Extracurricular activities[edit]

Organized extracurricular activities have yielded a positive relationship with high

academic performance[18] including increasing attendance rates, school engagement,
GPA, postsecondary education, as well as a decrease in drop out rates and
depression.[19] Additionally, positive developmental outcomes have been found in youth
that engage in organized extracurricular activities.[20] High school athletics have been
linked with strong academic performance, particularly among urban youth. [21] However,
involvement in athletics has been linked to increased alcohol consumption and abuse
for high school students along with increased truancy.[22]
While research suggests that there is a positive link between academic performance
and participation in extracurricular activities, the practice behind this relationship is not
always clear. Moreover, there are many unrelated factors that influence the relationship
between academic achievement and participation in extracurricular activities (Mahoney
et al., 2005). These variables include: civic engagement, identity development, positive
social relationships and behaviors, and mental health (Mahoney et al., 2005). In other
research on youth, it was reported that positive social support and development, which
can be acquired through organized after school activities is beneficial for achieving
academic success (Eccles & Templeton, 2002). In terms of academic performance
there are a whole other group of variables to consider. Some of these variables include:
demographic and familial influences, individual characteristics, and program resources
and content (Mahoney et al., 2005). For example, socio-economic status has been
found to plays a role in the number of students participating in extracurricular activities
(Covay & Carbonaro, 2010). Furthermore, it is suggested that the peer relationships and
support that develop in extracurricular activities often affect how individuals perform in
school (Eccles & Templeton, 2002). With all these variables to consider it is important to
create a better understanding how academic achievement can be seen in both a
negative and positive light.
In conclusion, most research suggests that extracurricular activities are positively
correlated to academic achievement (Mahoney et al., 2005). It has been mentioned that
more research could be conducted to better understand the direction of this relationship
(Eccles & Templeton, 2002). Together this information can give us a better understand
the exact aspects to consider when considering the impact that participation in
extracurricular activities can have on academic achievement.

Do cell phones affect academic performance?

Recently, researchers have found that 57% of students multitask in class with theircell
phones, behavior that may be exacerbated by overall phone obsession (Lee, 2015). ...
However, how students perceive their multitasking to affect theirperformance may not
align with how students actually perform academically.Hun 3, 2017

Friends
Increased use of cell phones reflects an overall increase in human communication,
connecting people who previously may not have kept in touch. But this level of
connectivity also raises several concerns: How are cell phones affecting our social
relations? Does our heightened reliance reflect a greater desire to stay more connected
to even more people? Are cell phones strengthening already existing relations or
facilitating new ones?

A 2008 advertising campaign for Dentyne Gum used clever quips to assert that
technology is replacing cherished personal moments. The campaign is based upon the
premise of appreciating “face time” — in-person interactions. One of their prints features
a man bending down to kiss a woman goodbye as it reads, “The original instant
message.” Such messages suggest that sentiments behind intimate interactions are
being expressed through (and possibly replaced by) technology. While the
advertisements potentially suggest how technology can be used to reflect such
emotions, they also highlight the face-to-face interactions that a person loses through
wireless communication.

Dentyne Gum's 2008 "face time" ads

According to Hans Geser in Thumb Culture (2005): “Mobile phones may … support
tendencies towards closure rather than towards the opening up to new acquaintances
… While the intrusion of strangers can be reduced, circles of established friendships
can be deepened because a higher density of communication within such circles can be
maintained.”

For my senior thesis in Sociology in 2009, I chose to study this exact question, the
influence of cell phone use on inter-personal relationships. My results supported
Geser’s hypothesis that cell phone use reflects, and is used to strengthen, already
existing close relationships. People’s phone use often reflects the hierarchy in which
they view their own relationships. One most frequently turns to their phone to reach out
to those deemed high priority, simultaneously projecting that their wireless
communication is more appealing or important than their physical surroundings. As a
consequence, peripheral relationships and face-to-face interactions with strangers or
“lower priority” friends are diminished.

Interestingly, people commonly express underlying anxieties associated with their

phones. Those who deemed themselves highly reliant reported anxiety stemming from
feeling overly dependent — the thought of losing or conducting daily life without a cell
phone creates immense stress and discomfort. People who use their cell phones less
also experience anxiety when they feel too reachable. They also experience an anxious
desire to locate the person at the other end of the cellphone conversation to quell any
uncertainty about where one’s friend and family may be or what he or she is doing. This
juxtaposition of attachment and anxiety resembles the feelings inspired by a romantic
relationship.

z
 I can’t help but return to Dentyne’s campaign and reflect on how well they captured the
sentiments behind “send & receive.” Texts are exciting because they are reminders of
the relationships that satisfy us. I recognize and appreciate the role my cell phone has
played in allowing me to strengthen these relationships.

