Things and Protocols in IoT

Courtesy:IoT by Arshdeep Bhaga

Block diagram of IoT Device
 Contd…
IoT device consists of Interfaces
• I/O interfaces for sensors and actuators
• Internet Connection
• Memory and storage
• Audio/video
 Contd…
• IoT device gather data from sensors and
distribute to cloud based servers or other
devices.
• IoT devices connected with actuators to
interact with the physical objects.
• IoT devices may be of type
Wearable sensors, Smart watches, In-Vehicle
sensors and sensors in industries.
OSI Reference Model
IoT Protocols
 Link Layer
Physical layer or medium
 IEEE 802.3(i/j/ae) – coaxial cable, Copper-
twisted pair, fiber optic and fiber (10Mb/s
– 40Gb/s).
 IEEE 802.11(a/b/g/n/ac/ad) – WLAN
(5Ghz,2.4Ghz,2.4Ghz – 5Ghz,5Ghz,60Ghz)
with 1Mb/s – 6.75 Gb/s.
 IEEE 802.16 – Wireless broadband
standards with 1.5Mb/s – 1Gb/s. 802.16m
with 100Mb/s(mobile station) and
1Gb/s(fixed stations).
 Contd…
IEEE 802.15.4 – Low Rate Wireless Personal
Area Network, high level communication
protocol with 40Kb/s – 250Kb/s. Low cost and
Low speed, power constrained.
2G/3G/4G – Mobile communication,
GSM&CDMA, UMTS&CDMA2000, 4G-LTE with
9.6Kb/s - 100Mb/s.
Network generations
 Network Layer(Internet Layer)
• IP datagrams from source network to
destination network
• Host addressing and Packet routing
• Datagram with source and destination
addresses – route across multiple networks
• Hierarchical IP addressing Schemes
- IPv4, IPv6 and 6LoWPAN
 Contd…
IPv4 – IP for identifying devices on a network ,
do not guarantee packet delivery (handled by
TCP) with 32 bit address scheme.
IPv6 – 128 bit address scheme
6LoWPAN – IPv6 over Low power WPAN for
low-powered devices in 2.4Ghz frequency
range with 250Kb/s and works with 802.15.4
link layer protocol.
 Transport Layer
• End-End message with or without handshake
approach(TCP/UDP).
• Functions - error control, segmentation, flow
and congestion control
TCP
₋ Web browsers with HTTP and HTTPS , email
programs with SMTP and File transfer with FTP.
₋ Connection-oriented, stateful protocol
₋ Send packets, ensure reliable transmission
₋ Error detection and retransmission of lost packets
₋ Flow control and congestion control
 Contd…
UDP
₋ Transaction oriented, stateless protocol
₋ require initial setup procedure
₋ Small data units exchange
₋ No guaranteed packet delivery
₋ No ordering of messages
₋ No duplicate elimination
 Application Layer
• Interface with lower layer protocol – data over
the network
• Data encoded – application layer protocol and
encapsulated – transport layer protocol
• Transaction oriented communication
• Port numbers – application addressing to
provide process-process connections.
 HTTP
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(WWW)
Commands -> GET, PUT, POST,DELETE, HEAD,
TRACE, OPTIONS
Stateless Protocol with request – response
model
HTTP client - Browser or application on IoT
device or mobile app
Uses URI - HTTP resources
Request and status lines
Methods
Status codes
Contd…
 Pros and Cons
Pros
 Platform Independent
 Not connection oriented hence Less Overhead
 Stateless protocol
 Less resources is required since the connections are closed
once the data transfer is completed
Cons
 No reliable exchange of data
 Too complicated and too much overhead even for less
payload
 Only point to point Communication
 CoAP
CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
Web transfer protocol with request-response
model
M2M applications - constrained devices and
network
Client-server architecture , interface with
HTTP and supports same commands of HTTP
 Contd…
• Runs on top of UDP instead of TCP
• Uses client server architecture where client
communicate with servers using
connectionless datagrams
• Supports methods such as
• GET, PUT, POST and DELETE
Contd…
 WebSocket
WebSocket – Full-duplex communication
protocol – single socket connection
TCP based - messages between client and
server
Allows stream of messages to be sent back
and forth between client and server
The client can be a
Browser
Mobile Applications
IoT device
 MQTT
MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport
Light weight messaging protocol - publish-
subscribe model
Client – server architecture
IoT device(Client) connects MQTT
broker(Server)
Constrained environments with limited
processing and memory resources, low
network bandwidth.
 Pros and Cons
Pros
 Less Overhead
 Multiple QoS types for Reliable exchange of data
 Provides secured communication with SSL Mutual
authentication
 Requires Less bandwidth
Cons
 Connection oriented
– The MQTT brokers requires more resources than the HTTP servers
 XMPP

XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence

Model
Decentralized protocol with client-server and
server-server
Real time communication with XML data
between IoT devices(small units)
Applications - Messaging , presence
syndication, gaming, voice-video calls and chat
 DDS
DDS – Data Distribution Service
Data centric middleware with device-device
Publish-subscribe model gather & distribute
data - receive generated data
 Publisher is an object responsible for data distribution (
Generation) - Creates topic
 Subscriber responsible for receiving published data -
Subscribes to topic
Provides QoS control with configurable
reliability
 AMQP
AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
 Open application protocol for business messaging
 Point-point, publish-subscribe model, routing and
queuing
 Receive messages and route them connections
 Publish messages – exchange – distribute messages
to queues
 Messages delivered – consumers -> pull messages
from queues