Mathematical Physics

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics

Mathematical Methods
IIT-JAM 2005
0 1
Q1. Which of the following is INCORRECT for the matrix M   
1 0
(a) It is its own inverse (b) It is its own transpose
(c) It is non-orthogonal (d) It has eigen values ± 1
Ans. : (c)
1  0 1 1  0 1 0 1 
Solution: The inverse of the given matrix is M 1    M
 
M  1 0   1  1 0  1 0 
Thus the given matrix is its own inverse.

0 1 
The transpose of M is, M T   M
1 0 
The given matrix is orthogonal as each row vector is a unit vector and the two rows are
orthogonal.
The eigenvalues of orthogonal matrix are 1 or 1 . For the given matrix
1  2  0  1  1 and 2  1
Thus option (c) is correct option.
Q2. A periodic function can be expressed in a Fourier series of the form,

f  x    a n cosnx   bn sin nx  . The functions f1  x   cos 2 x and f 2  x   sin 2 x are
n 0
expanded in their respective Fourier series. If the coefficients for the first series are a n1
and bn1 , and the coefficients for the second series are a n2  and bn2  , respectively, then
which of the following is correct?
1 1 1 1
(a) a 21  and b22   (b) b21  and a 22  
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(c) a 21  and a 22   (d) b21  and b22  
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (c)
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1 1 1 1
Solution: f1  x    cos 2 x and f 2  x    cos 2 x
2 2 2 2
1 1
Hence, a21  and a2 2  
2 2
All the bn ’s of each of the series are zero. As there is no sine terms in any of the two
given functions.
Thus the correct option is (c).
IIT-JAM 2006
a
Q3. The symmertric part of P     a  2 b  is
b 
 2  a a  2 
(a)  a  2 ba2  1  (b) 
b 
 ba  1 b  2   b b 2 
 a  a  1 b  a  1   a  a  2  b  a  1 
(c)   (d)  
 b  a  1 b2   b  a  1 b2 
Ans. : (d)
a  a  a  2 a b 
Solution: The given matrix can be written as P     a  2 b    2 
b   b  a  2 b 
The transpose of P is,
 a  a  2 b  a  2 
PT   
 ab b2 
Hence the symmetric part of P is,
P  PT 1  2a  a  2  2ab  2b   a  a  2  b  a  1 
    
2 2  2ab  2b 2b 2   b  a  1 b2 
Hence the correct option is (d).
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IIT-JAM 2007
 5 7   x 
Q4.  x y      15
7 3   y
The matrix equation of above represents
(a) a circle of radius 15 (b) an ellipse of semi major axis 5
(c) an ellipse of semi major axis 5 (d) a hyperbola
Ans. : (b)
 5 7   x   5x  7 y 
Solution:  x y     15   x y   15
7 3  y   7x  3y 
x2 y2
 5 x  7 xy  7 xy  3 y  15  5 x  3 y  15  
2 2 2 2
1
3 5
Thus the given equation represents an ellipse with semi-major axis 5 .
Q5. f  x  is a periodic function of x with a period of 2 . In the interval   x   , f  x 
is given by
0,   x  0
f x   
sin x, 0  x  
In the expansion of f  x  as a Fourier series of sine and cosine functions, the coefficient
of cos  2x  is
2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 
3  3
Ans. : (d)
Solution: The coefficients of cos 2x is a2 .

1 
0
Thus, a2   0  cos 2 xdx   sin x  cos 2 xdx 
   0 
 
1 1  cos 3 x 
 a2 
2 0  sin 3x  sin x  dx  2   3  cos x 
0
1  cos 3x   1  1 1 1  2

2   3  cos      3  1   2  3  1  3  1   3
     
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IIT-JAM 2008
Q6. The product PQ of any two real, symmetric matrices P and Q is
(a) symmetric for all P and Q (b) never symmetric
(c) symmetric, if PQ  QP (d) anti-symmetric for all P and Q
Ans. : (c)
Solution: A matrix is symmetric, if its transpose is equal to the matrix itself.
Hence for the matrix PQ ,  PQ   QT PT (since  AB   BT AT )

T T
Since, Q and P are symmetric matrices; QT  Q , PT  P

Hence,  PQ   QP
T
It is easily seen that  PQ  will be equal to PQ , only if QP  PQ . Hence (c) is correct

T
option.
Q7. The work done by a force in moving a particle of mass m from any point  x, y  to a
neighboring point  x  dx, y  dy  is given by dW  2 xydx  x 2 dy . The work done for a
complete cycle around a unit circle is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let us write the co-ordinates x and y as,
x  1 cos  , y  1 sin   x  cos  and y  sin  .  x, y 

r 1
Thus, dx   sin  d and dy  cos  d 
Thus, the given work dW can be written as,
dW  2  cos   sin    sin   d   cos   cos  d

2
unit circle
 2sin 2   cos  d  cos3  d

Thus the total work done along the complete circle is
2 2
W  2  sin   cos  d 
2
 cos  d
3
0 0
It can be easily checked that the value of each of these integrals is 0 . Hence, the correct
option is (a).
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IIT-JAM 2009
Q8. In the Fourier series of the periodic function (shown in the figure)
f  x   sin x

   n cos nx   n sin nx 
n 0
 2
Which of the following coefficients are non-zero?
(a)  n for odd n (b)  n for even n
(c)  n for odd n (d)  n for even n

Ans. : (b)
Solution: The given function is an even function (assuming the basic interval of definition to be
symmetric about the origin)
Hence, all the Bn s are 0 .
 
