Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature

Social media refers to the interaction of people in different ages where

they can create, share, exchange and comment using different networks (Umar

and Idris, 2018). Social networking has spread all around the world and has

become an international trend. People use social media to produce contents,

share it and bookmark it. It became an on online platform for all people

(Celestien and Nonyelum, 2018). Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and

Periscope are examples of social networking sites which attract individuals where

they interact by sharing photos and data (Kirik, Arslan, Çetinkaya, Gül, 2015).

According to the research of Umar and Idris (2018), social media has

negative influence on students’ behavior and academic performance. While

students spend most of their time in the internet, students tend to have less

immersion to other activities and aspects of their life. Acheaw and Larson (2015)

also found out based on their research that students are negatively affected by

social media. Students had used social media for about thirty minutes to three

hours per day which negatively affected student's academic performance.

Social media does not only change the ways communities, organization,

and individuals communicate with each other, it also changed people’s way of

learning, sharing information and yielding ideas (Aifan, 2015). Student’s in

today’s generation presume life without social network service. Every day,
students resorts to use and browse different social network sites for

entertainment, to search and get information, and to express their opinions and

thoughts (Han, 2014).

According to Junco, Heibergert and Loken (2010), social media are

collection of internet websites, services, and practices that support collaboration,

community building, participation and sharing. The growing dimension of the use

of social media among the youth of today cannot be over emphasized. Over the

years, social networking among second cycle students has become more and

more popular. It is a way to make connection not only on campus, but with

friends outside of school. Social networking is a way that helps many people

feels as though they belong to a community. Due to the increased popularity of it,

economists and professors are questioning whether grades of students are not

being affected by how much time is spend on these sites (Choney,2010).

Many researchers such as Choney (2010), San Miguel (2009) and

Enriquez (2010) studied on students in academic performance. Nielsen Media

Research study conducted in June 2010 stated that almost 25% of student time

on the internet is spent on social networking sites (Jacobsen & Forste 2011). The

American Educational Research Association conducted a research and declared

at its annual conference in San Diego California (2009), that social media users

study less and generate lower grade ( Abaleta, Centaza and Calimlim 2014).

Academic

According to Fox (2015), technologies and social media has become a

vital part of our lives. 60% of people are over 16 years old have one profile on
one social network. It cannot be denied that most of those people are students. If

social media is used correctly by students, social media can be beneficial

education. One positive side of using social networks in education is that

students can write and read without any obligation. Numerous information in

website pages which students can allocate their time and learn. To make the

classroom more engaging, relevant, and culturally diverse, teachers use social

media as a tool to further engage students in the learning process. 47% of

teachers in all k-12 said that participation on social media enhances the

education of students (Beidelman, 2015).

Socialization

According to Genner and Suss (2016), socialization is process where an

individual obtains the values and social norms of a society. The most powerful

agent that is responsible in forming a person’s socialization process is the media.

Social media affects personal socialization since it is a platform of interaction and

dealing with other people (Jalam, 2016). In addition, according to Karadkar

(2015), students love being socialized in different social network. They can have

all the freedom to do whatever they want to do. But because of social networks,

moods and self-control of students is frequently changing. Learning good habits

and gaining knowledge is the essential of student’s life, but today, students’

learning process is at risk because students are prone and trap on the design of

social networking. Students spend more time on social networking rather than

studying.
Entertainment

Social media has developed with escalating digital connectivity. Different

global social media platforms are attracting people’s attention (Chen, 2019).

Social networking is medium of entertainment (Barrett, 2015). Users are using

social networks for entertainment; finding entertaining contents in different social

platforms, and following comedians, singers, or actors (Young, 2016)

Informativeness

Some teachers and parents thinks that social media is a destruction that

negatively influences the students. But in today’s digital world, social media has a

significant role in education (Segaren, 2019). Use of social media by students

can help them have a quick access in basic information. It was observed that

social media is a broader and quicker way in spreading information. Through

social media, students can learn and gain wider knowledge through the data and

information gathered (De La Cruz, 2017). Social media became useful for

students in searching information and sharing their feedback to other students

(Al-Harassi and Al-Badi, 2014).

Grade

Over the years, social networking among students has become more and

more popular. Social networking is a way that helps many people feels as though

they belong to a community. Due to the increased popularity of it, economists

and professors are questioning whether grades of students are being affected by

using social networking sites (Choney, 2010). With smart phones, phones are

able to access the internet and many are concerned about how smart phones
with social networking applications will affect student’s grade (Schneider, 2009).

The numbers are only expected to grow since the members continue to grow

(University of New Hamsphire, 2009). The overall finding indicated more time on

social network equals slightly lower grades (San Miguel, 2009). In Karpinski,s

study (2011), the average facebook user had a GPA of 3.0 – 3.5, while the non-

Facebook user had a GPA of 3.5 – 4.0.

Affective Component

Many studies into social networking sites have concentrated on

connectivity, relation building, privacy considerations but have not given to the

exercise social power. However, Deluchette and Karl’s (2008) study of 433

undergraduate students at a Midwestern University in the United States use of an

attitude towards social networking, reports their tendency to be naïve about

potentially negative consequences of access. Moreover, Hewitt and Forte (2006)

researched the facebook intersections. Facebook use was a student self-initiative

rather than faculty requirement. The remarkable interest in academic relations on

social networking sites is predicted on the understanding that these relations are

potentially interfaced with academic identity formation and building collaborative

knowledge through studios cluster.

Behavioral Components

As social media is about interaction, there is also knowledge management

process where social-learning concept analyzed by Zhang, (2015). Learning via

virtual world also had been analyzed by Zhang, Zhu, and de Pablos (2012).