But in the end, face time can’t be replaced. It often takes conscious effort, but I try to
remind myself to find the balance between using my phone to maintain relationships
while not closing doors on those yet to be fostered.

What is Your Phone Doing to Your Relationships?

New research is exploring how phubbing—ignoring someone in favor of our mobile phone—
hurts our relationships, and what we can do about it.
BY EMMA SEPPALA | OCTOBER 10, 2017
 Bookmark
Phubbing is the practice of snubbing others in favor of our mobile phones. We’ve all
been there, as either victim or perpetrator. We may no longer even notice when we’ve
been phubbed (or are phubbing), it has become such a normal part of life. However,
research studies are revealing the profound impact phubbing can have on our
relationships and well-being.

There’s an irony in phubbing. When we’re staring at our phones, we’re often connecting
with someone on social media or through texting. Sometimes, we’re flipping through our
pictures the way we once turned the pages of photo albums, remembering moments
with people we love. Unfortunately, however, this can severely disrupt our actual,
present-moment, in-person relationships, which also tend to be our most important
ones.

The research shows that phubbing isn’t harmless—but the studies to date also point the
way to a healthier relationship with our phones and with each other.

What phubbing does to us

In a study poignantly titled, “My life has become a major distraction from my cell
phone,” Meredith David and James Roberts suggest that phubbing can lead to a decline
in one of the most important relationships we can have as an adult: the one with our life
partner.
According to their study of 145 adults, phubbing decreases marital satisfaction, in part
because it leads to conflict over phone use. The scientists found that phubbing, by
lowering marital satisfaction, affected a partner’s depression and satisfaction with life. A
follow-up study by Chinese scientists assessed 243 married adults with similar results:
Partner phubbing, because it was associated with lower marital satisfaction, contributed
to greater feelings of depression.
Phubbing also shapes our casual friendships. Not surprisingly to anyone who has been
phubbed, phone users are generally seen as less polite and attentive. Let’s not forget
that we are extremely attuned to people. When someone’s eyes wander, we intuitively
know what brain studies also show: The mind is wandering. We feel unheard,
disrespected, disregarded.
A set of studies actually showed that just having a phone out and present during a
conversation (say, on the table between you) interferes with your sense of connection to
the other person, the feelings of closeness experienced, and the quality of the
conversation. This phenomenon is especially the case during meaningful
conversations—you lose the opportunity for true and authentic connection to another
person, the core tenet of any friendship or relationship.
In fact, many of the problems with mobile interaction relate to distraction from the
physical presence of other people. According to these studies, conversations with no
smartphones present are rated as significantly higher-quality than those with
smartphones around, regardless of people’s age, ethnicity, gender, or mood. We feel
more empathy when smartphones are put away.
This makes sense. When we are on our phones, we are not looking at other people and
not reading their facial expressions (tears in their eyes, frowns, smiles). We don’t hear
the nuances in their tone of voice (was it shaky with anxiety?), or notice their body
posture (slumped and sad? or excited and enthusiastic?).

No wonder phubbing harms relationships.

The way of the phubbed

What do “phubbed” people tend do?

According to a study published in March of this year, they themselves start to turn to
social media. Presumably, they do so to seek inclusion. They may turn to their cell
phone to distract themselves from the very painful feelings of being socially neglected.
We know from brain-imaging research that being excluded registers as actual physical
pain in the brain. Phubbed people in turn become more likely to attach themselves to
their phones in unhealthy ways, thereby increasing their own feelings of stress and
depression.
A Facebook study shows that how we interact on Facebook affects whether it makes us
feel good or bad. When we use social media just to passively view others’ posts, our
happiness decreases. Another study showed that social media actually makes us more
lonely.
“It is ironic that cell phones, originally designed as a communication tool, may actually
hinder rather than foster interpersonal connectedness,” write David and Roberts in their
study “Phubbed and Alone.” Their results suggest the creation of a vicious circle: A
phubbed individual turns to social media and their compulsive behavior presumably
leads them to phub others—perpetuating and normalizing the practice and problem of
“phubbing.”
“It is ironic that cell phones, originally designed as a communication tool, may actually
hinder rather than foster interpersonal connectedness”
―Meredith David and James Roberts
Why do people get into the phubbing habit in the first place? Not surprisingly, fear of
missing out and lack of self-control predict phubbing. However, the most important
predictor is addiction—to social media, to the cell phone, and to the Internet. Internet
addiction has similar brain correlates to physiological forms like addiction to heroine and
other recreational drugs. The impact of this addiction is particularly worrisome for
children whose brain and social skills are still under development.
Nicholas Kardaras, former Stony Brook Medicine clinical professor and author of Glow
Kids, goes so far as to liken screen time to digital cocaine. Consider this: The urge to
check social media is stronger than the urge for sex, according to research by Chicago
University’s Wilhelm Hoffman.
These findings come as no surprise—decades of research have shown that our
greatest need after food and shelter is for positive social connections with other people.
We are profoundly social people for whom connection and a sense of belonging are
crucial for health and happiness. (In fact, lack thereof is worse for you than smoking,
high blood pressure, and obesity.) So, we err sometimes. We look for connection on
social media at the cost of face-to-face opportunities for true intimacy.
How to stop phubbing people

