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Environmental Standards

Landfill – Design and Operation


KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Environmental Standard

Landfill – Design and Operation

Part I – Preliminary

‘KSA’ refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.


1) Definitions
‘landfill’ is any facility, other than a ground treatment
‘authorisation process’ refers to the determination facility or a storage pool, where wastes are disposed
of all applications for the development of a new of in an environmentally safe manner either by
landfill by the Competent Agency up to the point placing them on the ground or burying them
where permission is granted for development. underground.

‘bunds’ are systems which contain waste in an ‘landfill designer’ refers to the entity involved in
embankment or secondary container to prevent the providing the documentation to support the
waste from travelling or escaping. development of a landfill.

‘Competent Agency’ where referenced, refers to ‘landfill operator’ refers to the entity involved in the
the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment or development of the landfill site.
its designated representative.
‘major landfill’ refers to a landfill of significant size
‘construction quality assurance plan’ (CQA) which has been developed to provide disposal
refers to the construction quality control and quality capacity for a large local population (>500,000
assurance documentation to be provided outlining people).
the successful construction of the landfill and
providing evidence that all design performance ‘non-cohesive’ refers to materials which are
specifications have been met. Construction quality granular in nature and which do not bind together
control and assessment must be performed by a easily, such as sand and gravel.
qualified contractor that is not contracted to, or
working for the construction company, but rather, this ‘parameter’ shall refer to a chemical, physical or
work is done independently of the construction biological measurement factor as listed within this
contract. and other associated standards.

‘disposal’ means the discharge, deposit, injection, ‘permanent road’ is a road which is stabilized and
dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any waste suitable for use as an access way to a landfill. The
into or on any land or water so that such waste or road may be earth stabilized, or may be constructed
any constituent thereof may enter the environment or of asphalt, concrete, geofabric/geotextile, or other
be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, suitable structural material.
including ground waters.
‘PME’ refers to the Presidency of Meteorology and
‘generator’ is a commercial or industrial organisation Environment who are designated as the responsible
which produces or stores trackable waste and authority for the protection of the environment and
arranges for this waste to be sent for storage, the development of environmental protection
recycling, treatment or disposal at another location standards in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
via an authorised transporter.
‘recycling’ is the separation and collection of wastes
‘GER’ refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s materials for the subsequent transformation or
General Environmental Regulations 2001. remanufacture into usable or marketable products or
materials.
‘hazardous waste’ is a waste with properties that
make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful ‘risk assessment’ is the process of identifying and
effect on human health and the environment. quantifying a risk and assessing the significance of
that risk in relation to other risks.
‘homogeneous’ refers to materials which are similar
in terms of their physical content. ‘storage’ means all operations intended to keep or
contain wastes and other hazardous, toxic or
‘inert waste’ refers to waste which is chemically, radioactive substances for the purpose of treatment,
physically and biologically unreactive. transportation or disposal.

kPa’ refers to one kilopascal, defined as the ‘tanks’ are stationary devices, as opposed to
pressure exerted by a 10-g mass resting on a 1-cm2 portable containers, used to store or treat waste.
area. 101.3 kPa = 1 atm. 1,000 pascals = 1 Tanks can be open topped or completely enclosed,
kilopascal. and may be constructed of materials including steel,
plastic, fibreglass, and concrete.

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4) Purpose
‘transporter’ means a person engaged in the off-site
transportation of waste by air, rail, highway or water a) The objective of this standard is to establish the
and is anyone who transports the trackable waste framework which facilitates the:
from its place of production or storage to another
location. i) design of new solid waste landfill facilities
which accept waste of all types from
‘treatment’ is any means or technique of altering the across the KSA whether a material or
physical, chemical or biological properties of wastes substance is inert, non-hazardous or a
used to neutralize such wastes; utilize substances or hazardous waste and
energy contained therein or released by them; and
transform the hazardous wastes into wastes that are ii) operation of a solid waste landfill to
non-hazardous, less hazardous or safer when ensure that the sites are managed in a
transported, stored, disposed of, prepared for manner which will have least possible
storage, or reduced in volume. impact upon the neighbouring
environment or human health;
‘TSD facility’ refers to a treatment, storage and/or a
disposal facility. and accordingly the Landfill Design and Operations
Standard and the codes and chapter headings shall
‘unreactive’ refers to the properties of a waste be recognised and used for those purposes.
where there is no chemical, physical or biological
reaction likely to occur through the landfilling b) The Standard guides those developing and
process. operating solid waste landfill sites to:

‘v/v’ refers to the volume to volume ratio between i) Understand the best practice
two gaseous materials. requirements with respect to landfill
design and operation.
‘WAC’ refers to Waste Acceptance Criteria.
ii) Develop new landfill sites with due regard
‘waste handler’ is a generator, transporter and to international best practice.
receiver of waste who has waste responsibilities.
iii) Understand the necessary site
‘waste receiver’ is any person operating a facility to development requirements for landfill sites
whom waste is transported for recycling, storage, dealing with different waste types.
treatment or disposal.
iv) Provide for future site closure and after
‘waste tracking’ is the recording of information from care requirements on completion of the
the waste generator about the quantity and type of landfill operations.
waste produced; recording information about who
transported the waste and when; recording c) The Standard is intended for use as a default
information from the waste receiver about the position for landfill design, operation, site closure and
quantity and type of waste received; and matching remediation. The Standard applies to all new landfills
information about the waste from both the generator pre-development. However, existing landfill
and the receiver. operators must, as far as practicable, implement the
relevant best practice measures contained within this
‘working plan’ is the operational plan developed Standard.
prior to the acceptance of waste which sets out the
operational methods to be used on site and 5) Scope
demonstrates how environmental and human health
impacts will be managed and controlled.
a) This Standard sets out the design parameters and
operational requirements through to site closure and
2) Citation aftercare for solid waste landfill in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia.
a) This document may be cited as the National the
Landfill Design and Operations Standard for KSA. b) This Standard does not apply to the:
This standard revises the current General Standards
for the Environment (specifically document number (i) management of radioactive waste;
1409-01 and 1423-01) issued by the Presidency of
Meteorology and Environment (PME). (ii) management of liquid wastes;

(iii) spreading of sludges, including sewage


3) Timescales for implementation sludges and sludges from dredging
operations for the purposes of fertilisation
.
or land improvement; or
a) The effective date of this standard is 01/05/1433H
corresponds to 24/03/2012G.
(iv) remediation of existing landfill sites.

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6) Exemptions e) This standard enables the issue of regulations and


technical memoranda which are enforceable by the
a) Specific exemptions may be specified within this Competent Agency who hold delegated authority
standard at any point where relevant to the Article under the General Environmental Regulations.
that they are common to.

8 Enforcement Procedures
7) Powers of Authority
a) Failure to comply with the requirements of these
a) Within the scope of these standards the standards may lead to prosecution by the Competent
Competent Agency may: Agency and those convicted of such failure may be
subject to fines or periods of imprisonment as laid out
in the General Environmental Regulations.
i) prescribe specific requirements at any time
as to other characteristics of landfill design; b) It is anticipated that the requirements of this
standard will be enforced nationally with inspections
ii) authorise such relaxations or departures taking place to verify their implementation at a
from, the landfill design standard and make regional and local level.
any such authorisation subject to the
prescribed conditions, and to modify or .
revoke any such authorisation or condition; 9) Penalty fines
and
a) Maximum fines that may be imposed for
iii) authorise a local Concerned Agency to contravening the applicable standard, breach of
exercise any power conferred by these permit and failure to comply with an abatement
regulations by paragraphs i) - ii) above. notice are set out in the General Environmental
Regulation
b) The Competent Agency may, for the purposes of
this Standard, appoint persons to act on their behalf
as technical assessors and monitors in relation to the 10) Appeals
powers and duties conferred on him by this standard
and/or its subsequent amendments. a) A right of appeal exists for any organisation or
individual who is required to take action as a
c) In addition to the responsibilities conferred by consequence of the implementation of the revised
other sections contained within this standard, it shall standard.
be the duty of a relevant party;
b) The right of appeal against conviction or sentence
i) to give the Competent Agency all such is available through the appropriate judicial system as
assistance; and set out in the General Environmental Regulations.

ii) to provide the Competent Agency with all c) All appeals should be fully supported with a
such information, as that may reasonably be documented case containing as a minimum, the
required for the purpose of carrying out an information required under the appeals process of
investigation the General Environmental Regulations.

d) The Competent Agency or appointed individual for


the purpose of land fill design regulation may: 11) Periodic review

i) Enter any premises for the purpose of a) There may be some requirement at a future date to
carrying out any investigation. adjust the standards included to recognise specific
local conditions.
ii) carry out such inspections, measurements
and tests on premises entered, articles or b) As a minimum, the Competent Agency shall
records found on any such premises, and take undertake a periodic review of this standard every 5
away such samples of waste or articles, as may years.
be considered appropriate for the purpose of
enabling such investigation; or c) Where new information suggests that adjustments
are required to this standard, all changes will be
iii) at any reasonable time require any relevant subject to the appropriate consultation and will be
party to supply him with copies of, or of extracts notified to facilities by the Competent Agency.
from, any records kept for the purpose of Appropriate implementation time will be allowed.
demonstrating compliance with the landfill
design standards.