2 2
n 
  sin x cos nx dx 
0
  sin x  cos nx dx
0

1   cos  n  1 x cos  n  1 x 

2
   
2 0 
  sin n  1 x  sin n  1 x 
 dx    
   n  1  n  1  0
For odd n ,
1 1 1 1 1 
n         n  0 , for odd n .
   n  1  n  1  n  1  n  1 
For even n ,
1 1 1 1 1  2 1 1 
n       n    
   n  1  n  1  n  1  n  1     n  1  n  1 
2  n  1  n  1 4
   
   n  1 

2
   n 2  1
Thus for even n ,  n is nonzero. Hence the correct option is (b).
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IIT-JAM 2010
1  i 1
Q9. A matrix is given by M    . The eigenvalues of M are
2 1 i 
(a) real and positive (b) purely imaginary with modulus 1
(c) complex with modulus 1 (d) real and negative
Ans. : (c)
Solution: We know that if  is an eigenvalue of matrix A , then k  is the eigenvalue of matrix
kA . Hence Let as evaluate the eigenvalue of matrix
 i 1
M   
1 i 
For the calculation of eigenvalues
i 1
 0   i     1  0   i     1
2
1 i
   i  1, i  1
Thus the eigenvalues of the given matrix M are
1 1 1 1 1 1
1  1  i    i and 2   i  1   i
2 2 2 2 2 2
We see that 1  2  1 . Thus the correct option is (c).
3 2 3 2
Q10. The equation of a surface of revolution is z   x  y . The unit vector normal to
2 2
 2 
the surface at the point A ,0,1 is
 3 
3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ
(a) i k (b) i k (c) i k (d) i k
5 10 5 10 5 5 10 10
Ans. : (b)
3 2 3 2 3 3
Solution: z   x  y  z 2  x 2  y 2  3x 2  3 y 2  2 z 2  0
2 2 2 2

Let V  3x 2  3 y 2  2 z 2 , taking gradient  V  6 xxˆ  6 yyˆ  4 zzˆ .
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
 2  V
The unit normal to the surface at the point A  , 0,1 is nˆ   . Thus
 3  V
2 2
6 xˆ  6  0 yˆ  4 1zˆ 6 xˆ  4 zˆ
3 3 3 2
nˆ    xˆ  zˆ
2 40 5 10
36   16
3
IIT-JAM 2011
B
   y
The line integral  F  dl , where F 
x
Q11. xˆ  yˆ , along the semi-circular path as
A x y2 2
x  y2
2
shown in the figure below is y
x
A  1,0 B 1, 0
(a) -2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 4
Ans. : (b)

Solution: x 2  y 2  1  xdx   ydy and dl  dxxˆ  dyyˆ
  xdx ydy
B
 
 F .dl    0   F  dl  0  xdx   ydy 
x2  y2 x2  y2 A
Q12. Given two  n  n  matrices P̂ and Q̂ such that P̂ is Hermitian and Q̂ is skew (anti)-
Hermitian. Which one of the following combinations of P̂ and Q̂ is necessarily a

Hermitian matrix?
(a) Pˆ Qˆ (b) iPˆ Qˆ (c) Pˆ  iQˆ (d) Pˆ  Qˆ
Ans.: (c)
Solution: Any matrix is hermitian if its conjugate transpose is equal to the matrix itself.
     Pˆ    Qˆ   Pˆ   QP
* * *
ˆ ˆ  Qˆ
For, P̂Qˆ , we have PQ ˆˆ
Thus, P̂Qˆ is not hermitian.
ˆ ˆ   i  PQ  
ˆ ˆ   i  Qˆ Pˆ  iQP     
*
ˆ ˆ , we have iPQ
For matrix iPQ ˆˆ
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ˆ ˆ
Thus, iPQ is not hermitian.
For matrix P̂  iQˆ , we have
 Pˆ  iQˆ    Pˆ   iQˆ     
 Pˆ   i  Qˆ  Pˆ   i  Qˆ  Pˆ  iQˆ
* * * *
Thus P̂  iQˆ is hermitian.
       
