ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics
OLAYON, JESS RYAN D.
ECE 4C
ENGR. HAIVELL JOY C. MATIAS

Terminologies:
1. Thermodynamics
- It is a branch of physical sciences that treats various phenomena of energy and the related properties of matter, especially
of the laws of transformation of heat into other forms of energy and vice versa.
2. Surroundings
- It is the mass or region outside the system.
3. Boundary
- It is the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings. It can be either fixed or movable.
4. Thermodynamic system
- It refers to the quantity of matter or certain volume in space chosen for study.
5. Closed system
- It is a system in which there is no transfer of matter across the boundary. It consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass can enter or leave a closed system.
6. Open system
- It is a system in which there is a flow of matter through the boundary. It usually encloses the device that involves mass
flow, such as: compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
7. Isolated system
- It is a system in which neither mass nor energy cross the boundaries and it is not influenced by the surroundings.
8. State properties
- It refers to the physical condition of the working substance such as temperature, pressure, density, specific volume,
specific gravity or relative density.
9. Transport properties
- It refers to the measurement of diffusion within the working medium resulting from molecular activity, like; viscosities,
thermal conductivities, etc.
10. Intensive properties
- These are properties which are size independent such as temperature, pressure, and density.
11. Extensive properties
- These are properties which depend on the size or extent of the system.
12. Temperature
- It is an indication or degree of hotness and coldness and therefore a measure of intensity of heat.
13. Absolute temperature
- It is the temperature measured from absolute zero.
14. Absolute zero
- It is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving. It is equivalent to 0 K or 0 R.
°
15. Temperature interval