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Article II – Landfill Classification


b) As a minimum requirement the Environmental
a) The classification of landfills is based upon the Assessment should include the items outlined in
type of wastes which they are permitted to accept Appendix 2.
through their gates. There are more stringent
requirements placed upon wastes which have the 2) Site Location
potential to cause harm to human health or the
environment.
a) Careful consideration must be given to the
location of sensitive receptors down wind/ down
1) Landfill Types gradient of any newly proposed landfill to ensure
adequate protection of the environment and human
a) Three landfill types have been identified (see the health. The actual
Waste Acceptance Criteria Standard and the Training
and Assessment of Technical Competence of b) When locating a landfill site consideration must
Operators Standard) which require different levels of be given to the:
detailed design depending upon their potential to
impact on human health or the wider environment. i) distance from the site boundary to
These are: sensitive receptors such as recreation
areas, residential properties and
i) Class 1 Landfills - Hazardous Landfills associated community establishments
which may only accept Hazardous wastes (schools, hospitals, etc) (>250 metres),
which satisfy site specific acceptance coastal water resources (>100 metres)
criteria; and agricultural areas (>100 metres),
pipelines and highways (>30 metres),
ii) Class 2 Landfills - Non-Hazardous aviation runways (3.3 km);
Landfills which may accept any wastes
which are considered to be non- ii) presence of groundwater, surface water,
Hazardous including municipal waste, coastal water or nature conservation
commercial waste, stable non-reactive zones;
hazardous wastes, inert wastes and
others as demonstrated through iii) geological and hydrogeological conditions
appropriate investigation and risk underlying the site; and
assessment; and
iv) other undetermined local factors which
iii) Class 3 Landfills - Inert Landfills which could be impacted by a proposed landfill
may only accept waste which is known to site and which will be identified at the local
be inert (that is, physically, chemically or level during the Environmental
biologically unreactive). Assessment.

Article III – General Provisions 3) Site Specific Design Considerations

a) All new landfill sites must be designed with the


a) The following outlines the requirements with
desire for the least possible local impact and where
respect to the design of all landfills including specific
possible they must blend in with the local
requirements for cell design, landfill liners, leachate
surroundings.
management, landfill gas management, construction
quality assurance (CQA) of the design parameters,
b) Site factors which affect landfill design include (but
litter and pest/vermin control, closure and aftercare.
are not limited to):
b) These provisions are generic for all landfills.
i) topography;
Where risk assessments and investigations identify
that a lesser standard is required for example, for
ii) size and shape of the property area;
inert waste landfills, then this justification will be
taken into account during the Authorisation Process.
iii) subsurface geological and
The minimum information required for authorisation
hydrogeological conditions;
purposes is outlined in Appendix 1.
iv) surrounding land use;
1) Environmental Assessment
v) local availability of cover materials;
a) An Environmental Assessment will be required
prior to the development of a landfill site for both vi) local ecological aspects;
Class 1 and Class 2 landfills. This will be necessary
to gain a thorough understanding of the environment vii) seismic considerations; and
where the landfill is to be sited in order to design the
landfill to minimise impacts on the environment. viii) access and ease of transport to the site.

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g) The weighbridge should be calibrated in


c) A detailed pre-construction plan must be provided accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations at
to the Competent Agency a minimum of six months least annually to confirm the accuracy of records. A
prior to construction along with the submittal of the logbook of weighbridge inspections and certifications
Environmental Assessment. Details of the must be maintained by the landfill operator.
requirements for this plan are provided in Appendix 1.

