0.1551 0.095179 0.166623 0.19807 0.0571 0.09187 0.763967 0.127328 4.972043 6.508190643
Elevation 0.017233 0.013597 0.023803 0.00944 0.0192 0.050988 0.134277 0.022379 0.824713 6.141888285
Fault line
Buffer 0.0517 0.031726 0.166456 0.06602 0.0576 0.09187 0.465419 0.07757 2.875406 6.178103124
Geology 0.1551 0.288422 0.214444 0.19827 0.1731 0.152963 1.182299 0.19705 7.914326 6.694012485
Landslide
Susceptibility 0.465766 0.475896 0.214444 0.33012 0.5198 0.459348 2.465394 0.410899 16.34137 6.628299835
Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 39.28849 38.58419056

Table IV-9.Consistency matrix and derived weights of flood hazards

Factors Row Consistency
Factors RIW Lambda
Landuse Slope Elevation River Geology Flooding Total Vector

74
 Buffer Susceptibility

Landuse 0.026291 0.037278 0.010628 0.01077 0.0417 0.042334 0.168946 0.028158 1.019556 6.03478904
Slope 0.236855 0.335833 0.287237 0.29095 0.2083 0.381388 1.74052 0.290087 11.40575 6.553072818
Elevation 0.236855 0.111944 0.095746 0.09698 0.125 0.076278 0.742759 0.123793 4.81589 6.48378272
River Buffer 0.236855 0.111944 0.095746 0.09698 0.2083 0.076278 0.826061 0.137677 5.273399 6.383786332
Geology 0.026291 0.067167 0.031915 0.0194 0.0417 0.042334 0.228755 0.038126 1.413122 6.17745739
Flooding
Susceptibility 0.236855 0.335833 0.478728 0.48492 0.3752 0.381388 2.292958 0.38216 15.46047 6.742588681
Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 39.3882 38.37547698

The calculation of consistency ratio (CR) is important in the process of AHP because it
determine the fitness of the estimated weights. The acceptable value of CR must be less than
0.10, otherwise revision of value judgments in PCM is needed. The following are the equations
used in deriving the consistency ratio (CR) and consistency index (CI):

CI
CR (Equation 2)
RI
Where: CI – Consistency Index; RI – Random Index

n
CI
n (Equation 3)

Where: -average value of the consistency vector; n- total number of factors

Table IV-10 presents the values of Random Index (RI) according to the number of factors
used in AHP. The study employed six factors for both landslide and flood hazards, hence, the
value RI used in the study is 1.24.

Table IV-10. Random index values

No. of Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Random
0 0 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 .32 1.41 1.45
Index

Based on the computations, the derived CR and CI for landslide and flood factors of the
study are acceptable since values obtained are less than 0.10 indicating high level of consistency
(Table IV-11). Thus, the derived RIW (Table IV-8 and IV-9) are ideal in modeling the said
hazards through GIS.

75
Table IV-11.Estimated CR and CI
Factors Consistency ratio Consistency index

Landslide 0.069467488 0.086139685

Flood 0.063856908 0.079182566

Raster Overlay Analysis

The weighted linear combination was applied to derive the landslide and flood hazard
index map of the study sites:

(Equation 4)
Where:
- hazard index for area I
-calculated weight for factor j
- hazard rating of sub-factor i

Based on Equation 4, the hazard maps were derived using the following raster calculator
expression in GIS:

Landslide Hazard Map = (Landuse *0.164774 ) + (Slope* 0.127328 ) + ( Elevation*0.022379) +

(Fault line buffer* 0.07757 ) + (Geology * 0.19705) + (Landslide
Susceptibility*0.410899)

Flood Hazard Map = (Landuse *0.028157745) + (Slope * 0.290086653) + (Elevation *

0.123793216) + (River buffer* 0.137676893) + (Geology * 0.038126) +
(Flood Susceptibility*0.382159715)

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c. Geophysical Surveys
Ground Penetrating Radar
Introduction
Geophysical surveys were done transecting the Angat Dam to search for any trace of the West
Valley Fault within area. One geophysical technique carried out employed Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR) which is popular in mapping subsurface structures (Di Prinzio et al., 2010). This
non-invasive method uses radar that transmits electromagnetic signals, specifically radio waves,
into the subsurface that are reflected back to a receiver. Signal changes occur when they
encounter a structure or change in material consistencies. The signals are recorded in a laptop
computer where corresponding images of the signals are also displayed. These radar images
undergo post-processing to improve the resolution to help emphasize structures and minimize
noises that affect the images. The particular equipment model used in this survey uses the post-
processing Prism 2.5 software.

Methodology
Survey lines were run from the east to the west at 30-meter long lines with a few meters of
overlap (Fig. IV-54). The coordinates of the start and end points of each survey line were
recorded using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) device.

