“Transforming Live, Inventing Future”

A
Mini Project Report
On

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

B.TECH

Submitted By: Under the Guidance of

1. BHUPENDRA KUNTAL (1806520006) Mr. RAJKUMAR
2. BIPIN CHOUDHARY (1806520006) Mr. Rahul Gupta

BSA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

( MATHURA)

1
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………..03

1. INTRODUTION ………………………………………………04
1.1 SCOPE…………………………………………………………..04

2. CIRCIUT DECRIPTION……………………………………… 05

2.1 PRINCIPAL……………………………………………………...05
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM…………………………………………...06
2.3 WORKING………………………………………………………07

3. COMPONENT OF WATER LEVEL CIRCUIT……………….08

3.1 RESISTOR………………………………………………….…….09
3.2 LED……………………………………………………………….11
3.3 BATTERY………………………………………………………..13
3.4 SWITCH…………………………………………………………..15
3.5 CONNECTING WIRES…………………………………………..16
3.6 PCB ……….……………………………………………………..18
3.7 SOLDERING IRON……………………………………………….19
3.8 SOLDERING WIRE……………………………………………….20
3.9 WIRE STRIPPER…………………………………………………21
3.10 SOLDERING PASTE…………………………………………..22

4. ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATION……………………………......23

4.1 ADVANTAGE……………………………………………………..23
4.2 LIMITATION………………………………………………………23

5.1 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….24

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 ABSTRACT

Here is a simple circuit which indicates the level of water in a tank. This
circuit show LED when water level is below the lowest level L1 (metal strips)
and also when water just touches the highest level L3 (metal strips).

The circuit is designed to display 3 different level. However, These

display levels can be increased or decreased depending upon the level resolution
level required strips.

Initially, when water level is below strip L1, the mains supply frequency
oscillations are not transferred to LED1 does not glow.

When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply frequency
oscillations are transferred to LED 1. It rectifies the supply voltage and a
positive DC voltage develops across resistor ,which lights up LED1.

Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank, corresponding

level indicating LEDS glow. It thus displays intermediate water level in the tank
in bar graph style.

When water in the tank just touches the highest is level detector strip L3,
the DC voltage is developed across resistor 3. This enable that tank is full of
water.

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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction
The project we have done is water level indicator. This is a mini project.
And the title is so given from the problem define “ level of the water in the
tank”.

1.1 SCOPE
This circuit only indicates the amount of water present in the overhead tank .
This worthy device starts glowing LEDs as soon as the water tank becomes
full. It helps to check overflow and wastage of water by warning the customer
when the tank is about to brim. The system provides visual water level
indication at desired levels. .

• Now no need to go on the room to look the water level.

• It shows the water level in your room like 1/4 tank, 1/2 tank, 3/4 tank
And full tank.

• LEDs glows as soon as tank becomes full.

• Suitable for every tank.

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 CHAPtER-2

CIRCUIT DECRIPTION

2.1 PRICIPAL :-

Here is a simple circuit which indicates the level of water

in a tank. This circuit show LEDs when water level is below the
lowest level L1 and also when water just touches the highest
level L3. The circuit is designed to display 3 different levels.
However, these display levels can be increased or decreased
depending upon the level resolution required. This can be done
by increasing or decreasing the number of level detector metal
strips (L1 through L3) and their associated components.

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2.1Circuit diagram

FIG.(2.1) :- Water level indicator

6
 2.3 Working:-

 In the circuit, 3 LEDs.

 Initially, when water level is below strip L1, the mains supply
frequency oscillations are not transferred from resistor R1.

 Thus its output is low and LED1 does not glow.

 When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply
frequency oscillations are transferred from resistor R1.

 It rectifies the supply voltage and a positive DC voltage

develops across resistor R1, which lights up LED

 Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank,

corresponding level indicating LEDs glow

 It thus displays intermediate water levels in the tank in bar-

graph style.

 When water in the tank just touches the highest level detector
strip L3, the DC voltage is developed across resistor3.

 This enables all LED

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 CHAPTER- 3

Components of water level circuit

3.1 RESISTOR

FIG. resistor

3.1 DESCRIPTION:-

A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component

that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a
resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity
of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by
Ohm's law:

8
 Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can
be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also
be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance:

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine
orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design,
the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the
manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific
application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of
concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as
having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power
dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in
power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention
must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel

capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency
applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a
resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in
manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a
particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A
family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that
is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is
relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.
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Color code of resistor

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3.2 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs
are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other
lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs
emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the
visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons

are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation
pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements

for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn
signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new
text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs
are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including
televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

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Practical use
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements
for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first
in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then
later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, and even
watches (see list of signal uses).