d) A new landfill site must not be established by any 5) Risk Assessment


person, nor an increase in the volume of an existing
landfill be exercised, unless a written report has been a) For all classes of landfill, a risk assessment must
prepared in accordance with Appendix 1. be carried out by the landfill operator, taking account
of the site engineering and leachate and gas
4) Site Layout management measures (if present), to demonstrate
that the acceptance of a waste would meet the
following criteria in both the short and long term (post
a) Landfills and associated facilities must be
closure);
designed to:
i) there are no unacceptable emissions to
i) Minimise potential environmental impacts;
groundwater and surface water and the
surrounding environment;
ii) minimise health and safety risks for landfill
operators and the public;
ii) the environmental protection systems
such as liners, leachate and gas collection
iii) encourage waste recovery; and
and treatment systems at the site are not
jeopardised;
iv) use onsite resources efficiently.
iii) waste-stabilisation processes such as
b) To assist in meeting these requirements a detailed
degradation or wash out within the landfill
site layout plan must be provided to the Competent
are protected; and
Agency as part of the Working Plan for the site prior
to the development of a landfill to provide evidence
iv) there is no unacceptable risk to human
that key concerns have been considered and
health.
addressed prior to the development works (both for
public landfill sites and private landfill sites owned
b) The risk assessment may make it necessary for a
and operated by industry).
particular site to have additional limits to the full WAC
due to;
c) On landfills where there is general access to the
public for the drop off of wastes a TSD Facility with
i) the environmental context of the landfill
recycling and drop-off areas must be provided to
may be more sensitive than that used for
reduce the need for the public to unload their vehicles
modelling the WAC;
at the tipping area to minimise safety risks.
ii) the lining and leachate collection systems
d) On landfills serving a large local population a perform differently from those used for
gatehouse is to be provided at the entrance to the
modelling the full WAC; and
site, or at a suitable point which cannot be by-passed
by waste transporters when travelling to the landfill,
the waste may have attributes not covered by the full
to provide for the validation of wastes to confirm their WAC.
suitability for receipt at the site.
Article IV – Site Infrastructure Requirements
e) A number of facilities should be provided at the
gatehouse to provide the attendant with the best
practicable opportunity to confirm the acceptability of 1) Roads
incoming wastes including:
a) Local infrastructure must be able to sustain the
i) A viewing platform which allows a view of operation of a landfill. Landfilling requires the
the contents of incoming lorries; and transportation of waste. The capacity of the road
network to cope safely with any increased traffic load
ii) elevated mirrors or CCTV cameras which and with a minimum of disturbance to the local
can be used to scrutinise incoming loads. community must be examined as part of site pre-
development requirements.
f) A weighbridge must be installed at landfill sites
serving a population greater than 25,000 to facilitate b) The preferred transportation route to the landfill
accurate record keeping of wastes entering and from the source of the waste or other TSD Facility
leaving the site for all necessary administrative and must minimise the transport of waste through
regulatory purposes. residential and other sensitive areas. This
consideration may influence the placement of the
entrance to the landfill.

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c) Access to the site will form a mixture of permanent d) Accumulation of water within the working area
roads from the main highway through to temporary must be controlled to provide for optimum landfilling
roads near the face of the landfill. Consideration conditions. The utilisation of water in arid conditions
must be given to the landfill site’s requirements for can assist in the final stabilisation of the landfill, but
permanent roads within the site boundary, especially must be controlled. Controlling the size of the
on larger sites. operating areas and providing for daily cover of the
open face assist in controlling surface water ingress
d) Where incoming vehicle movements exceed 100 and uncontrolled leachate production.
movements per day a permanent road must be
provided within the site. Permanent roads may not e) Additionally, temporary covered working areas
be required where there are lower vehicle volume should be graded to provide for surface water runoff
movements and conditions are dry and soils well to the network of drainage ditches. Long term control
graded and compacted. is provided through the temporary or permanent
capping of filled areas on completion of the final
e) Permanent roads must be designed with due design level.
regard to the estimated volume of traffic. Where
possible, two lane traffic (minimum total road width of f) Storage pools and other drainage measures must
7.5 metres) should be provided to allow efficient be designed to contain and control rainfall runoff for a
entrance and exit from the site. 1-in-20 year storm event for a Hazardous or Non-
Hazardous landfill or a 1-in-10 year storm event for a
f) Road gradients must be designed for the safe solid inert landfill.
operation of traffic on site. Gradients must not
exceed 7%. g) Storm events up to 1-in-100 year recurrence
intervals must also be considered at the design stage
g) Temporary roads will need to be constructed on to ensure that they do not result in any catastrophic
site as the working face changes. Temporary roads failures such as flooding of the landfill or failure of
must be constructed on the landfill (where necessary) dams or leachate storage ponds where applicable.
via compaction of the existing soils. Where
necessary, temporary roads should be topped with
materials to improve traction, such as gravel, crushed 3) Utilities and Facilities
stone or crushed inert wastes from construction and
demolition activities. Serviceability can be improved
a) Electricity, water, sanitation and communications
through the addition of lime, cement, or asphalt
facilities must be provided at all landfill facilities to
binders where required.
ensure the health and safety of on-site personnel,
and to enable control of operations on site (such as
dust control, vehicle washing and fire fighting).
2) Surface Water Drainage
b) As a minimum temporary structures must be
a) The management of surface water on landfills is a located on site providing accommodation to on site
key consideration as water provides for major personnel. Such structures must be designed to
impacts upon the operations of a landfill through: provide:

i) interference with site operations through i) office space for general site management
reduction in traction across the site; and duties and records storage;

ii) contributing to leachate generation. ii) sanitation facilities for site staff and
visitors.
b) Surface water must be adequately controlled
through the construction of a network of interception iii) storage space for site equipment and for
ditches across the site between the operating areas maintenance purposes; and
and the surrounding areas of the site. Surface
waters which come into contact with waste on the site iv) first Aid area, fully stocked for minor
must be diverted to a surface water collection area accidents.
(such as a lined storage pool separated from all
landfill cells) where further treatment or evaporation c) The location of temporary or permanent site
can be carried out as required. Surface waters which structures must take account of landfill settlement
do not come into contact with the waste mass, or are and landfill gas production and potential gas
not subject to contamination through leachate should migration. All structures must be located in a suitable
be diverted without further controls. area of the site to allow control of day to day activities
whilst also taking account of health and safety
c) The design of the drainage system must be taken aspects.
into account during the pre-development stage to
assist in optimising the utilisation of surface water d) Where landfill gas is known or likely to be
and minimising the impacts of uncontrolled water generated, gas control measures must be included
ingress. within the design of structures to ensure that build up
of gas does not occur within the building as gas can

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move out of the site where there are fissures which


allow migration. c) A paved surface area of 10 metres by 10 metres
minimum must be provided, with its own linked
drainage collection system. All drainage from this
4) Fencing part of the site must be collected and held in
segregation until laboratory testing proves that it is
suitable for discharge into the onsite surface drainage
a) A fence (or elevated earth berm in remote areas)
system. Where unsuitable, the wash water must be
must be constructed around the perimeter of the
tankered off for offsite treatment at a suitable water
landfill to:
treatment facility.
i) reduce onsite trespass, especially from
vulnerable members of the population,
Article V – Landfill Design Standards
and animals;

ii) provide a screen for the landfill; 1) Cell Design

iii) delineate the property lines; and a) All landfills will be developed as a series of cells.
A cell is formed by the spreading and compaction of
iv) provide a control for litter blow. incoming wastes in layers within a confined area.

b) Fences must be a minimum of 2 metres tall around b) Individual daily cells must be placed sequentially
the entire perimeter of the site. and compacted as the landfill develops. A series of
adjoining cells developed over the landfill at the same
c) However, higher fences may be required down height constitutes a ‘lift’ (normally between 2 and 4
wind of the site to limit litter blow off site, especially metres depth).
where there are potentially sensitive land uses down
wind of the site. Alternatively, portable litter fences c) At the end of each working day the compacted
over 3 metres in height which are placed near to and waste within a cell must be covered by a thin
down wind of the open landfill face may suffice. continuous layer of locally recovered cover material
of approximately 150 mm (including the working
face).
5) Vehicle/Wheel Wash Areas
d) All cells must be designed to accommodate the
likely volumes of waste. Dimensions of a cell are
a) On large landfill sites (serving major population
affected by:
centres of >500,000 people and in close proximity to
local communities) which accept municipal or
i) the quantity of waste accepted daily;
hazardous waste, an area of the site must be set
aside to allow for the washing of onsite vehicles and
ii) daily cover requirements;
lorries which bring waste into the site. Such an area
will require:
iii) slope stability; and
i) a reliable water supply; and
iv) degree of compaction.
ii) an area of hardstanding (concrete/tarmac)
e) Cell width must also be taken into consideration as
which leads wash water runoff to the
this important parameter will impact upon site
surface water collection system.
operations. Table 1 illustrates suggested minimum
widths in line with daily imports of waste material.
b) Wheel washing facilities must be placed in line
with the paved road leading to the exit from the site to
Table 1: Suggested Minimum Cell Widths as a Function
remove mud from vehicle tyres before exit back onto
of Daily Waste Quantities
the main highway. Wash water and sediments from
the wheel washing trough must be disposed of
through the on-site surface water drainage system. Quantity of Waste Minimum Cell Width
(tonnes per Day) (metres)
6) Unacceptable Load Quarantine Area 20 to 50 8
25 to 130 10
130 to 250 12
a) An area of the site must be made available to 250 to 500 15
allow for the temporary segregation of suspect,
burning or unacceptable waste loads which enter the f) The maximum recommended slope for a cell is 1
site. This area should be located away from the main vertical to 4 horizontal, although slopes of lesser
areas frequented by personnel. Water must be steepness are preferred as maximum compaction is
available in case of burning waste loads. achieved when the angle of the working face is close
to horizontal.
b) This area must be clearly marked with reference to
its required purpose to ensure that there is no
inadvertent mixing of waste materials.