The GPR surveys in Angat Dam utilized the Georadar Zond-12-e which consists of a laptop
computer, battery, control unit and antenna. The transmitter sends out signals through the
antenna that are then reflected by the target body to the receiver (Fig. IV-55 and IV-56). Setups
appropriate to the target can be manipulated through the computer attached to the controller.
Data were instantaneously displayed on the computer during the survey. A 38 Mhz antenna was
used during the GPR survey to achieve maximum penetration capabilities of the equipment
which is 30 meters for most of the survey lines.

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 Spill
way

Figure IV-54. Map showing the traverse that covered the GPR survey.
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 Computer with
Prism 2 software

Synchronizer Stroboscopic
converter

Transmitter Receiver

antenna antenna

antenna

Target

FigurE IV-55. Schematic diagram of a GPR. The electromagnetic signals are controlled
through the computer and propagate from the transmitter and eventually reflected back by the
target to the receiver (modified after Radar System, 2007).

Figure IV-56.The Zond 12-e Georadar consists of a laptop computer, controller, power supply
and antenna.

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Setup
The configuration of the radar was set before the survey was done through the Prism 2.5
interface (Fig. IV-57). The parameters were adjusted to achieve maximum yields per survey line.
These took into consideration the targeted depth of sounding, characteristics of the materials
within the survey area and other antenna specifications and mode of surveying.

Table IV-12. Parameters adjusted before surveying and some other setup options in Prism 2.5
(modified after Radar System, 2007).
Parameters Function/Description

It displays a list of media which the user can select the closest medium
Medium
observed in the area.

This refers to setting of number of traces (signal). It reduces noise and

Stacking
increase the depth rating

This pertains to the traces per second which is automatically adjusted by the
Scan rate
computer based on stacking selected.

This could be continuous or stepped. Continuous sounding sets the georadar

Sounding mode to perform sounding until terminated in the computer. In stepped sounding,
georadar will generate trace only if commanded in the computer.

Select between sounding or testing modes o perform either formal survey or

Mode
trials for the checking of the equipment.

Tx/Rx cables This is automatically set to “combined” when using 38-75-150 Mhz antenna.

Antenna This where the type of antenna used is specified for the computer to adjust.

Display a set of range based from proposed values for selection. This
Range
determines the interval of depth.

Enhances the signals received through the image displayed. This function
Gain
depends on the depth of penetration.

Suppresses low-frequency signals which are usually produced when

High pass filter
surveying on uneven surface.

Pulse Delay It helps maximize the observable signals.

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Figure IV-57. Screenshot of Setup window using Prism 2.5 software (adopted from Radar
System, 2007).

Data Processing
Raw data obtained from the survey were post-processed to eliminate noise due to interference
from the environment of the survey area. Data processing aims to extract necessary signals and
enhance them to be more obvious or notable in the profile as they could correspond to a structure
or feature. Noises include non-informative data that are removed or processed to be less notable
for they may affect the interpretation.

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Table IV-13. Post processing options and operations in Prism 2.5 (modified after Radar System,
2007).
Post-processing Function/Description

Removes horizontal line signals that do not changes throughout the

Background Removal
sounding data which may mask real reflected signals.

It is a low-pass which extracts slow variable signals and supresses fast

Horizontal LP-Filters
variable signals.

It is a high-pass filter which extracts rapidly varying signals and

Horizontal H-P Filters
suppresses extensive signals.

It filters low frequency interference and high frequency components of

Ormsbybandpass
a signal.

In case of an overlap with broad-band signal background, it suppresses

Notch filters
narrow-band interference.

Moveout correction It eliminates errors in inclined distances.

Time-depth
It displays time profile as depth profile.
conversion

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 83

Figure IV-58. Map showing representative survey lines east and west of the Watergate and on the spillway.
GRAVITY METHOD
Introduction
A gravity survey was conducted traversing the road network along the northern embankment
of the Angat Dam and the foot trail directly to its south. Both lines run east-west. This
geophysical method serves as a useful guide in delineating the location of different geologic
structures, e.g. faults and fractures. Information from the different densities of rocks, derived
from the earth‟s gravity field, also provide an image of the subsurface to recognize the existence,
extent and relationships between different geologic features.
Three base stations and 14 reading stations were occupied with a 300-meter interval between
each station. A handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) was used as reference for distance
estimates during the traverse. Base stations were established at preferred landmarks for
beginning and ending readings. Station elevations were based on 1:50,000 topographic map
published by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) and a
Suunto watch altimeter.
Following the usual gravity survey protocol, a single standard loop method was employed for
the gravity study. Gravity measurements were gathered using a Scintrex CG-5 Gravitymeter with
.001 mGal accuracy of readings. To record the coordinates of each station, a handheld GPS with
an accuracy of ± 3 meters was used. Three gravity meter readings, elevation, time, coordinates,
lithology, and description of station location were recorded at each survey station (Fig. IV-59 a
and b).
After each survey, corrections for the gravity data were then applied to ensure that the
varying densities observed in the data are from the signatures of the underlying rocks. The series
of data reductions included drift correction, free-air correction and Buoguer correction.

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A B

EMBANKMENT

Figure IV-59 a)The gravitational field was recorded using the Scintrex CG-5 gravity meter. b)
Location map of stations that were occupied during the gravity survey.