- It is the difference between two temperature readings from the same scale, and the change in temperature through which
the body is heated.
16. Pressure
- It is the force exerted per unit area.
17. Absolute pressure
- It is the true pressure measured above a perfect vacuum.
18. Gage pressure
- It is the pressure measured from the level of atmospheric pressure by most pressure recording instrument like pressure
gage and open-ended manometer.
19. Atmospheric pressure
- It is the pressure obtained from barometric reading.
20. Density
- It is the mass per unit volume, and is also known as mass density.
21. Specific volume
- It is the volume per unit mass.
22. Specific gravity
- It is the ratio of the density of a certain substance to the density of water.
23. Heat
- It is a form of energy associated with the kinetic random motion of large number of molecules.
24. Sensible heat
- It is the heat needed to change the temperature of the body without changing its phase.
25. Latent heat
- It is the heat needed by the body to change its phase without changing its temperature.
26. Sublimation
- It is the term used to describe the process of changing solid to gas without passing the liquid state.
27. Deposition
- It is the reversed of sublimation. It is the process of changing gas to solid without passing the liquid state.
28. Entropy
- It is the measure of randomness of the molecules of a substance.
29. Enthalpy
- It is the heat energy transferred to a substance at a constant pressure process.
30. Internal energy
- It is the energy stored within the body. It is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent particles plus the sum of
all the potential energies of interaction among these particles.
31. First law of thermodynamics
- It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather it can only be transformed from one form to another.
32. Second law of thermodynamics
- It states that heat cannot be transferred from cold body to a hot body without an input of work. It similarly states that heat
cannot be converted 100% into work. The bottom line is that an engine must operate between a hot and a cold reservoir.
Also indicated, is that energy has different levels of potential to do work, and that energy cannot naturally move from
one realm of lower potential to a realm of higher potential.
33. Kelvin-Planck statement
- It is impossible to construct a heat engine which operates in a cycle and receives a given amount of heat from a high
temperature body and does an equal amount of work.
34. Third law of thermodynamics
- The total entropy of pure substances approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamic temperature approaches zero.
35. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
- It states that when any two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with the third body, then they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
36. Perfect gas
- It is a theoretically ideal gas which strictly follows Boyle’s Law and Charle’s Law of gasses.
37. Thermodynamic process
- It is any change in that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
38. Path
- It is the series of states through which a system passes during a process.
39. Reversible process
- It is the process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings. That is, both the system and the
surroundings are returned to their initial states at the end of process. It is also known as quasi-equilibrium process.
40. Irreversible process
- It is the process that proceeds spontaneously in one direction but the other. Once having taken place, the process cannot
reverse itself and always results in an increase of molecular disorder.
41. Cyclic process
- It is a process which gives the same states/conditions after the system undergoes a series of processes.
42. Isometric process
- It is an internally reversible constant volume process of a working substance. It is also known as isochoric or isovolumic
process.
43. Isobaric process
- It is an internally reversible constant pressure process of a working substance.
44. Isothermal process
- It is an internally reversible constant temperature process of a working substance.
45. Isentropic process
- It is an internally reversible constant entropy process of a working substance. It is also known as reversible adiabatic
process.
46. Adiabatic process
- It is a reversible process in which there is now flow of heat between a system and its surroundings.
47. Carnot cycle
- It is the most efficient hypothetical cycle which is composed of four reversible processes: two isothermal and two
adiabatic processes.
48. Rankine cycle
- It is a thermodynamic cycle derived from Carnot vapour power cycle for overcoming its limitations. It composed of the
following cycles: two isobaric and two adiabatic processes.
49. Otto cycle
- It is a constant volume combustion cycle introduced by Nicholas A. Otto. It composed of two isentropic and two
isometric processes.
50. Diesel cycle
- It is a constant pressure combustion cycle introduced by Rudolf Diesel. It composed of two isentropic, one isobaric and
one isometric processes.
Problems:
1. In an experiment to determine the specific heat of copper, a piece of copper weighing 50 g is first heated to 100 ºC in steam.
It is then immersed into water at 27 ºC. The water in the calorimeter weighs 100 g and the inner aluminum cap weighs 50 g.
If the final temperature is 30 ºC, what is the specific heat of copper, specific heat of aluminum is 0.22 Cal/g- ºC.
Given: mc = 50 g ∆Tc = 100 – 30 = 70 ºC
mw= 100 g ∆Tw= 30 – 27 = 3 ºC Cw= 1.0 Cal/g-ºC
mal= 10 g ∆Tal= 30 – 27 = 3 ºC Cal= 0.22 Cal/g-ºC
Required: Cc=?
Solution:
 

=
 = 


+ 
∆
  
70℃ ∆ =    ∆ 
3℃
50 = 1001.0 + 100.223℃ +   
 = 0.095 ∙℃
Answer:
Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects
2.
℃
At STP, the density of chlorine is 3.22 kg/m 3. What is the weight of this gas when it is contained in a flask of 100 cubic
centimeters at 24 and 100 kPa.
Given: ρchlorine= 3.22 kg/m3 T= 24 ℃
3 3
V = 100 cm = 0.0001 m P = 100 kPa
Required: mchlorine=?
Solution:
At STP:
 = 
 =  = 101. 325
3.22273  ∙ = 0.1153 
 =  = 0.100,115324+273
0000.0001
When contained in flask:
Answer:
 = 0.292 
3. How much work is necessary to compress air in an insulated cylinder from 0.20 m 3 to 0.01 m3? Use T 1=20 ℃ , P1=100kPa and
k=1.4 .
Given: V1= 0.20 m3
3
V2= 0.01 m
T1= 20
k=1.4
℃ P1= 100 kPa
Required: W=?
Solution:
1 
000.
2 
0 = 
.
 = 0.01. = 6,628.91 
 =  1 
 = 6,628.910.1.0411000.
1 2
Answer:
 = 115.72 
4. ℃ ℃
A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1370 and 260 . Engine is supplied with 14,142 kJ/kWh. Find the
Given: ℃℃
Carnot cycle efficiency in percent.
T1= 1370 + 273 = 1643 K
T2= 260 + 273 = 533 K
Required: ec= ?
 =   
Solution:
 = 16431643533
Answer:
 = 67.56%
5.
℃ ℃
A closed vessel contains air at a pressure of 160 kN/m 2 gauge and temperature of 30 . The air is heated at constant volume
to 60 with the atmospheric pressure of 759 mmHg. What is the final gauge pressure?
Given:
Required:
℃
Patm= 759 mmHg = 101.20 kPa
T1= 30 + 273 = 303 K
P2(gauge)= ?
℃
P1(gauge)= 160 kPa
T2= 60 + 273 = 333K
Solution:
 =  + 
 = 160+101. 20 = 261.20 
 