To prevent phubbing, awareness is the only solution. Know that what drives you and
others is to connect an

Many people use a smartphone as part of their time management strategy.

From the first PDA’s to the newest phones, technology has forever changed our time
management capabilities.

It has allowed us to use simpler, more effective tools. We have the power to access information
and organize in ways never before possible.

However, sometimes it can be too much. Sometimes it seems that our smartphones are taking
over our lives. They can complicate things as much as the alleviate them.

Are you being the most effective you can with your smartphone? Are you using it or is it using
you?
Here are some of the common smartphone time management mistakes…

Smartphone Pitfalls
There are pitfalls in using any tool. The smartphone is no exception.

You can let it help you with your organization or you can let it take complicate your life and take
up all your time.

Some people use all the power and functionality of their smartphone. Others only use a few
features. No matter which side you are on, here are 7 Time Managment Mistakes to Avoid
Making with Your Smartphone:

1. Not Using a Synced Calendar – One of the most powerful smartphone features is the
ability to sync your information across multiple platforms/devices. Ensure that your
calendar is synched to your desktop and even home PC. This will allow you to
maintain one calendar instead of many separate ones. The same is true for your contacts
and todo items.
2. Answering It All the Time – One of the biggest problems with phones… is that they
ring. They interrupt your day and productivity. Most people have a Pavlovian response
to answering their phone. However, remember that your phone is
for your convenience. Do not let others interrupt if you are in the middle of something.
3. Checking Your Email 278 Times a Day – Just because you can access your email from
your phone, doesn’t mean you need to do it every time you have a 30 second
break. Resist the urge to constantly check your email. And by all means, turn off your
work email when you are not working.
4. Not Backing It Up – What information would you lose if you lost your phone? Todos,
contacts, appointments, pictures? For many people, their smartphone is their personal
computer. Make sure your information is backed up. There are many ways to do this
these days depending on your phone. (The iPhone backs itself up each time you sync it.)
5. Having a Phone That is Too Complicated For You – I often say, “Use Tools You’ll
Use.” In other words, choose tools that you like and are comfortable with and you will
be much more likely to continue using them. The mistake many people make is to buy
the newest most complicated phone available. If you are not technology oriented, then
you may be hindering your productivity not helping it. Pick one that suits your needs and
level of experience.
6. Using the Camera Only for Pictures – If you are only using your smartphone’s camera
to take pictures of your kids or cat, then you are missing out. Your smartphone’s camera
can be used to capture all kinds of information. Whiteboards. Notes.
Reminders. (Where did I park?) Documents. And more. There are some great
applications to help you manage your information pictures. (Check out Evernote.)
7. Not Keeping It Visible – This one may sound counterintuitive. As we talk about
smartphones taking over our lives, one of the mistakes people make is not
looking at their phone until it is too late. With a smartphone, you cannot “see” your todo
list or calendar unless you turn the device on. One advantage of a paper-based system is
that it is always visible. Visibility leads to action. Make sure you do not file your todos
and other info away on your smartphone, never to look at it again.
The Effects of Cellular Phones on the Study Habits of Students

254
Effect of using habits of cell phone on the study

of the students: A case study onparents and teachers of Sargodha city

Salman Amin

and Adnan Rashed

Lecturer; Department of Communication Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

Atif Umair
Research Assistant; Department of Communication Studies, University of Sargodha,
Sargodha,Pakistan