Data Corrections
To ensure that the gravity measurements are density variations of the subsurface
lithologies and not from other sources, a series of data corrections were performed. This included
drift correction, free-air correction and Buoguer correction. Other signatures that are otherwise
not caused by the varying densities of the subsurface units are then eliminated.

Instrument Drift Correction

Throughout the survey, an error in measurements caused by temperature and mechanical
induced fatigue and temporal changes in the elastic property of the gravity meter must be
monitored. This refers to the instrument drift correction of the observed gravity measurements
during the survey. Such correction accounts for a .01-.1 mGal difference in the readings. The
time at which the gravity measurement was taken must also be noted for each station during the
survey and reoccupation of the base station must also be periodically done. A linear variation is
assumed between consecutive base station measurements and the computed correction for the
instrument drift is evenly distributed to the other stations within each loop. The drift corrected
data are now the values that would have been observed at each station had all measurements
been taken at the same time.

Free-Air Correction
One of the elements that cause variations in the measured gravitational field is elevation. An
increase in the elevation of a station with respect to the sea level as its reference implies an
increase in the distance from the earth‟s centre of mass. This variation must be eliminated from
the measured gravity by using the constant, .3086 mGal per meter (free-air correction) of
elevation difference. This correction yields the free-air anomaly.

Bouguer Correction

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 The Bouguer accounts for the approximation in the distribution of topographic masses for
stations where the gravity fields were measured. An opposite effect with that of the Free-Air
correction is given by this correction since the free-air correction is only for the difference in
elevation with reference to the sea level and does not take into account the difference in the
topographic masses between the station and the sea level. This effect must also be removed in
order to compare the gravity measurements at each station. The Bouguer correction is computed
using the formula:
Buoguer Correction = 2 Gh (Equation 4)
where = density of the crustal rock (2.67 g/cm 3), G = universal gravitational constant
(6.67x10-11N-m2/k) and h = station elevation. The result of this data correction is the Bouguer
anomaly.

Data
After the necessary data corrections were applied the resulting relative data Bouguer anomaly
were plotted as profiles. Two profiles were generated from the two east-west traverses. These
profiles are presented below to show the variations of the measured field. Each profile is
discussed with the corresponding geologic cross section and details of the station location.

MAGNETIC METHOD

Magnetic geophysical surveys measure the Earth‟s magnetic field, and with the proper
corrections, give anomaly values caused by the magnetic properties of the underlying rocks. It
is commonly used in mapping igneous bodies and geologic structures involving lithologies
with differences in magnetic susceptibilities.
A magnetometer is used in conducting magnetic surveys (Fig IV-60). For this survey,
a Scintrex EnviMag Magnetometer system is used. It is a proton precession magnetometer
basically composed of a coil surrounding a hydrogen rich fluid. Direct current is passed
through the coil causing the protons in the fluid to align themselves with respect to the
magnetic field produced. This induced current is interrupted and the protons realign themselves
with the ambient magnetic field. The protons precess according to the intensity of the
ambient magnetic field. The precession of the protons creates a rotating magnetic field,
which is picked up by the receiver and subsequently amplified to produce field strength as the
digital data.

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 Figure IV-60. Magnetic surveying in Angat Dam

EMBANKMENT

Figure IV-61. Location map of stations that were occupied during the
magnetic survey.

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 A magnetic survey was carried out to locate possible structures in the area of the Angat
Dam. Fig. IV-61 shows the station location plot for the survey. Each station is placed
approximately 300m apart. Readings for base stations of each loop were taken at intervals
of less than two hours. Station locations and altitudes were both determined using a handheld
GPS unit.
Reduction of magnetic data is necessary to eliminate causes of magnetic variations other
than those caused by the subsurface. The following sections discuss the corrections applied for
data from the magnetic survey of Angat Dam.

a. Diurnal variation correction

The diurnal variation correction is applied to account for the changes in the readings of
instrument within a day. Correction for instrument drift (d) is measured by the subtraction of the
final reading (rf) at the base station from the initial reading (r i) at the same base station,
multiplied by the time elapsed (te) at the specific station, divided by the cumulative time
(tc) of the whole survey,

By convention, the drift is assumed to be linear between base readings.

b. Geomagnetic correction

Geomagnetic correction accounts for the magnetic field of the earth which is not caused by
the underlying rocks. It is calculated using the formula of the International Geomagnetic
Reference Field (IGRF). This formula defines the theoretical undisturbed magnetic field at any
point on the Earth‟s surface. Due to the complexity of the formula, a computer is required to
calculate large numbers of harmonics employed in the equation. The geomag70.exe is a
command prompt based program which calculates the undistrurbed magnetic field at any
point on the earth‟s surface. Data needed for the calculation of the IGRF are the date and time
of survey, location coordinates and the altitude of the stations. This program can be freely
downloaded from the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) website.

Application of these corrections reduces the magnetic data to magnetic anomalies that are
used for interpreting the subsurface configuration.

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