 = 
 = 
 = 261. 23030333
=  =
 287.
 06 
 
 = 287.06101.20 
Answer:
 = 185.86 
6.
℃ ℃
A volume of 450 cm 3 of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mmHg absolute and a temperature of 20 . What is the volume
in cm3 at 750 mmHg and 0 ?
Given: V1= 450 cm3
P2= 750 mmHg ℃
P1= 740 mmHg
T2= 0 + 273= 273 K
℃
T1= 20 + 273 = 293 K
Required: V2= ?
Solution:
 = 
 =  = 740450273
750293
Answer:
 = 408.25 
7.
℃ ℃
A steam condenser receives 10 kg per second of steam with an enthalpy of 2570 kJ/kg. Steam condenses into liquid and
leaves with an enthalpy of 160 kJ/kg. Cooling water passes through the condenser with temperature increases from 13 to
24 . Calculate the cooling water flow rate in kg/s.
Given:
Required:
T1= 13
mw= ?
℃
ms= 10 kg/s
℃
H1= 160 kJ/kg
T2= 24
H2= 2570 kJ/kg
Solution:
  ℎ  =  
  =  ∆  
 = ∆
 = 14.025701872413 160
Answer:
 = 523 /
8.
℃ ℃
Ammonia weighing 22 kg is confined inside a cylinder equipped with a piston which has an initial pressure of 413 kPa at
38 . If 2900 kJ of heat is added to ammonia until its pressure and temperature are 413 kPa and 100 , respectively. What is
Given: P1= 413 kPa

P2= 413 kPa
℃℃
the amount of work done by the fluid in kJ? (Note: Molecular weight of NH 3= 17)
T1= 38 + 273= 311 K
T2= 100 + 273 = 373 K
m= 22 kg
Q= 2900 kJ
MW NH3=17 kg/mol
Required: W=?
Solution:
 =   
Solving for V1 and V2:
  = 
 =  = 17 = 0.489 ∙ 
 8.3 14
 =   = 220.441389311 = 8.101 
 =   = 220.441389373 = 9.716 
 = 4139.7168.101
Answer:
 = 667 
9. Compute the gas constant of a mixture of 10 kg of oxygen and 20 kg of nitrogen.

Given: m(O2) = 10 kg MW = 32 kg/mol
m(N2) = 20 kg MW = 28 kg/mol
Required: R mix = ?
 = ∑∑ 
Solution:
8.3
 = 10+20 
10 14
32 +20 8.314
28
 = 0.2845 ∙
Answer:
Given: ℉℉
10. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating between 1200
T1 = 1200 + 460 = 1660 R
℉ ℉
and 225 is:
T2 = 225 + 460 = 685 R