These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the
light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were
so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible.
Later, other colors grew widely available and also appeared in appliances and
equipment. As LED materials technology grew more advanced, light output
rose, while maintaining efficiency and reliability at acceptable levels. The
invention and development of the high-power white-light LED to use for
illumination, which is fast replacing incandescent and fluorescent lighting. (See
list of illumination applications). Most LEDs were made in the very common
5 mm T1¾ and 3 mm T1 packages, but with rising power output, it has grown
increasingly necessary to shed excess heat to maintain reliability, so more
complex packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for
state-of-the-art high-power LEDs bear little resemblance to early LEDs.

Fig(3.2 LEDs)

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 3.3 Battery
A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such
as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.[1] When a battery is
supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the
source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the
positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric
load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy
products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external
circuit as electrical energy.[3] Historically the term "battery" specifically
referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has
evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.[4]

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and

discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during
discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for
flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary
(rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times
using an applied electric current; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include
the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for
portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells

used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used
in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in
vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of
rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone
exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry

generates US$48 billion in sales each year,[5] with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit

mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is

13
somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting
chemical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

Self-discharge
Disposable batteries typically lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge
per year when stored at room temperature (20–30 °C).[41] This is known
as the "self-discharge" rate, and is due to non-current-producing "side"
chemical reactions that occur within the cell even when no load is
applied. The rate of side reactions is reduced for batteries stored at
lower temperatures, although some can be damaged by freezing.
Old rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable
alkaline batteries, especially nickel-based batteries; a freshly charged
nickel cadmium (Ni Cd) battery loses 10% of its charge in the first 24
hours, and thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month.
However, newer low self-discharge nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
batteries and modern lithium designs display a lower self-discharge rate
(but still higher than for primary batteries)

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 3.4 SWITCH
Definition - What does Switch mean?
A switch, in the context of networking is a high-speed device that receives
incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area
network (LAN). A LAN switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the
network layer of the OSI Model and, as such it can support all types of packet
protocols.
Essentially, switches are the traffic cops of a simple local area network

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can "make" or

"break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor
to another.[1][2] The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting path
in a circuit when it is operated. It may be operated manually, for example, a light
switch or a keyboard button, may be operated by a moving object such as a door, or
may be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. A
switch will have one or more sets of contacts, which may operate simultaneously,
sequentially, or alternately. Switches in high-powered circuits must operate rapidly to
prevent destructive arcing, and may include special features to assist in rapidly
interrupting a heavy current. Multiple forms of actuators are used for operation by
hand or to sense position, level, temperature or flow. Special types are used, for
example, for control of machinery, to reverse electric motors, or to sense liquid level.
Many specialized forms exist. A common use is control of lighting, where multiple
switches may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures.
By analogy with the devices that select one or more possible paths for electric
currents, devices that route information in a computer network are also called
"switches" - these are usually more complicated than simple electromechanical
toggles or pushbutton devices, and operate without direct human interaction.

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 3.5 Connecting wires
A wire is a single, person usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is
commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw
plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of
a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle
of such strands, as in "multistranded wire", which is more correctly termed
a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually
circular in cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened
rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for
technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-
wound[1] coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened
wire.

Uses

Close-up of strings for a piano shows "overspun" helical wire wrapping added to
main carrier wires
Wire has many uses. It forms the raw material of many important manufacturers,
such as the wire netting industry, engineered springs, wire-cloth making and wire
rope spinning, in which it occupies a place analogous to a textile fiber. Wire-cloth of
all degrees of strength and fineness of mesh is used for sifting and screening
machinery, for draining paper pulp, for window screens, and for many other
purposes. Vast quantities of aluminium, copper, nickel and steel wire are employed
for telephone and data cables, and as conductors in electric power transmission,
and heating. It is in no less demand for fencing, and much is consumed in the
construction of suspension bridges, and cages, etc. In the manufacture of stringed
musical instruments and scientific instruments, wire is again largely used. Carbon
and stainless spring steel wire have significant applications in engineered springs for
critical automotive or industrial manufactured parts/components. Pin

16
and hairpin making; the needle and fish-hook industries; nail, peg, and rivet making;
and carding machinery consume large amounts of wire as feedstock.
Not all metals and metallic alloys possess the physical properties necessary to make
useful wire. The metals must in the first place be ductile and strong in tension, the
quality on which the utility of wire principally depends. The principal metals suitable
for wire, possessing almost equal ductility, are platinum, silver, iron, copper,
aluminium, and gold; and it is only from these and certain of their alloys with other
metals, principally brass and bronze, that wire is prepared.
By careful treatment, extremely thin wire can be produced. Special purpose wire is
however made from other metals (e.g. tungsten wire for light bulb and vacuum
tube filaments, because of its high melting temperature). Copper wires are also
plated with other metals, such as tin, nickel, and silver to handle different
temperatures, provide lubrication, and provide easier stripping of rubber insulation
from copper.
Metallic wires are often used for the lower-pitched sound-producing "strings"
in stringed instruments, such as violins, cellos, and guitars, and percussive string
instruments such as pianos, dulcimers, dobros, and cimbaloms. To increase the
mass per unit length (and thus lower the pitch of the sound even further), the main
wire may sometimes be helically wrapped with another, finer strand of wire. Such
musical strings are said to be "overspun"; the added wire may be circular in cross-
section ("round-wound"), or flattened before winding ("flat-wound").