* * *
For P̂  Qˆ , we have Pˆ  Qˆ  Pˆ  Qˆ  Pˆ  Qˆ
 
Thus, P̂  Qˆ is not hermitian.
Note: In this question “*” symbol has been used to denote the conjugate transpose of a
matrix.
IIT-JAM 2012
   
Q13.

If F is a constant vector and r is the position vector then  F  r would be  
        

(a)   r F  (b) F (c)   F r 
(d) r F
Ans.: (b)
   
Solution: Let F  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ  and r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ  F .r  F0  x  y  z  .
   
 
Thus  F  r  F0  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ   F
IIT-JAM 2013
Q14. The inverse of the matrix
0 1 1
 
M   0 0 1  is
1 0 0
 
(a) M  I (b) M 2  I (c) I  M 2 (d) I  M
where I is the identity matrix.
Ans.: (b)
0 1 1 
Solution: Given M  0 0 1 
1 0 0 
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The characteristics equation is,
 1 1
0  1 0
1 0 
   2  0    1  1    0    3    1  0   3    1  0
Thus the cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

M3 M I 0
Multiply both sides by M 1 gives
M 2  I  M 1  0  M 1  M 2  I . Thus option (b) is correct option.
Q15. The value of i   i , where i   1, is
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 (d)  2
2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: i  i 
 i  i  i  i   i i 2  i 2  i 2
i  i i  i
i  i i i
  0
i  i i  i
Q16. The solution of the differential equation dz  x, y   xz  x, y dx  yz  x, y dy  0 is………
Ans.: Ce
 
 x2  y2 / 2
Given differential equation can be written as,

dz
dz  x, y   z  x, y   xdx  ydy   0    xdx  ydy
z
Integrating both sides gives
z x  y 
2 2
x2 y2
ln z     ln c  ln 
2 2 c 2
z  x 2  y 2  / 2  x 2  y 2  / 2
 e  z  ce .
c
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Q17. Given that f 1  1, f 1  1, and f " 1  1, the value of f 1 2  is …………..
Ans.: 0.606
Solution: Let f  x   ke x
1
In order to satisfy each of the three given conditions k  .
e
ex
Thus f  x 
e
e1/ 2 1
Hence, f 1/ 2     0.606 .
e e
IIT-JAM 2014
   
Q18.
 
For vectors a  ˆj  kˆ, b  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ and c  ˆj  kˆ , the vector product a  b  c is  
 
(a) in the same direction as c (b) in the direction opposite to c
 
(c) in the same direction as b (d) in the direction opposite to b
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
Ans.: (a) b  c  2 3 5  iˆ  3  5   ˆj  2  0   kˆ  2  0   2iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
0 1 1
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   
 
a  b  c  0 1 1  iˆ  2  2   ˆj  0  2   kˆ  0  2   2 ˆj  2kˆ  2c
2 2 2


Q19. The value of r n
sin n  for r = 0.5 and   is
n 0 3
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 3 2
Ans.: (a)

Solution: rn 0
n
sin  n   0  r sin   r 2 sin 2  r 3  sin 3  
Let, Z  rei  r  cos   i sin  
 Z 2  r 2 ei 2  r 2  cos 2  i sin 2  and so on.
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Thus, we can see,

  n

n 0
r n
sin  n   Img part of  z 
 n 0 

z rei ei / 3 / 2 1/ 2  cos 600  i sin 600 

n 0
z 
n

1  z 1  rei
 
ei / 3/ 2 1  1 cos 600  i sin 600 
1
2 2 
1 3
1/ 2   i
  
 1 3
i 1 i 3 3  i 3
 2 2 
 4 4  1 i 3 
1 1
1   i
3  3 i 3 3i 3
 4 4

3i 3 3i 3  
2 2 2 

 3  3  i 3  3i 3 i 4 3
z
n 0
n

12 12

12

1
Thus, r
n 0
n
sin  n  
3

Q20. If the surface integral of the field A x, y, z   2  x iˆ   y ˆj  3  z kˆ over the closed
surface of an arbitrary unit sphere is to be zero, then the relationship between  ,  and 
is
(a)    / 6    0 (b)  / 3   / 6   / 2  0
(c)  / 2     / 3  0 (d) 2 /   1 /   3 /   0
Ans.: (b)
   
Solution: It is given that  A .d a  0   
  A d  0 (From Divergence Theorem)
S V
    
  . Ad  0  2     3   0  3  6  2  0
V
  
Q21. The line integral A
1
 
  dl of a vector field A  x, y   r 2  yiˆ  xjˆ where r  x  y is
2 2 2
taken around a square (see figure) of side of unit length and centered at x 0 , y 0  with
1 1
x0  and y 0  . If the value of the integral is L, then
2 2
y
 x0 , y 0 
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(a) L depends on x 0 , y 0 
(b) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is -1
(c) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 0
(d) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 2