Required: ec=?
℃
Solution:
 = 16601660685
Answer:
 = 58.73%
℃
11. A 30 kg iron was put in a container with water. The water is at 10 and the iron has an initial temperature of 493 K., until
Given:
Required:
m= 30 kg
ΔS=?
℃
the iron was in thermal equilibrium with the water. Find the change in entropy.
T2 = 10 + 273= 283K T1= 493K
∆ =  ln 283
Solution:
∆ = 300.4ln 493
∆ = 6.6 
Answer:
℃
12. Twenty grams of oxygen gas (O 2) are compressed at constant temperature of 30 to 5% of its original volume. Find the
work done on the system.
Given:
Required:
m = 20 g
W=?
℃
T = 30 + 273 = 303K V2 = 0.05V1
Solution:
 = ∫
 = ln 
 =  = 132.98 = 0.0619 ∙ 
 = 200.0619303ln 0.05 
Answer:
 = 1124 
13. A device produces 37.5 joules per cycle. There is one power stroke per cycle. Calculate the power output if the device is run
at 45 rpm.
Given: 37.5 J/cycle 45 rpm
Required: Po
 = 37.5 45 160
Solution:
Answer:
 = 28.125 
℃ ℃
14. Five moles of water vapor at 100 and 1 atmospheric pressure are compressed isobarically to form liquid at 100 . The
process is reversible and the ideal gas laws apply. Compute the work, in joules, done on t he system. Note: R= 0.0821 L-
atm/mol-°R, υf = 0.001044 m3/kg, MH2O= 18.016 kg/mol.
Given:
Required:
n= 5 mol
W=?
℃
T= 100 + 273 = 373 K P= 1 atm= 101.325 kPa
Solution:
50.0  = 
821373
 = 1 =
 =  = 518.=  153  =
0160. 001044 0. 1
= 53
0.
0

94  
 = 101,3250.0940.153  
Answer:
 = 5.97  ≅ 6 
15. A gas at 65 kPa, 200°C is heated in a closed, rigid vessel till it reaches to 400°C. Determine the amount of heat required for
0.5 kg of this gas if internal energy at 200°C and 400°C are 26.6 kJ/kg and 37.8 kJ/kg respectively.
Given: m = 0.5 kg u1 = 26.6 kJ/kg u2= 37.8 kJ/kg
Required: Q=?
Solution:
 =0
As the vessel is rigid therefore work done shall be zero.
 =  =0. +537.=826. 6+0
From first law of thermodynamics:
Answer:
 = 5.6 
Source: Applied Thermodynamics by Onkar Singh
16. Find out the pressure difference shown by the manometer deflection of 30 cm of Mercury. Take local acceleration of gravity
as 9.78 m/s2 and density of mercury at room temperature as 13,550 kg/m 3.
Given: ρ= 13,550 kg/m3 h=30 cm g= 9.78 m/s2
Required: P=?
Solution:
 = ℎ = 13,55030×109.78
Answer:

 = 39,755.70 
17. In a cinema hall with a seating capacity of 500 persons the comfort conditions are created by circulating hot water through
pipes in winter season. Hot water enters the pipe with enthalpy of 80 kcal/kg and leaves the pipe with enthalpy of 45 kcal/kg.
The difference in elevation of inlet pipe and exit pipe is 10 m with exit pipe being higher than inlet pipe. Heat requirement
per person is 50 kcal/hr. Estimate the quantity of water circulated per minute, neglecting changes in velocity.
Given: h1= 80 kcal/kg h2=45 kcal/kg z= 10m
Required: m= kg/min
Solution:
+ =ℎ50050
 +    ==25000
 ℎ  + 
   /ℎ
 +ℎ   ℎ   =
25000×10 4.18 = +714.8045
    = 
9. 8 110
75 / 
ℎ
Answer:
 = 11.91 /
18. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top boundary. The gas is heated and expands from a volume of
0.04 m3 to 0.10 m3 at a constant pressure of 200 kPa. Find the work done on the system.
Given: V1= 0.04 m3 V2= 0.10 m3 P= 200 kPa
Required: W=?
Solution:

 = ∫
   
 = 
 = 2000.1 00. 04
Answer:
 = 12 
19. In the process where the product of pressure and volume is constant, a gas compression is carried out from an initial pressure
of 200 kPa to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Considering that the initial specific volume is 0.10 m 3/kg, determine the work done
per kilogram of gas.
Given: P1= 200 kPa P2= 800 kPa ν= 0.10 m3/kg
Required: Work per kilogram=?
Solution:
 