Abstract
1

This study is an effort to investigate the “Impacts of Cell Phone Using Habits on the Studies of
Students of University of Sargodha and Punjab University Lahore. The study used the
surveymethod for data collection. A sample of 100 respondents consisting of 50 Teachers and
50Parents was selected by using purposive and convenience sampling technique. The findings
showthat respondents frequently use cell phone and overwhelming majority spent lots of money
intheir daily lives. Respondents frequently use cell phone to contact with parents followed
byfriends, close friends whereas somewhat with classmates and rarely with teachers. But
accordingto teachers and parents students mostly use cell phone to contact with parents;
classmates,friends, and close friends with little difference. Students frequently use cell phone in
class roomnot for lecture recording but for the purpose of SMS texting etc. It is also observed
that studentsmostly use cell phone for un-educational activities and according to teachers and
parents due theuse of cell phone respondents are losing focus on their studies and parents are
decreasing their parental control on their children due to the use of cell phone.
Keywords:

New media, mobile effect, cultural transformation

Introduction
Thetrepidations of media communication as well as confirmation for its consequences are
as previous as the history of the media itself. Individuals have continually astonished that how,
Corresponding author’s
Name:

Salman Amin

Email address:
salmanio2010@hotmail.com
Asian Journal of Empirical Research

journal homepage: http://aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5004

Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 4(4)2014: 254-262
255media messages are influencing them by transporting about an imperceptible amendment in
thestandards of their culture and also their behavioural patterns. The negative impacts of a
specificmessage and/ or structure of message have has always been concerned by the individuals
and alsoinquisitive about the latent unimaginatively impacts of others. The apprehension on the
societalinfluences of mediate messages was apparent as far previous as the 1920s; there were
negativeimpacts of motion pictures on kids alleged by several critics of that time. One of the
stoutlyresearched areas of mass media is the study of anti societal impacts of seeing television
and alsomotion picture. The newer area is the influence of pro societal trends and also
increasedrecognition; these are similar principles that emphasizing the education anti societal
activities,should to apply to more affirmative behaviour (Wimmer, 1993).The cell phone has
become the most speedily disseminated technology in world history. The firstcommercially
accessible cell phone network was established in 1980. In terms of comparativenumber
subscribers Finland was leading which had just exceeded 10 percent of the population in1994.
There were approximately two billion mobile subscribers worldwide in 2004. Mostindustrially
and technologically developed countries have a saturation rate well over
seventy percent and is followed by most developing countries (Ling, 2001). Cell phone
has emerged asone of the significant communication technologies of our time same as in 1950,
televisionemerged and in 1990, Internet emerged (Castells
et al
., 2007).
Objectives of the study
The objectives of the study take into determine:

To explore the consumption patterns of cell phones of the students.

To explore whether text messaging through cell phone is modifying the language.

To explore whether the use of cell phone is affecting the social relationships of thestudents.

To explore whether the cell phone use is affecting the study habits and results of thestudents.

To explore whether the use of cell phone is affecting the sleeping habits of the students.

To explore whether the use of cell phone is affecting parental control

Literature review
Javaid
et al
s. (2011) conducted a study on University students and use this splendid mobiletechnology in a
better way by sharing helpful information with their class fellows and teach

Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 4(4)2014: 254-262

257
Graph 1: Lost track of time
The empirical findings of the study depict that (25%) respondents think that students have
verymuch lost track of time due to the use of cell phone followed by (31%) respondents
Graph 2: Lose focus on study
 The findings of the above pie chart (1) The empirical findings of the study depict that
(26%)respondents think that students have very much lost focus on their study due to the use of
cell phone followed by (34%) respondents which is the largest area in the above pie chart think
thatstudents have much lost focus on their study whereas (21%) teachers and parents
think studentshave somewhat lost focus on their study the findings further depict that (10%)
respondents thinkthat students have rarely lost focus and (9%) respondents are those who think
that students havenot lost focus on their study due to the use of cell phone.

Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 4(4)2014: 254-262

258furthermore reveal (14%) respondents think that students rarely suffering in sleep loss
whereas(11%) respondents are those who think that students are not suffering sleep loss due to
the use ofcell phone at late night.
Table 2: Adopting non-standard language due to SMS texting

Adopting nonstandard language due to SMS texting

Very much Much somewhat Rarely Never26.0 29.0 16.0 14.0 15.0The results of the above table
(2) in the lights of the empirical findings of the study (26%)teachers and parents think that
students are very much adopting nonstandard language