Ans.: (c)
 
 
 xˆ yˆ zˆ 
      
Solution:   A   
 x y z 
 y x 
  x2  y 2 x  y2
2
0
 
   x    y 
=xˆ  0  0   yˆ  0  0   zˆ   2 2 
  2 2 
 x  x  y  y  x  y  
    x2  y 2   x  2x  x2  y 2   y  2 y    y 2  x2   x2  y 2 
  A  zˆ     zˆ  0
  x 2  y 2 2  x  y     x  y  
2 2 2   2 2 2

 
Thus,  A  dl  0 .
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IIT-JAM 2015
x y x y
Q22. Consider the coordinate transformation x   , y 
. The relation between the
2 2
area elements dx dy  and dxdy is given by dx dy   jdxdy . The value of j is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)  1 (d)  2
Ans.: (c)
x y x y
Solution: x  , y 
2 2
 x x   1 1 
 x y  
  2 2  1 1
  
dx dy  J dxdy  J      1
 y y   1 1  2 2

 x
 y   2 2

Q23. The trace of a 2 2 matrix is 4 and its determinant is 8 . If one of the eigenvalues is
21  i  , the other eigenvalue is
(a) 21  i  (b) 21  i  (c) 1  2i  (d) 1  2i 
Ans.: (a)
Solution: 1  2  2i, 2  2 1  i   1  2  4 and 1   2  8

Q24. Consider a vector field F  yiˆ  xz 3 ˆj  zykˆ . Let C be the circle x 2  y 2  4 on the
 
plane z  2 , oriented counter-clockwise. The value of the contour integral  F  d r is
C
(a) 28  (b) 4  (c)  4  (d)  28 

Ans.: (a) y
    
Solution:   
 F .d r     F .d a
C S 2
x
xˆ yˆ zˆ
 
  F   / x  / y  / z
y xz 3  zy
      yz    xz 3    y    zy      xz  y 
3
   F  xˆ     yˆ     zˆ   
 y z   z x   x y 
   
 
   F  xˆ   z  3xz 2   yˆ  0  0   zˆ  z 3  1
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 
 z  2    F    2  12 x  xˆ  7 zˆ
   
 
 d a  rdrd zˆ    F .d a     2  12 x  xˆ  7 zˆ  .rdrd zˆ  7 rdrd
   2
 
2
   F .d a  7  rdr  d  28
S 0 0
dy y 2
Q25. Consider the equation  with the boundary condition y 1  1 . Out of the following
dx x
the range of x in which y is real and finite is
(a)    x  3 (b)  3  x  0 (c) 0  x  3 (d) 3  x  
Ans.: (d)
dy y 2 dy dx 1
Solution:   2     ln x  C 
dx x y x y
y 1  1    ln1  C   C   1    ln x  1  y 
1 1 1
1 y 1  ln x
At x  0, y   and ln x is not defined for negative values of x .
Thus, correct option is (d).
Q26. The Fourier series for an arbitrary periodic function with period 2 L , is given by
a0 n x n x
f x    n 1 a n cos  n 1 bn sin
 
. For the particular periodic function
2 L L
f x 
shown in the figure the value of a0 is
1
1/ 2
x
2 1 0 1 2
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: The wavefunction of the given function can be written as
x 0  x 1
f  x  
 x 1  x  0
Coefficient a0 is defined as
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 1   1

 x2   x2 
1
 2 2
 1 1
a0  1  x dx  1 x dx          0 
0 1
  0     1
1 0
 2  1  2  0  2   2  2 2
 a0  1
Q27. The phase of the complex number 1  i  i in the polar representation is
  3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 4
Ans.: (c)
Solution: z  1  i  i  z   1  i  for z  x  iy
y 3
tan    1    tan 1 ( 1)   
x 4
IIT-JAM 2016
1
Q28. Which of the following points represent the complex number  ?
1 i
(a) y (b) y
1 1
0.5 0.5
x x
1 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5 0.5
1 1
y y
(c) 1 (d) 1
0.5 0.5
x x
1 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5 0.5
1 1
Ans.: (a)
1 1  1 i  1 i 1 1
Solution:      i
1 i 1 i  1 i  11 2 2
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Q29. The eigenvalues of the matrix representing the following pair of linear equations
x  iy  0
ix  y  0
are
(a) 1  i, 1  i (b) 1  i, 1  i (c) 1, i (d) 1  i, 1  i
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Characteristic equation is A   I  0
1  i
 0  1     i 2  1     1  0  1     i    1  i, 1  i
2 2

