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ABOUT THIS HANDOUT This handout complements the Click and Learn “The
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer” and is intended as a straightforward introduction
to the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer. For a more comprehensive student
handout, please see the in depth version.
Click on the “Background” tab on the right side. Read the information
and watch the videos.
2. Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is
fully developed?
Apoptosis is a process that cells undergo when cells are too damaged to repair. It
eliminates unnecessary cells during development and removes unhealthy or
damaged cells in the mature organism, preventing the cancer cell to reproduce.
There are two types of cell cycle regulators: external and internal regulator.
They are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, tell cells to
differentiate or initiate cell death.
A mutated cell are able to pass through the checkpoints, dividing mutated cells
indefinitely and form tumors. An organism may end up with too few or too many
cells.
Click on the purple section labeled “Cell Cycle Phases” as well as the words
“Mitosis” and “Interphase” to read an overview of the cell cycle. You can also
click on the various phases.
7. Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs during
mitosis.
The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which
(complete the sentence)
cell grows and replicates its DNA and preparing for cell division.
8. Fill in the details about what happens during the three phases of interphase
labeled in the diagram.
G1: Cell growth and differentiation.
S: Duplicate the DNA.
G2: Cell growth and preparation for cell division.
9. In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle? To check if there are
any errors with the cells and if they are ready to move on to the next phase of the cell
cycle.
10. What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
Cells that does not receive signals from the genes to reproduce stay in G0 phase until
signal received. In this phase cell does not grow or reproduce.
When cells are in repairing process and cells does not receive signals to
grow.
Cells leave G0 phase when cells receive signals to reproduce and grow.
Click on “Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer” in the center purple circle. Read
the Regulators Overview and then read through the Cancer Overview and
watch the videos.
There are two types of cell cycle regulators: external and internal regulator.
They are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, tell cells to
differentiate or initiate cell death.
Continuous non stopping reproduction forming tumor of cells and too little cells
death.
ene.
13. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC g
What happens if the APC g ene is mutated?
The stem cells have trouble making it through the final stage of differentiation
causes the cells to start pile up which form a tumor. As an example of a colon
cancer which is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells within
the large intestine.
14. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and
how do they affect the cell cycle?
15. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor
suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?
A type of tumor suppressor gene called P53 can stop the cell cycle at many
places. Another type of tumor suppressor gene called Rb can stop the cell cycle
in G1. Those arrested cells go to G0 phase. Mutated P53 can causes mutated
cells to continue through the cell cycle passing checkpoint.