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g) Where the outside slopes of a cell constitute the d) The design objective of the liner and leachate
final landform they must be at a slope of 1 vertical to collection system is to protect the beneficial use of all
3 horizontal or less depending upon slope stability groundwater, including that directly beneath the
and potential erosion impacts. In seismically active landfill. Appendix 4 provides the List I and List II
areas maximum final slopes must be 1 in 5. substances which have the greatest impact upon
ground and surface water resources as the major
likely constituents of leachate. The liner must be
2) Landfill Liners sloped into the leachate collection pipes which in turn
are sloped to the leachate collection sump.
a) The primary functions of a landfill liner system are
e) Liners comprise up to five components depending
to:
upon the level of groundwater protection required:
i) protect groundwater from impacts of
i) sub-base;
leachate through reducing the vertical
seepage of leachate;
ii) clay layer;
ii) attenuate contaminants in leachate
iii) geomembrane and protection layer.;
seeping through the liner to the point
where the leachate that makes contact
iv) drainage layer/leachate collection system;
with the aquifer beneath the landfill has
and
minimal detrimental impact on
groundwater; and
v) geotextile.
iii) retard lateral movement of landfill gas
f) To meet the performance standards of the whole
from the landfill and to limit the infiltration
liner for a Non-Hazardous or Hazardous waste
of groundwater.
landfill, the whole liner system (which will be made up
of all or some of the above components depending
b) The landfill designer must ensure that the liner
upon site specific risk assessment) must, must,
system is geotechnically stable between components
unless otherwise agreed, provide for a hydraulic
and as a total system. A risk assessment will be
conductivity of less than 1 x 10-9 m/s for hazardous
required to demonstrate the performance of any
sites and 1 X 10-5 m/s for nonhazardous sites.
proposed landfill liner system. The risk assessment
Landfills designed to operate under a greater
must consider:
hydraulic conductivity must prove through risk
assessment that there is no additional impact on
i) the operational and post-closure phases;
human health or the environment prior to
construction, and petition to the Competent Authority
ii) failure and degradation of other controls,
for exemption.
such as the clay liner, the leachate
management system and operational/
g) Sub Base: The sub base will normally constitute
management controls including
the underlying natural solid geology, or well
groundwater pumping;
consolidated drift geology. The role of the sub base
is to provide a suitable base for the clay layer and to
iii) likely variation of leachate concentration
limit settlement which could cause problems for any
with time;
artificial geomembrane used within the construction
of the liner.
iv) stability and settlement; and
h) All plans for the construction of a sub base must
v) the role of the barrier in controlling landfill
be verified and approved by a suitably qualified and
gas.
experienced Geotechnical engineer. To provide
assurance of the quality of construction of the sub-
c) The results of this risk assessment will feed into
base, construction of the sub-base must be included
the final design parameters of any landfill liner
in any Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan
required on a site specific basis as this will be
which accompanies the landfill design
dependant upon the:
documentation, verifying that it is fit for its intended
purpose.
i) volume of precipitation and potential
infiltration.
i) Clay Liner: Clay provides a suitable material for
the development of a low permeability liner for
ii) moisture content of the waste entering the
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous landfill sites in areas
landfill.
where there is a potential risk to ground or surface
waters.
iii) Volumes of leachate which will be
produced within the landfill.
j) Before clay is used to construct a liner, samples of
the clay to be used must be submitted to a laboratory
iv) depth to underlying aquifers.
for determination of the soil properties for a range of
compaction efforts. This will enable the development