i 1 
Q30. For the given set of equations
x  y  1, y  z  1 , x  z  1 ,
which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Equations are inconsistent
(b) Equations are consistent and a single non-trivial solution exists
(c) Equations are consistent and many solutions exist
(d) Equations are consistent and only a trivial solution exists.
Ans.: (b)
1 1 0 1
Solution: The augmented matrix of the system can be written as M  0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1  1 1 0 1
Row reduction gives M   0 1 1 1    0 1 1 1
 0 1 1 0   0 0 2 1
Thus, x  y  1 , y  z  1 and 2 z  1
The last equation gives z  1/ 2 . Using first two equations we find x  y  1/ 2 . Thus the
system has a single non trivial solution. The correct option is (b)
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Q31. The tangent line to the curve x  xy  5  0 at 1,1 is represented by
2
(a) y  3x  2 (b) y  3 x  4
(c) x  3 y  2 (d) x  3 y  4
Ans.: (b)
dy dy   2x  y 
Solution: Given x 2  xy  5  0  2 x  y  x 0  
dx dx x
dy 3
At 1,1 ,    3
dx 1
Hence the equation of tangent line is y  1  3  x  1  y  3 x  4
Q32. Fourier series of a given function f  x  in the interval 0 to L is
a0  2 nx   2 nx 
f  x    n 1 an cos     n 1 bn sin 
 
.
2  L   L 
If f  x   x in the region  0,   ,b2  ………………
Ans.: 0  5
Solution: Here, 2l    l   / 2
  
2 2 x 2 2   x cos 4 x 1 
b2 
  x sin
0
 /2
dx   x sin 4 xdx  
 0  4
 sin 4 x 
16 0
2   cos  1   2    1
    sin 4  0         0  5 .
  4 16    4  2
Q33. Consider a function f  x, y   x 3  y 3 , where y represents a parabolic curve x 2  1 . The
total derivative of f with respect to x , at x  1 is………………….

Ans.: 27
Solution: f  x , y   x 3  y 3 . Also given that, y  x 2  1
Hence, f  x, y   f  x   x 3   x 2  1
3
df  x , y  df  x 
 3x 2  3  x 2  1 2 x
2
 
dx dx
Hence, the total derivative at x  1 is 3 1  3 12  1  2 1  3  6  4  27

2
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Q34. Consider a closed triangular contour traversed in counter-clockwise
y
direction, as shown in the figure.
  Q
The value of the integral,  F  dl evaluated along this contour, for a

vector field, F  yeˆx  xeˆy , is………….. ( eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors
 
in Cartesian-coordinate system). 4 4
x
O P  2,0 
Ans.: 2
      

Solution:  F  yeˆx  xeˆy    F  2 zˆ and d a  dxdyzˆ    F .d a  2dxdy 
    
 F  dl     1
  F .d a     2 dxdy   2  2  2 1  2
Q35. A hemispherical shell is placed on the x-y plane centered at the origin. For a vector
  
  

field E    yeˆx  xeˆy  / x 2  y 2 , the value of the integral    E  da over the
S

hemispherical surface is………………  .

( da is the elemental surface area, eˆx , eˆy and eˆz are unit vectors in Cartesian-coordinate
system)
Ans.: 2
  
 
Solution: E    yeˆx  xeˆy  / x 2  y 2    E  0 except at origin.
    
     E .d a   E.dl
S line
We have to take line integral around circle x 2  y 2  r 2 in z  0 plane. Let us use

cylindrical coordinate and use x  r cos  , y  r sin   dx  r sin  d , dy  r cos  d .
   r sin    r sin   d  r cos   r cos   d
E.dl    ydx  xdy  /  x 2  y 2    d
r2
  2
  E.dl   d  2
0
line
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IIT-JAM 2017
Q36. For the three matrices given below, which one of the choices is correct?
0 1 0 i 1 0 
1    2    3   
1 0  i 0   0 1 
(a)  1 2  i 3 (b)  1 2  i 3 (c)  1 2   2 1  I (d)  3 2  i 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: These are pauli spin matrix which will satisfied  1 2  i 3 and  1 2   2 1  0
 40
Q37. The integral of the vector A   ,  , z   cos  ˆ (standard notation for cylindrical

coordinates is used) over the volume of a cylinder of height L and radius R0 is:

(a) 20 R0 L iˆ  ˆj  (b) 0 (c) 40 R0 L ˆj (d) 40 R0 L iˆ
Ans. : (d)
Solution: By seeing the options lets calculate
 R0 2 L
 Ad 
40


   cos  cos iˆ  sin  ˆj  d  d dz   ˆ  cos  iˆ  sin  ˆj
V 0 0 0
 2
 
  Ad  40 R0 L  cos  cos  iˆ  sin  ˆj d  40 R0 L iˆ
V 0
df
Q38. Which one of the following graphs represents the derivative f   x   of the function
dx
1
f  x  most closely (graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale)?
1  x2
f  x f  x
(a) (b)
x x
f  x f  x
(c) (d)
x x
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Ans. : (a)
1 df 2 x
Solution: f  x   and f   x    anti-symmetric function but f   x  is positive
1 x 2
dx 1  x 2
f  x
and f  x  is positive
Q39. For the Fourier series of the following function of period 2