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3.6 Pcb plate
A printed circuit
board (PCB) mechanically
supports and electrically
connects electronic
components or electrical comp
onents
using conductive tracks, pads
and other
features etched from one or
more sheet layers of
copper laminated onto and/or
between sheet layers of
a non-conductive substrate.
Components are
generally soldered onto the
PCB to both electrically
connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch
boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both
once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay
out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated.
Specialized CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout.
Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other
wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation.
Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout
only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made manually in small
quantities, with reduced benefits.
PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper
layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner
layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow
for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers
would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in
popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more
than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount
technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field
modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.

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 3.7 SOLDERING IRON
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can
flow into the joint between two workpieces.

A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often
achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or
battery cables) through a resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be heated by
combustion of gas stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than a flame.
Simple irons less commonly used today than in the past were simply a large copper bit on a
handle, heated in a flame.

Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited production work in
electronics assembly. High-volume production lines use other soldering methods.[1] Large
irons may be used for soldering joints in sheet metal objects. Less common uses include
pyrography (burning designs into wood) and plastic welding.

19
 3.8 SOLDERING WIRE
It is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal. It consist of 60%
Tin and 40% Lead.

Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces.
The word solder comes from the Middle English word soudur, via Old French solduree and
soulder, from the Latin solidare, meaning "to make solid".[3] In fact, solder must first be
melted in order to adhere to and connect the pieces together after cooling, which requires
that an alloy suitable for use as solder have a lower melting point than the pieces being
joined. The solder should also be resistant to oxidative and corrosive effects that would
degrade the joint over time. Solder used in making electrical connections also needs to have
favorable electrical characteristics.

Soft solder typically has a melting point range of 90 to 450 °C (190 to 840 °F; 360 to 720 K),[4]
and is commonly used in electronics, plumbing, and sheet metal work. Alloys that melt
between 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F; 450 and 460 K) are the most commonly used.
Soldering performed using alloys with a melting point above 450 °C (840 °F; 720 K) is called
"hard soldering", "silver soldering", or brazing.

In specific proportions, some alloys can become eutectic — that is, the alloy's melting point
is lower than that of either component. Non-eutectic alloys have markedly different solidus
and liquidus temperatures, and within that range they exist as a paste of solid particles in a
melt of the lower-melting phase. In electrical work, if the joint is disturbed in the pasty state
before it has solidified totally, a poor electrical connection may result; use of eutectic solder
reduces this problem. The pasty state of a non-eutectic solder can be exploited in plumbing,
as it allows molding of the solder during cooling, e.g. for ensuring watertight joint of pipes,
resulting in a so-called "wiped joint".

20
 3.9 WIRE STRIPPERS

A US-style simple manual wire stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire
cutters. The addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting
the wire. This type of wire stripper is used by rotating it around the insulation while applying
pressure in order to make a cut around the insulation. since the insulation is not bonded to
the wire, it then pulls easily off the end. This type of wire stripper can be used on wires of
any size. Another type of manual wire stripper is very similar to the simple design previously
mentioned, except this type has several notches of varying size. This allows the user to
match the notch size to the wire size, thereby eliminating the need for twisting, but can only
be used on wire sizes that approximately match one of the notches. Once the device is
clamped on, the remainder of the wire can simply be pulled out, leaving the insulation
behind.

European-style wire strippers look more like a notched pincer, with a grab that is adjusted
with a screw

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 3.10 SOLDERING PASTE
Solder paste (or solder cream) is a material used in the manufacture of printed circuit
boards to connect surface mount components to pads on the board. It is also possible to solder
through hole pin in paste components by printing solder paste in/over the holes. The paste
initially adheres components in place by being sticky, it is then heated (along with the rest of
the board) melting the paste and forming a mechanical bond as well as an electrical
connection. The paste is applied to the board by jet printing, stencil printing or syringe and
then the components are put in place by a pick-and-place machine or by hand.

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 CHEPTER 4
Advantage and Limitation

6.1 Advantage

 Reduce the wastage of water

 No possibility to overflow of water tank

 Cost of circuit is low

 It is easy to fabricate the circuit

 Power requirement is low

6.2 Limitation

 Circuit is bulky

 This project is used in only in water tank.

23
 CONCLUSION

By this project we can check water level automatically from the

LED placed on the PCB. Whenever level of water increases into the
water tank then no. of glowing LED increases. Whenever water tank
will full all LEDs will on. When water level decreases then no. of
glowing LED decreases. When water tank is completely empty then
LEDs will not glow.

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