Krasnova, Hildebrand, Guenther, Kovrigin, and Nowobilska (2008) stated that the
use of social networks can satisfy esteem as users can present themselves to

friends who think similarly and have common interests. Tobi, Ma’on, and Ghazali

(2013) also further mentioned that this has a positive impact of user confidence.

In addition, a lot of authors have argued that using social networking sites

increases user happiness and can reduce depression if Facebook envy is

controlled (Tandoc, Ferrucci, & Duffy, 2015).

Cognitive Component

The cognitive component of attitudes refers to the beliefs, thoughts, and

attributes that we would associate with an object. It is the opinion or belief

segment of an attitude. It refers that part of attitude which is related in general

knowledge of a person. According to Raughani (2017) cognitive component

includes the beliefs an individual has about a certain person, object, or situation.

The belief that "discrimination is wrong" is a value statement. Such an opinion is

the cognitive component of an attitude. The cognition component of an attitude

reflects a person’s perceptions or beliefs. Cognitive elements are evaluative

beliefs and are measured by attitude scales or by asking about thoughts.

Cognitive component analysis can help distinguish the disadvantage of test and

test constitutive comparisons between the different forms of items and different

tests based on the systematic development of test quite helpful. As teacher

knowing what cognitive component may cause changes in item difficult for these

cognitive components of student teaching, in turn, can improve the effectiveness

of learning.
Gender

Gender and personality are both related to individual’s purpose for using

social networking sites. Women are more likely to use social networking to

facilitate relationship maintenance compare to men. It was found out that men

are using social networks for networking, creating new friends, and looking for

possible dates (Mazman & Usluel, 2011). In the study of Muscnell and Guadagno

(2011), they examined the gender and personality differences in online social

networking. The findings were social networking usage of women is for instant

messaging and most of the men used social networking for online gaming.

Daily time spent on Internet

Being permanently online and connected is defined here along two

dimensions: 1) as an overt behavior in the form of protracted use of electronic

media and 2) as a psychological state of permanent communicative vigilance

(Walsh, White & Young 2010). Previous studies have begun to investigate

reasons why people are constantly online, as well as effects of being PO/PC for

individuals’ well-being and for social interactions. For example, the use of online

social networks was connected to perceived social use of online social networks

(Akbulut & Gunuc, 2012). Students who participate in social media as part of a

class feel more connected to their peers that those students who do not

participate in Social Media (Anneta et al, 2009; Jackson, 2011; Tomai, Rosa,

Mebane, D’ Acunti, Benedetti, & Francescato, 2010). In Philippines, Brazil,

Mexico, Argentina and the United Arab Emirates, internet users spend more than

3 hours a day in social media (Chen, 2019).

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework underlying this study is anchored to Social

Impact Theory (1981) of Bibb Latané. Social impact is defined as any influence to

one’s feelings, behavior and thoughts that is created from the presence or

actions of others (Latané, 1981). This theory is about that one’s action or

thoughts can be changed due to interaction with others. Latané developed and

based his theory on three components. The Social Impact Theory proposes that

the amount of influence that a person experiences depends on strength of a

social group, immediacy of a group and the number of source or amount of

people in groups.

The theory was created the time when social networks were not available,

but in today’s generation, the principle become vastly more powerful in terms of

social media. Facebook, Twitter, and other forms of social media can be applied

to Latané’s theory. According to Penn (2017), social media provides strength or

power to a relationship in form of companion, family and workmate. It will also

provide immediacy for both temporally and virtually. And social media would give

huge opportunities for numbers of people in an influencing group.

Social media had changed the communication of today’s generation. The

social media is remarkably being influential in student’s academic. Higher

institutions accepted social media as platform for students to connect with their

teachers, fellow students, and other authorities (Boateng and Amankwaa, 2016).
 Social Media became the hobby of teenagers. It is rapidly growing all over

the world. According Mushtaq (2018), despite the fact that student had misused

social media; students prefer to use social media for educational purposes.

Social media can be used as informational and communicational tools by

teachers and students to improve learning process.

Another theory that supports this study is the Uses and Gratification

Theory developed by Katz and Bulmer in 1974. This theory proposes that people

use specific media and contents for different reasons or to achieve results or

gratification but with a main goal to satisfy their personal needs (Spring, 2002).

The Uses and Gratification is very important since media technologies are wide

spreading in comprehending people's motivation for choosing media and

satisfaction they get from using it (Vinney, 2019).

According to Apuke (2016), relating to the Uses and Gratification Theory, it

shows that students use different social networking sites just to satisfy their

personal needs. It may satisfy student's physical or psychological irrespective

that may influence on the academic performance of students. It was predicted

that social media would be transformative, that may lead to changes of personal

and social habits of media users (Gallion, 2016).

Following the Social Learning Theory of Bandura (1977), the platforms for

social interaction and human experiences were changed because of the advent

of social media (Deaton, 2015). Bandura's Social Learning Theory were applied

to student's engagement and learning in social media context. According to

Crossman (2019), Social Learning Theory tries to explain effects of socialization

on the development of one's self.

Using of social networks with peers in different social network platforms,

affects students' learning outcomes (Bandura, 1977). In addition, Ainin,

Naqshbandi, Maghavvemi and Jaafar (2015), emphasized that observation and

interaction with other people would influence individuals' cognition and behavior.

Thus, behavior outcomes which was cause by interaction of students with friends

and other people in social media through observation and other activities might

affect the academic performance of students positively or negatively (Mingle &

Adams, 2015).
Conceptual Framework
 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Social Networking Usage Academic Achievement

 Academic  Grades

Attitude
 Socialization
 Affective component
 Infromativenss
 Behavioral component
 Entertainment
 Cognitive component

 Gender

 Daily Time Spent

Moderating Variable

Figure 1: Conceptual framework showing the relationship between

variables.