0   x  0
f  x  
1 0  x  
the ratio (to the nearest integer) of the Fourier coefficients of the first and the third
harmonic is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
Ans. : (c)

1 1 1
Solution: a0 
2  1 dx  2    2
0

1 1
1 cos nx dx  sin nx 


an  0
0
n 0

1 1  1  2
1 sin nx dx   cos nx    1  1 


bn   
0
n 0
 n  n
b1 2 3
Hence,   3
b3  2
Q40. The volume integral of the function f  r ,  ,    r 2 cos  over the region
 0  r  2, 0     / 3 and 0    2  is………….
(Specify your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 15.07
2  / 3 2  /3
25 1  cos 2 
Solution: I   fd      r cos  r sin  drd d    2
2 2
V 0 0 0
5 2  2  0
32 1 24
  cos 2 / 3  cos 00  2    15.07
 /3
I
5 4 5
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Q41. Consider two particles moving along the x - axis. In terms of their coordinates x1 and x2 ,
dx1 dx
their velocities are given as  x2  x1 and 2  x1  x2 , respectively. When they start
dt dt
moving from their initial locations of x1  0   1 and x2  0   1 , the time dependence of
both x1 and x2 contains a term of the form e a t , where a is a constant. The value of a
(an integer) is………………
Ans. : 2
Solution: From the given relations we can write
dx1 dx
 2
dt dt
Integrating both sides with respect to t gives, x1   x2  c1 , where c being a constant of
integration
At t  0, x1  1 and x2  1
Hence, c  0
Thus, x1   x2 (i)
Using equation (i) the first equation can be written as
dx1 dx
 2 x1  1  2dt
dt x1
x1
 ln x1  2t  ln k1  ln  2t  x1  t   k1e 2t
k1
Using x1  0   1 , we obtain k1  1 , thus x1  e 2t
Using equation (ii) the second equation can be written as

dx2 dx
 2 x2  2  2dt
dt x2
Integrating gives
x2
ln x2  2t  ln k2  ln  e 2t
k2
Thus, x2  k2 e 2t
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Using x2  0   1 , we obtain k2  1
Thus, x2  t   e 2t
Hence, the value of a is 2 .

Q42. Consider the differential equation y  2 y  y  0 . If y  0   0 and y   0   1 , then the
value of y  2  is……………….
(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)

Ans. : 0.27
Solution: The characteristic equation is m 2  2m  1  0   m  1  0

2
Thus m  1 is a repeated root

Thus the general solution is
y   c1  c2 x  e  x
since y  0   0  0  c1  c1  0

Thus we can write y  c2 xe  x  y  c2 e  x  xe  x 
since y  0   1
1  c2 1  0   c2  1
y  xe  x
2 2
y  2   2e 2    0.27
 2.72 
2 2
e
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IIT-JAM 2018
Q43. Let f  x, y   x 3  2 y 3 . The curve along which  2 f  0 is
(a) x  2 y (b) x  2 y
y
(c) x  6 y (d) x 
2
Ans.: (b)
2 3 2 3

Solution:  f  2 x  2 y  2 x  2 y 3  0
2
x
3
y
  
 2 f  6 x  12 y
  2 f  0  6 x  12 y  0  x  2 y

Q44. A curve is given by r  t   tiˆ  t 2 ˆj  t 3kˆ . The unit vector of the tangent to the curve at
t  1 is
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 3 14
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Let n̂ be a unit vector tangent to the curve at t.

dr / dt iˆ  2tjˆ  3tkˆ iˆ  2 j  3kˆ
nˆ     at t  1, nˆ 
dr / dt 1  4t 2  5t 2 14
 x,   x  0
Q45. The function f  x    is expanded as a Fourier series of the form
  x, 0  x  
a0   n 1 an cos  nx    n 1 bn sin  nx  . Which of the following is true?

 
(a) a0  0, bn  0 (b) a0  0, bn  0
(c) a0  0, bn  0 (d) a0  0, bn  0
Ans.: (b)
 x,   x  0
Solution:- f  x   
  x, 0  x  
a0 
1
2 

0 
xdx    xdx 
0  
2
 a0  0
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bn 
1

0
 
 x sin nxdx    x sin nxdx
 0 

1   x cos nx sin nx   x cos nx sin nx  
0
     
  n
 
n 2    n n 2  0 
2
1  2 cos n   n ; n  even
    bn  
 n   2 ; n  odd
 n
Thus, bn  0
Q46. Which one of the following curves correctly represents (schematically) the solution for
df
the equation  2 f  3 : f  0   0?
dx
f  x f  x
(a) (b) 3
1
2
2
x 0 x
0
f  x
f  x
(c) (d) 3
1 2
2
0 x 0 x
Ans.: (b)
df df 1
Solution:-  2 f  3; f  0   0   dx  ln 3  2 f  x  A
dx 3 2 f 2
1
Since, f  0   0  A  ln 3
2
 x
1
ln
3
2 3 2 f
3
 f  1  e 2 x
2
 