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of laboratory compaction and hydraulic conductivity p) The landfill designer must make every reasonable
curves which should be assessed to determine the endeavour to ensure that the geomembrane to be
suitability or otherwise of the material as a low used is the most appropriate under the
permeability barrier. circumstances and that it meets the physical and
mechanical requirements summarised in Appendix 3.
k) Key elements of the clay layer are that it provides:
q) All plans for the construction of a geomembrane
i) a barrier to the movement of liner must be verified and approved by a suitably
contaminants; and qualified and experienced Geotechnical engineer. To
provide assurance of the quality of construction of the
ii) extended cover along the entire base of geomembrane liner, construction of the liner must be
the landfill and up the sides to provide full included in any Construction Quality Assurance
containment (taking into account the (CQA) plan which accompanies the landfill design
stability of any side wall lining system). documentation, verifying that it is fit for its intended
purpose, with due regard to paragraph l) above.
l) All plans for the construction of a clay liner must be Construction and installation of a liner must be
verified and approved by a suitably qualified and certified complete by independent quality assurance
experienced Geotechnical engineer. To provide quality control construction monitoring.
assurance of the quality of construction of the clay
liner, construction of the clay liner must be included in r) Drainage Layer/Leachate Collection System:
any Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan The leachate collection system is an integral
which accompanies the landfill design component of the overall landfill liner system. A
documentation, verifying that it is fit for its intended leachate collection system typically comprises a high
purpose. permeability drainage layer, perforated collection
pipes, a sump where collected leachate is extracted
m) Compacted powdered marl has been shown to from the landfill and geotextiles to protect any
provide a suitable liner for some non-hazardous geomembrane and prevent clogging of the drainage
landfills in the Kingdom without additional significant layer. It must be designed to:
risk to underlying groundwater. Where this is to form
part of the lining system (as opposed to clay) for new i) drain leachate such that the leachate
landfills a risk based approach will be adopted to head above the liner is minimised;
ensure that proposed designs are suitable within the
context of each and every specific landfill. Soils ii) collect the estimated volume of leachate
testing in a geotechnical or soils laboratory are (predicted by water balance models);
required to determine if the compacted powdered
marl meets the construction and design parameters iii) resist chemical attack, and physical,
for the project. chemical and biological clogging;

n) Geomembrane: A Geomembrane consists of a iv) withstand the weight of waste and the
prefabricated polymeric sheet. The suitability of a compaction equipment without crushing;
Geomembrane and the protection it affords is based and
upon:
v) provide ease of inspection and cleaning.
i) the number of defects within the liner
material; s) The maximum permissible leachate head on the
liner (as measured at the lowest point of the liner) for
ii) tears or imperfections at the join; a landfill situated above the water table is 0.3 metres.

iii) holes resulting from folds in the t) No new landfill will be permitted on areas where
Geomembrane, or sharp objects there is likely to be close contact between the landfill
penetrating it; base and the water table, except where the filling is
to take place as part of a land reclamation project to
iv) compatibility of the Geomembrane to the expand the shoreline. Where such land reclamation
waste types disposed of within the fill; works are permitted, the fill material is limited to inert
materials.
v) ability to withstand deterioration under
ultraviolet light; and u) The drainage layer is a high-porosity medium
providing a preferential flow-path to the leachate
vi) grade of slopes over which it is to be laid. collection pipes and/or sump. The hydraulic
conductivity of the drainage layer must be greater
o) Porous materials must not be placed between a –3
than 1x10 m/s. The drainage layer must be placed
geomembrane and a clay liner. The clay liner must across the entire landfill and comprise at least 0.3
be shaped to a smooth surface before installing a metres of coarse aggregate or a geosynthetic
geomembrane to reduce the overall surface area of drainage material with the equivalent performance.
the clay liner and thereby reduce the potential for
liner damage. v) The aggregate to be used in constructing a
drainage layer must be selected to maximise

