Review: Newton’s 1st Law

An object in motion stays in motion in a

straight line, unless acted upon by
unbalanced force. A push or pull will
cause object to speed up, slow down, or
change direction.
 Review: Forces are Balanced

Object at Rest Objects in Motion

V = zero m/s V ≠ zero m/s

a = 0 m/s2 a = 0 m/s2

Stay at Rest Stay in Motion

(same speed
and direction
Basically, objects just keep on doing
whatever they are doing unless they are
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 Newton’s 1st Law

• Inertia property of matter that resists a

change in motion
– An object with great mass has high inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law

FA = 1000 kg x 0.05 m/s/s

FA =

FB = 2000 kg x 0.05 m/s/s

FB =
Newton’s 2nd Law

• Force = mass x
acceleration
– An object will
only accelerate
if there is an
unbalanced
force
Newton’s 3rd Law
• For every action
there is and
equal and
opposite
reaction
– The astronaut
pushes on the
rock and the
rock pushes on
the astronaut
Newton’s 3rd Law

• For every action

there is and equal
and opposite
reaction
– A bird pushes
down on the air
and the air
pushes up on the
bird
 Newton’s Laws
• 1st Law: (inertia: objects tend to do what they are
doing)
– cannon ball will rest until a force is put on it
– ball will roll straight until ramp puts a force on it
• 2nd Law: (f = m x a)
– greater force put on ball accelerates it more
– greater mass of ball but greater force on water
• 3rd Law: (every action has an equal but opposite
reaction)
– ball moves right, cannon recoils left
– ball move down, water splashes up
– Newton's Laws - YouTube
Opposition to Motion
• Friction a force
that opposes motion
– Caused by rough
surfaces of all
materials
3 Types of Friction
1. Sliding when solid objects grind
over each other
• puck and ice
2. Rolling wheels spinning on an
axle
• skateboards eventually roll to a
stop
3. Fluid liquids or gases slow the
motion of a solid
• wind resistance
• oil a squeaky hinge
• pushes a surfer
 Free Body Diagrams

• A force diagram, which is also known as a free

body diagram, is a sketch in which all the force
vectors acting on an object are drawn with their
initial points at the location of the object.
 Free-body diagrams
Free-body
diagrams are
pictures that
show the size
and direction of
all forces acting
on an object.
Steps to drawing a free body diagram

1.Pick one object to analyze

2.Draw a box to represent the object

3.Draw an arrow to represent each force

acting on the object

4.Make sure the arrow shows the direction

and relative size of the force
Force Symbol Definition Direction

Friction Ff The contact force that acts to oppose Parallel to surface &
sliding motion between surfaces opposite direction of
sliding
Normal FN The contact force exerted by a Perpendicular to & away
surface on an object from the surface
Spring Fsp A restoring force, that is, the push or Opposite the
pull a spring exerts on an object displacement of the
object at end of spring
Tension FT The pull exerted by a string, rope, or Away from object &
cable when attached to a body & parallel to spring, rope
pulled taut or cable at point of
attachment
Thrust Fthrust A general term for the forces that In same direction as
move objects such as rockets, acceleration of object
planes, cars & people

Weight Fg A long-range force due to Straight down toward

gravitational attraction between two center of Earth
objects, generally Earth & an object
 Problem 1
A book is at rest on a table top. Diagram the
forces acting on the book.
 Problem 1
In this diagram, there are normal and
gravitational forces on the book.
 Problem 1
The forces are balanced (they cancel
each other out)
 Problem 2
An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree.
Neglect air resistance. Draw a free-body
diagram showing the forces involved.
 Problem 2
Gravity is the only force acting on the egg
as it falls.
 Problem 2
The forces are unbalanced, so the egg
will accelerate downward.
 Problem 3
A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps)
from a tree to the ground at constant
velocity. Consider air resistance. A free
body diagram for this squirrel looks like…
 Problem 3
Gravity pulls down on the squirrel while air
resistance keeps the squirrel in the air for
a while.
 Problem 4
A rightward force is applied to a book at
rest, in order to move it across a desk.
Consider frictional forces. Neglect air
resistance. Construct a free-body diagram
for the book.
Note the applied force arrow pointing
to the right. Notice how friction
force points in the opposite
direction. Finally, there are still
gravity and normal forces involved.
 Problem 5
A skydiver is falling with a constant velocity.
Consider air resistance. Draw a free-body
diagram for the skydiver.
Gravity pulls down on
the skydiver, while
air resistance
pushes up as she
falls.
 Problem 6
A man drags a sled across loosely packed
snow with a rightward acceleration. Draw
a free-body diagram of the forces acting
on the sled.
The rightward force arrow points to the right.
Friction slows his progress and pulls in the
opposite direction. Since there is not
information that we are in a blizzard,
normal forces still apply as does
gravitational force since we are on planet
Earth.
 Problem 7
A football is moving upwards toward its peak
after having been booted by the punter.
Neglect air resistance. Draw a free-body
diagram of the football in mid-air.
The force of
gravity is the
only force
described. It is
not a windy
day (no air
resistance).
 Problem 8
A car runs out of gas and coasts to a stop
on flat ground. Draw a free body diagram
of the forces acting on the car.
Even though the
car is coasting
down the hill,
there is still the
dragging friction
of the road (left
pointing arrow)
as well as gravity
and normal
forces.