3
Now, we can see, at x  0, f  0, at x  , f 
2
Thus option (b) is correct one.
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Q47. Consider the transformation to a new set of coordinates  ,  from rectangular Cartesian
coordinates  x, y  , where   2 x  3 y and   3x  2 y . In the  ,  coordinate system,
the area element dxdy is

1 2 3
(a) d  d (b) d  d (c) 5d  d (d) d  d
13 13 5
Ans.: (a)
 
J  ,  x y 2 3
Solution:-    13
J  x, y    3 2
x y
J  x, y  1
 J
J  ,  13
1
Since, area element in    system is, dA  J d d  d  d
13
4 x
Q48. Let matrix M    . If det  M   0 , then
6 9
(a) M is symmetric (b) M is invertible
(c) one eigenvalue is 13 (d) Its eigenvectors are orthogonal
Ans.: (a), (c), (d)
4 x
Solution:- Since, M   ,
6 9
If M  0  36  6 x  0  x  6
4 x
Hence, M   
6 9
(a) Here, M  M  , so it is symmetric matrix
(b) Determinant  M   0 , so noninvertible matrix
(c) For eigenvalue-

4 6
M  I  0  0
6 9
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 (4   )(9   )  36  0    0,   13
(d) Eigen vectors for distinct eigen values for a symmetric matrix are orthogonal.
Q49. Let f  x   3 x 6  2 x 2  8 . Which of the following statements is (are) true?
(a) The sum of all its roots is zero

8
(b) The product of its roots is 
3
2
(c) The sum of all its roots is
3
(d) Complex roots are conjugates of each other.
Ans.: (a), (b), (d)
Solution:- f  x   3 x 6  2 x 2  8
Now, 3x 6  2 x 2  8  0
2 8
 x6  x 2   0
3 3
 Ax  Bx  Cx 4  Dx3  Ex 2  Fx  G  0
6 5
2 8
x 6  0.x 5  0.x 4  0.x 3  x 2  0.x   0
3 3
 B
Here, sum of roots      0
 A
G  8 
And product of roots    
A  3 
Since all coefficient are real, then complex roots are conjugate to each other.
Hence, options (a), (b) and (d) are correct.
Q50. The coefficient of x 3 in the Taylor expansion of sin  sin x  around x  0 is ______.
(Specify your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans.: 0.33
Solution:- Let f  x   sin  sin x 
f   x   cos  sin x  .cos x
f   x    sin  sin x  .cos x.cos x  sin x.cos  sin x 
  cos 2 x.sin  sin x   sin x.cos  sin x 
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f   x       2 cos x sin x  sin  sin x   cos x cos  sin x   cos x cos  sin x   sin x   sin  sin x  cos x  
3
 1 
 sin 2 x.sin  sin x   cos3 x.cos  sin x   cos x.cos  sin x   sin 2 x.sin  sin x  
 2 
at x  0,
f   0   1  1  2
Hence,
 x  x1  f   x0    x  x1  f   x0   x  x0 
2 3
f  x   f  x0    f   x1   .....
1 2 3
Hence, coefficient of x 3 is _____

1 2  1
  2        0.33
3 3  2 1  3 
IIT-JAM 2019
8x
Q51. The function f  x   is continuous everywhere except at
x 9
2
(a) x  0 (b) x  9 (c) x  9i (d) x  3i

Ans. : (d)
Solution: We know that a rational function is discontinuous at a point where the denominator is
0 . Therefore,
x 2  9  0  x  3i
Q52. If   x, y, z  is a scalar function which satisfies the Laplace equation, then the gradient of
 is
(a) Solenoidall and irrigational (b) Solenoidall but not irrotational
(c) Irrotational but not solenoid (d) Neither Solenoidall nor irrotational
Ans. : (a)
     
Solution:    0    0  E    0,   E  0,   E  0
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 
Q53. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing A  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and B  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ is
(a)
1
26

iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ  (b)
1
19

iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ 
(c)
1
35

iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ  (d)
1
35

iˆ  5 ˆj  3kˆ 
Ans. : (d)
 
Solution: A  nˆ  0 and B  nˆ  0
 1
Verify option  d  : A  nˆ   1  5  6   0
35
 1
B  nˆ   2  5  3  0
35
 3 i 0
 
Q54. The eigenvalues of  i 3 0  are
 0 0 6
 
(a) 2, 4 and 6 (b) 2i, 4i and 6 (c) 2i, 4 and 8 (d) 0, 4 and 8
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For calculation of eigenvalues
3 i 0
i 3 0 0
0 0 6
  3     3    6      i  i  6      0
  3    3    6      6     0
or  6       3  1  0
2
 
or  6      2  6  8    0
or  6      2    4   0 . Therefore,   6 or 2 or 4 .
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Q55. The gradient of scalar field S  x, y, z  has the following characteristic(s)
(a) Line integral of a gradient is path-independent