2000.1 
0 =    
 = 800 = 0.025 = 0.025 
 =  ln 
 = 2000.10ln 0.0.012500
 = 27.7 
Answer:

20. A steady state device has the following conditions of the working substance at the entrance: pressure equals 100 psia and
density is 62.4 lb m/ft3. If 10,000 ft3/min of this fluid enters the system, determine the exit velocity if the exit area is 2 ft 2.
Given: P= 100 psia ρ= 62.4 lbm/ft3 υ1= 10,000 ft3/min A= 2 ft2
Required: υ2=?
Solution:
 = 
  = =  
′
 ′
62.410,000 = 62.42
 = 5000 
Answer:
21. In a nozzle air at 627°C and twice atmospheric pressure enters with negligible velocity and leaves at a temperature of 27°C.
Required:
℃
T1= 627 + 273= 900 K
υ2=?
℃
Determine velocity of air at exit, assuming no heat loss and nozzle being horizontal. Take C P = 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air.
Given: T2= 27 + 273 = 300 K
Solution:
 = √ 2ℎ  ℎ
 =  2  
 = √ 21.005900 300
2 = 1098.2 
Answer:
℉ ℉
22. Nitrogen is isentropically expanded from 620 to 60 with volumetric ratio (V2/V1) equal to 6.22. If the value of the gas
Required:
T1= 620
W=?
℉ T2= 60 ℉
constant (R) is 0.0787 Btu/lbm-R, compute the work done by the gas.
Given: R= 0.0787 Btu/lbm-R
 0=.0 78762060
  
Solution:
 = 0.40
 = 99.22 
Answer:
23. Helium is compressed isothermally from 14.7 psi and 68

the gas if the gas is 0.4961 Btu/lb m-R.
℉.
The compression ratio is 4. Determine the change in entropy of
Given:
Required: ∆
V1/V2= 4
S
R= 0.4961 Btu/lbm-R P= 14.7 psi
∆ =  
Solution:
∆ = 0.4961 41
∆ = 0.689  ∙ 
Answer:
24. A carnot engine operates between 800 R and 1000 R. What is its thermal efficiency?
Given: TL= 800 R TH= 1000 R
Required: e=?
 = 1  
Solution:
800
 = 1  1000
Answer:
 = 20%
25. In a steam power plant 5 kW of heat is supplied in boiler and turbine produces 25% of heat added while 75% of heat added is
rejected in condenser. Feed water pump consumes 0.2% of this heat added for pumping condensate to boiler. Determine the
capacity of generator which could be used with this plant.
Given: Qadd= 5000 J/s Wt= 0.25(5000) = 1250 J/s
Qrejected= 0.75(5000) = 3750 J/s W p= -(0.002)(5000) = 10 J/s
Required: Capacity of generator
Solution:
    =  
   = 125010 
Answer:
   = 1.24 
℃
26. A rigid and insulated tank of 1 m3 volume is divided by partition into two equal volume chambers having air at 0.5 MPa,
Given: V= 1 m3 P1= 0.5 MPa ℃

27 and 1 MPa, 500 K. Determine final pressure and temperature if the partition is removed.
T1= 27 + 273= 300 K
P2= 1 MPa T2= 500 K
Required: Pf , Tf
 =   = 0 1.8314300
5 ×100.5 = 0.1002 
Solution:
× 100.5 = 0.1203 

 =   = 8314500 ∆
∆ = (  =409.)+11(  ) = 0
Since the tank is insulated and rigid, we can assume U = 0, W= 0, Q= 0, so writing U ∆
 =  +  = 0.1002+0.1203287409.
1 11 = 0.75 
Answer:
 = 409.11 ,  = 0.75 
℃
27. Ethyl alcohol vaporizes at 78 , what is the change in entropy if 0.25 kg vaporizes at its boiling point considering that the
latent heat of vaporization (L v) is 1.0 x 10 5 J/kg.
Given:
Required: ∆m= 0. 25 kg
S =?
Lv= 1.0 x 10 5 J/kg ℃
T= 78 + 273 = 351 K
 = 0.=22.51.=5×100×10  
Solution:

∆ =  = 351 2 .5 ×10 
Answer:
∆ = 71 /
28. An ideal gas (at STP) occupies a volume of 22.4 L. While absorbing heat from the surroundings, the gas isobarically expands
to 32.4 L. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
Given:
Required: ∆
Vi= 22.4 L
U=?
Vf = 32.4 L T= 273 K P= 101.325 kPa
 = 101.==1.3∆02532.
Solution:
1  4 
∆ = = =+∆2.531.0
Answer:
∆ = 1.52 
29. A small gasoline-powered engine leaf blower removes 800 J heat energy from a high temperature reservoir and exhausts 700
J to a low temperature reservoir. What is its engine’s thermal efficiency?
Given: Qhot= 800 J Qcold= 700J
Required: eth=?
 = 800
= 700  =100 
Solution:
 =  = 180000
Answer:
 = 12.5%
℃ ℃
30. The volumetric flow rate of standard air is 120 m 3/s at dry bulb temperature of 18 . Compute the standard air volume
Given:
Required: V2=?
℃
considering that standard air pressure is 101.325 kPa and standard air temperature at 21.11 .
V1= 120 m3/s T1= 18 + 273= 291 K ℃
T2= 21.11 + 273 = 294.11 K
Solution:
 = 
=  11
 1202914.
 = 291
Answer:
 = 121.3 /
℃ ℃
31. A gaseous mixture has a dew point temperature of 15 . The total pressure is 143.27 kPa. Determine the amount of water
vapor present in a 100 moles of the mixture if the saturation pressure at 15 is 1.7051 kPa.
Given:
Required:
P1= 143.27 kPa
V1= 100 moles
V2=?
T= 15 ℃
P2= 1.7051 kPa
Solution:
 = 

 1 .=7051100
 = 143.27
Answer:
 = 1.19 
32. A sealed tank contains oxygen at 27 ℃ at a pressure of 2 atm. If the temperature increases to 100 ℃ , what will be pressure
inside the tank?
Given: T1= 27 ℃
P1= 2 atm
T2= 100 ℃
Required: P2=?
Solution:
 = 
= +273
 2100 
 = 27 +273
Answer:
 = 2.49 
℃
33. The pressure of the nitrogen has thermometer is 78 cm at 0 . What is the temperature of a liquid in which the bulb of the
P1= 78 cm
P2= 87.7 cm
T1= 0 ℃
thermometer is immersed when the pressure is seen to be 87.7 cm?
Given:
Required: T2=?
Solution:
 = 
=  7
 0 +27387.
 = 78
Answer:
 = 306.95  = 34℃
℃ ℃
34. A 20 liter sample of gas exerts a pressure of 1atm at 25 . It is allowed to expand into a 40 liter vessel that is held constant at
100 , compute the final pressure?
Given:
℃
P1= 1 atm
T2= 100
℃
T1= 25
V2= 40L
V1= 20 L
Required: P2=?
Solution:
 = 
 100 =+ 273120


