FIRE PROTECTION

PRESENTATION BY; VIKRAM SINGH

FIRE SCIENCE

Fire is the process of burning. It is in-fact a chemical

reaction initiated by presence of heat energy in
which a substance combines with oxygen in the air
and the process is accompanied by emission of
energy in the form of heat, light and sound.

Therefore, three elements are essential for

combustion i.e.
• A combustible matter i.e. fuel
• Oxygen
• Source of heat, Spark flame etc.
FIRE SCIENCE
FIRE SCIENCE
CLASSES OF FIRE

There 4 classes of
fire:

Class A
Ordinary
combustibles or
fibrous material,
such as
wood, paper,
cloth, rubber,
and some
plastics.
CLASSES OF FIRE

There 4 classes of
fire:

Class B
Flammable or
combustible
liquids such as
gasoline,
kerosene, paint,
paint thinners
and propane.
CLASSES OF FIRE

There 4 classes of
fire:

Class C
Energized
electrical
equipment, such
as appliances,
switches, panel
boxes and power
tools.
CLASSES OF FIRE

There 4 classes of
fire:

Class D
Certain
combustible
metals, such as
magnesium,
titanium,
potassium, and
sodium.
FIRE PROTECTION

• A method of fire protection involves the

conveyance of water in pipes to extinguish fire
within a building falls into the field of plumbing.

• Water may be supplied through riser pipes or

standpipes.

• Automatic sprinkler are the devices that discharge

water automatically when the temperature of air
surrounding sprinkler reaches a predetermined
level.
FIRE PROTECTION

Types of Fire Protection:

Passive fire protection - the installation of firewalls and

fire rated floor assemblies to form fire compartments
intended to limit the spread of fire, high
temperatures, and smoke.

Active fire protection - manual and automatic

detection and suppression of fires, such as fire
sprinkler systems and (fire alarm) systems.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

• grease ducts (These refer to ducts that lead from commercial

cooking equipment such as ranges, deep fryers etc.)
• cable coating (application of fire-retardants, to reduce flame
spread and smoke development of combustible cable-
jacketing)
• spray fireproofing (application of paints, or fibrous or cement
plasters to keep substrates such as structural steel, electrical or
mechanical services, valves, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
vessels, etc. below either 140 °C for electrical items or 500 °C
for structural steel elements to be protected)
• fireproofing cladding
• enclosures
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Fire suppression
• Fire can be controlled or
extinguished, either manually or
automatically.
• Manual includes the use of a fire
extinguisher or a Standpipe
system.
• Automatic means can include a
fire sprinkler system, a gaseous
clean agent, or firefighting foam
system.
• Automatic suppression systems
would usually be found in large
commercial kitchens or other
high-risk areas.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
REQUIREMENT OF WATER

• Tank capacity may be taken as 30 min water supply

at 1000 liters per minutes.

• The size of main ring, dry riser and wet riser, for fire
fighting within a building, is designed keeping in
mind that a distant hydrant will discharge about
1000 litres per minutes at 3.5 kg/sq.cm pressure.
• A sufficient Quality of water for the purpose of fire
fighting of the building must be made available in
an underground tank within the premises.
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

• It may be broadly classified as external (City) and

Internal (Building) fire fighting System
External Fire fighting System
• Fire hydrant are generally located at a distance apart of
about 90 m to 120 m in inhabitant area and about 300 m
in an open area.
• One fire hydrant for every 4000 to 10000 sq. m. area is
normally provided.
• Hydrants are generally provided at street crossings,
water demands of one liter per head per day is
considered for fire hydrants. Fire hydrants are of two
types pillar or post hydrant and sunk or flush hydrants.
SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Pillar or Post Hydrant

• These hydrant remain standing above
ground like a post by about 0.9 m to 1.2 m
and connected to a water main
underground.
• It consists of a sluice valve, a duck foot
bend, a 65 mm dia post one, two or three
outlets.
• These outlets are spaced around the
periphery of the hydrant barrel, so that it
can serve more number of fire tenders at
a time, they are painted red in color,
flushed once in every six months and kept
in working condition.
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Flush Hydrant
• These hydrant are installed
underground in a brick or cast
iron chamber with its top cover
slightly above the street level.
• Letter F.H. are inscribed on the
top of cover for identification.
• Hydrants are connected to
underground distribution main.
• Hydrants are also used for street
washings, flush sewers and
watering gardens.
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Internal Fire Fighting System

• The local self govt i.e. Municipal Authorities have been
empowered to make by laws to protect lives &
properties for fire protection system within their
municipal limits.

• These bylaws are generally based on NFPA (National

Fire Protection Act).
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Internal Fire Fighting System

• The following methods are classified to extinguish fire
within the buildings.
Residential Premises Fire Protection System

• Fire Hose System Dry Riser/Wet Riser

• Automatic Sprinkler Systems
• Potable fire extinguishers,
• Fire alarm Systems
• Smoke Detectors
 SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTING

Internal Fire Fighting System

Industrial Fire Fighting System
• High velocity Water Spray
• Medium Velocity fire spray
• Foam
• Dry chemical Powder
• Carbon dioxide
• Alarm Gong
• Portable fire extinguisher
• Fire alarm System
• Smoke Detectors
FIRE HOSE SYSTEM

• This system involves the installation of vertical riser pipe

with hose connections at strategic points throughout the
building.
• The standpipe or riser can be kept filled with water is
know as wet riser system otherwise it is known as dry riser
system
The main features of these systems includes:
• Hose &Automatic Sprinkler System
• The courtyard of the building should have at least two
fire hydrant.
• These hydrants are connected to an overhead/ storage
tank for fire fighting purpose with a booster pump, and a
valve near the tank and a fire pump, gate & valve over
the underground storage tanks.
FIRE HOSE SYSTEM
 DRY RISER SYSTEM

• A dry Riser system or dry pipe system is made of complete water-distribution system
with sprinkler head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the buildings in
which there is no running water.
• In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the
• buildings against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the
pipes.
• Water is turned into water distribution system either automatically or manually on
the outbreak of fire or the sounding of alarm gong to smother or extinguish fire.
• When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air
exhausted through the sprinkler head quickly.
• In the pre-action system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a
thermostatic controlled device that function in advance of the sprinkler system.
• The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete
water is drained out of the system.
DRY RISER
SYSTEM
DRY RISER SYSTEM
 WET RISER SYSTEM

• The provision of wet riser system whenever made for residential

building should have the following features:
• The Wet riser are designed for Zonal distribution of water according
to height of building
• The first riser up to 60 m height should be 10 cm dia
• The second riser upto 100m height of 15 cm dia
• The third riser upto 150 m height of 15 cm dia
• These risers are connected to fire pumps separately provided for
this purpose in the buildings.
• A wet riser must be provided near the enclosure staircase.
• The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the
competent authority.
WET RISER SYSTEM
 FIRE HOSE

• Standard fire hose is made up of rubber lined cotton fibre

65 mm in dia, capable of standing routine test pressure
of 14 kg/sqcm.
• Sometimes unlined or rubber lined or rubber cotton hose
may be used for this purpose.
• The fire hose is housed in a special made glass cabinet