(b) Closed line integral of a gradient is zero
(c) Gradient of S is a measure of the maximum rate of change in the field S
(d) Gradient of S is a scalar quantity
Ans.: (a), (b), (c)

Q56.    
The flux of the function F  y 2 xˆ  3 xy  z 2 yˆ   4 yz  zˆ passing through the surface
z
ABCD along n̂ is_________
1 C
(Round off to 2 decimal places)
D
n̂
 0, 0, 0  1 y
B
1
A
x
Ans. : 1.17
Solution: y  1 plane
  
      dxdzyˆ     3xy  z  dxdz
2
F da F
S
1
1 1
 z3  1 1
    3x  z  dxdz   3xz   dx   3z   dx
1
2
0 0
0
 3  z 0 0
 3
1
 x2 x  3 1 92 7
 3        1.17
 2 3 0 2 3 6 6
3 i 2
 z  dz , along the line 3 y  x , where z  x  iy is______

2
Q57. The value of
0
(Round off to 1 decimal places)

Ans. : 111.1
3 i 2
 z 
2
Solution: dz 3y  x
0
z  x  iy
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z  3 y  iy
z  x  iy  3y  iy   3  i  y
dz  3dy  idy   3  i  dy
1 2
  3  i  3  i  3  i  y
2
dy
0
1 2
1000
1000  y dy 
2
 1  111.11
0
9
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fiziks

Thus the given matrix is its own inverse.

Hence the symmetric part of P is,

Hence the correct option is (d).

Q5. f  x  is a periodic function of x with a period of 2 . In the interval   x   , f  x 

Hence for the matrix PQ ,  PQ   QT PT (since  AB   BT AT )

Since, Q and P are symmetric matrices; QT  Q , PT  P

It is easily seen that  PQ  will be equal to PQ , only if QP  PQ . Hence (c) is correct

neighboring point  x  dx, y  dy  is given by dW  2 xydx  x 2 dy . The work done for a

complete cycle around a unit circle is

x  1 cos  , y  1 sin   x  cos  and y  sin  .  x, y 

dW  2  cos   sin    sin   d   cos   cos  d

 2sin 2   cos  d  cos3  d

(c)  n for odd n (d)  n for even n

Thus for even n ,  n is nonzero. Hence the correct option is (b).

shown in the figure below is y

Hermitian. Which one of the following combinations of P̂ and Q̂ is necessarily a

Thus, P̂Qˆ is not hermitian.

For matrix P̂  iQˆ , we have

Thus P̂  iQˆ is hermitian.

Thus the cayley-Hamilton theorem gives

Given differential equation can be written as,

Let, Z  rei  r  cos   i sin  

 Z 2  r 2 ei 2  r 2  cos 2  i sin 2  and so on.

(b) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is -1

(c) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 0

(d) L is independent of x 0 , y 0  and its value is 2

(a) 21  i  (b) 21  i  (c) 1  2i  (d) 1  2i 

(a) 28  (b) 4  (c)  4  (d)  28 

Q27. The phase of the complex number 1  i  i in the polar representation is

Q32. Fourier series of a given function f  x  in the interval 0 to L is

Q33. Consider a function f  x, y   x 3  y 3 , where y represents a parabolic curve x 2  1 . The

total derivative of f with respect to x , at x  1 is………………….

Hence, the total derivative at x  1 is 3 1  3 12  1  2 1  3  6  4  27

We have to take line integral around circle x 2  y 2  r 2 in z  0 plane. Let us use

Q39. For the Fourier series of the following function of period 2

Using x1  0   1 , we obtain k1  1 , thus x1  e 2t

Using equation (ii) the second equation can be written as

Hence, the value of a is 2 .

(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)

Solution: The characteristic equation is m 2  2m  1  0   m  1  0

Thus m  1 is a repeated root

a0   n 1 an cos  nx    n 1 bn sin  nx  . Which of the following is true?

coordinates  x, y  , where   2 x  3 y and   3x  2 y . In the  ,  coordinate system,

the area element dxdy is

(c) For eigenvalue-

(a) The sum of all its roots is zero

f   x   cos  sin x  .cos x

f   x    sin  sin x  .cos x.cos x  sin x.cos  sin x 

  cos 2 x.sin  sin x   sin x.cos  sin x 

Hence, coefficient of x 3 is _____

(a) x  0 (b) x  9 (c) x  9i (d) x  3i

(a) Line integral of a gradient is path-independent

 z  dz , along the line 3 y  x , where z  x  iy is______

(Round off to 1 decimal places)

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