Answer:
 = 4025+273
 = 0.63 
35. What is the horsepower required to isothermally compressed 800 ft 3 of air per minute from 14.7 psia to 120 psia?
Given: V= 800 ft3 P1= 14.7 psia P2= 120 psia
Required: W in hp
 ln 
Solution:
 = 
 = 14.7144800
33000 120  ln  14.7
Answer:
 = 108 
℃ ℃
36. A building has to be maintained at 18 at all times. A heat pump is required for this when the temperature outside the
building drops to -6 , the building losses heat at the rate of 120,000 kJ/kg. What is the least power required to drive the heat
pump?
Given:
Required:
℃
Thigh= 18 +273 =291 K
W=?
℃
Tlow= -6 + 273= 267 K Qrejected= 120,000 kJ/kg
Solution:
 =291 
 = 291 267 = 12.125
 =  1
 = 120000 12.1253600 
Answer:
 = 2.75 
℃ ℃
37. A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1370 and 260 . Engine supplied with 14, 142 kJ per kwh. What is
the carnot cycle efficiency?
Given:
Required:
℃
Thigh= 1370 + 273 = 1643 K
e=?
℃
Tlow= 260 + 273 = 533 K
Solution:
 = 1643
    100
533
 = 1643 100
Answer:
 = 67.56%
38. Two pounds of air initially at 60 psia and 600 ℉ expands insentropically until the temperature is 200 ℉. Compute the work
done by the gas.
Given: m= 2 lb T1= 600 ℉ T2= 200 ℉ P= 60 psia
Required: W=?
Solution:
 253.= 34200
1  
 = 1 1.4778600
Answer:
 = 137 
℃ ℃
39. A carnot machine operates between a hot reservoir at 200 and a cold reservoir at 20 . When operated as an engine, it
Required:
Thigh= 200
e=?
℃ Tlow= 20℃
receives 1000 kJ/kg, find the coefficient of performance, when operated as refrigerator.
Given:
Solution:
 = 20+273

 = 200+273  20+273
Answer:
 = 1.63%
40. A piston-cylinder system contains a gas which expands under a constant pressure of 1200 lb f /ft2. If the piston is displaced 12
in. during the process, and the piston diameter is 24 in., what is the work done in ft-lb by the gas on the piston?
Given: P= 1200 lb/ft2 d= 24 in l= 12 in.
Required: W=?
Solution:
  = 
24
 = 1200  [ 4 ]1212
Answer:
 = 3768  
℉
41. Helium (R=0.4968 Btu/lb-R) is compressed isothermally from 14.7 psia and 68 . The compression ratio is 4. Calculate the
work done by the gas in Btu/lb m.
Given:
Required:
R= 0.4968 Btu/lb-R
W/m in Btu/lbm
℉
T= 68 V1/V2= 4
Solution:
= ln
= l n
 = 0.496868+460l

 n 1
4
Answer:
 = 364 
42. An ideal gas is 45 psig and 80

Given: P1= 45 psig
℉ ℉ ℉ ℉
is heated in a closed container to 130
T1= 80
. What is the final pressure?
T2= 130
Required: P2=?
Solution:
 = 
45+14. 7 =
80+460 130+460 
Answer:
 = 65.23 
Given: V= 4(5)(6)= 120 m3 P= 100 kPa T= 25 ℃

43. Determine the amount of air in a room whose dimensions are 4 m x 5 m x 6 m at 100 kPa and 25 ℃ .
Required: m=?
Solution:
= 
100120
 = 0.28725 +273
Answer:
 = 140.3 
℉
44. An insulated rigid tank contains helium of 1.5 lb m at 80 and 50 psia. A paddle wheel with a power rating of 0.20 hp is
℉
operated within the tank for 30 mins. Determine the final temperature of the specific heat at constant volume of 0.753
Btu/lbm- . (Note: 1 hp = 2545 Btu/hr)
℉
Given:
Required:
T1= 80
T2=?
℉
P= 0.20 hp t= 0.5 hr m= 1.5 lb Cv= 0.753 Btu/lbm-
Solution:

 = 
 = 0.02 ℎ2545ℎℎ 0.5 ℎ = 25.45 
 =∆ = ∆
25.45==1.50.753
    80
Answer:
 = 102.5℉
45. A 2.53 kJ of heat is absorbed by an ideal gas that occupies a volume of 22.4 liters at STP. If the gas expands isobarically to
32.4 liters, compute the change in the internal energy of the gas.
Given:
Required: ∆
V1= 22.4 L
U=?
V2= 32.4 L Q= 2.53 kJ
Solution:
 =    
 = 101.32532. =4×101.01   22.4 ×10−
−
∆ = 
∆ = 2.531.01 
Answer:
∆ = 1.52 
℃ ℃
46. An engineer is to design cyclic heat engine that operates between 150 and 27 . If the engine is designed to do work of 100
Required: erelative=?
℃ Tlow= 27 ℃
J per 500 J of input work per cycle, compute the relative efficiency of the engine.
Given: Thigh= 150 Wnet= 100 J Qhot= 500 J
 =   = 150+27327+273
Solution:
 = 29.1 % 150+273

The actual efficiency: eactual
 =  = 150000 = 20%
 =  = 0.0.22910
The relative efficiency: e relative
Answer:
 = 68.73%
℃
47. A cylinder is fitted with a piston that contains 0.10 mol of air at a temperature of 20 . Find the work done if the piston is
slowly pushed so that the air within the cylinder remains essentially in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings until the
volume reaches half to its initial volume.
Given:
Required:
n= 0.10 mols
W=?
T= 20 ℃ V2= 0.5V1
Solution:
 =    = ̅ln 0.5
 = 0.18.31420+273ln  
Answer:
 = 169 
48. How much is heat needed to double the pressure of one-half mole of helium gas confined in a rigid container if initially the
gas is at standard pressure and temperature? Note: Helium C v= 3.10 kJ/kg-K, M= 4 kg/mol
Given: P2= 2P1 n= 0.5 mol T= 273 K P1= 101.325 kPa
Required: Q=?
Solution:
 = ∆
At constant volume:
 = 2
 = 2 = 2273 = 546 
 = 0.512.= 4546273
∆
The heat needed is:
Answer:
 = 1692.6 
49. When 0.05 m3 of air at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) is isothermally compressed to 0.010 m 3, compute the
amount of heat flow from the gas.
Given: V1= 0.05 m3 V2= 0.010 m3 T= 273 K P= 101.325 kPa
Required: Q=?
Solution:
 =  ln 
 = 101.3=250. 0 5l n  0.0.00105 
8.154 
In the first law of thermodynamics:
∆  = ∆ +
For isothermal, U = 0
 =
Answer:
 = 8.154 
50. How much heat was removed from a cubic meter of helium at STP when cooled at constant pressure to a final volume of 0.75
m3? Note: MWhelium= 4 kg/kmol, Cv= 3.10 kJ/kg-K.
Given: V1= 1 m3 V2= 0.75 m3 T1= 273 K
P= 101.325 kPa MWhelium= 4 kg Cv= 3.10 kJ/kg-K
Required: Q?
Solution:
 = 
 = 2730.1 75 = 204.75 
The mass of helium at STP:
 101.= 3251

 = 8.3414 273
 = 0.179 
The change in internal energy:
∆ =   ∆
∆ = 0.1∆793.= 37.10204.
87 75273

Using first law of thermodynamics:
= ∆ + 
 = 37.87+101.3250.751    
Answer:
 = 63.20 

ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics

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BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

ES 653: Basic Thermodynamics

OLAYON, JESS RYAN D.

ENGR. HAIVELL JOY C. MATIAS

15. Temperature interval

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

Given: P1= 413 kPa

9. Compute the gas constant of a mixture of 10 kg of oxygen and 20 kg of nitrogen.

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

T2 = 225 + 460 = 685 R

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

Source: Applied Thermodynamics by Onkar Singh

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

Source: Applied Thermodynamics by Onkar Singh

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

23. Helium is compressed isothermally from 14.7 psi and 68

Source: 2001 Solved Problems, Engineering Sciences and Applied Subjects

Given: V= 1 m3 P1= 0.5 MPa ℃

× 100.5 = 0.1203 

42. An ideal gas is 45 psig and 80

Given: V= 4(5)(6)= 120 m3 P= 100 kPa T= 25 ℃

 = 29.1 % 150+273

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