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

drainage of leachate in the long term. Maximum 0.43 0.25 0.22


Recommended properties are: Apparent Opening
Size (AOS) (mm)
i) 85% of the material not less than 40 mm;
3) Liner Protection and Leak Detection
ii) 10% of the material not less than 20 mm;
a) The Operator should select a suitable material to
iii) uniformity coefficient less than 2;
provide appropriate liner protection. A range of
materials including mineral materials, thick
iv) fines content less than 1 per cent by
geotextiles, sheets made from bonded rubber crumb
weight; and
may provide appropriate protection. Where mineral
layers are used for liner protection, they are generally
v) no limestone or other calcareous material
finer grained, 300 mm thick or more, overlain by a
that would be subject to chemical attack.
separation geotextile and the leachate collection
system.
w) A number of controls must be put in place to
reduce the potential for short to medium term
b) The Operator must ensure that the placement of
leachate collection system failure:
the protection layer does not damage or over stress
the liner. The Operator must provide erosion control,
i) prevent clogging with silt or mud; particularly on sloping areas via re-vegetation where
possible.
ii) prevent micro-organisms clogging the
pipes;
c) The performance of the liner system must be
monitored in order to verify design assumptions and
iii) prevent precipitation from chemical inform the design of future phases. This will require
reactions; installation of permanent or semi-permanent
monitoring systems to verify design assumptions in
iv) ensure pipes are not damaged during
the short to medium term.
installation or early in the filling of the
landfill; and d) The use of geophysical leak detection is required
on all composite liners where the upper barrier is a
v) prevent the pipes becoming weakened by
geomembrane, to check for defects after the
chemical attack (acids, solvents, oxidising
installation of the leachate drainage layer and prior to
agents, or corrosion) and are crushed. waste deposition.
x) To reduce the risk of mechanical failure of the
e) A risk assessment will be required to determine
leachate collection pipes, they must be:
the need for a leakage interception layer within the
lining system. The system should be divided into
i) flexible rather than rigid; sections for risk assessment purposes to assist in the
location of any significant leakage, and in its possible
ii) placed in trenches;
remediation.
iii) placed on evenly prepared bedding
f) Where present, the leak interception system should
material; and be carefully monitored and the results interpreted
carefully.
iv) protected by a traffic-control program
minimising the movement of heavy
g) Where there is likely to be considerable leachate
vehicles across them until sufficient waste
produced interception facilities must be constructed
has been placed over the drainage layer for the collection of leachate to provide a contingency
to avoid puncturing. for unanticipated seepage.
y) Geotextile: A geotextile filter should be placed
over the drainage layer to protect it from clogging as
a result of solids transport. Leachate collection pipes 4) Landfill Gas Management
must not be wrapped in a filter geotextile, as they
rapidly clog, rendering the collection pipes ineffective. a) Landfill gas (a cocktail of methane, carbon dioxide
Table 2 highlights minimum geotextile criteria for use and other trace gases) will be produced by landfills
in subsurface drainage applications. which accept biodegradable wastes. Landfill gas (at
sites where it is known or suspected to be produced)
Table 2 Geotextile Criteria for Subsurface must be managed throughout the life time of the
Drainage (after AASHTO M288-96) landfill, including the period after landfill completion
(typically fifteen to twenty years after closure; often
Filter Criteria Percent Soil Passing No. 200 Sieve longer).
<15% 15 – 50% >50%
Minimum 0.5 0.2 0.1 b) The following elements must be present at sites
permittivity (per receiving biodegradable wastes:
second)

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

i) full containment of the site to prevent sub- g) In line with the development of a risk assessment,
surface migration and minimise surface the landfill Operator must also present a pre-
emissions of landfill gas; authorisation Gas Management Plan to the
Competent Agency based on the site specific risk
ii) an active gas extraction system to achieve assessment which includes details on the monitoring
the maximum practicable collection of:
efficiency. Passive venting of landfill gas
will only be permitted where a risk i) expected gas composition and volume of
assessment shows that gas emissions will production at source, including quantification
prove minimal and no risk is evident to of trace components (estimates to be
human health or the environment; and reviewed on an annual basis based upon
actual monitoring information);
iii) where necessary (on larger gas producing
sites) a system of combustion or other ii) enclosed flare emissions monitoring and
treatment process. Treatment of the gas compliance assessment; and
stream pre or post combustion will be a
site-specific issue based on the precise iii) surface emissions monitoring and
composition of the gas stream. compliance assessment.

c) As part of the landfill gas-management strategy, h) The capacity of the treatment system must be
gas monitoring must be undertaken. During gas sufficient to deal with the volume of gas generated at
monitoring, atmospheric conditions must be reported the landfill.
as atmospheric pressure influences gas migration.
The number and location of gas-monitoring locations i) The presence of sensitive receptors near to the site
will be site specific. However, where the landfill has boundary (within 250 metres) must be addressed
been capped, the resulting increased lateral within the risk assessment and environmental
movement of landfill gas will require more intensive assessment. The need for ambient air monitoring
gas monitoring. either at the receptors or at the site boundary will also
need to be considered where a potential linkage
d) If landfill gas is found or suspected to be migrating exists.
offsite at unacceptable levels, then a landfill gas-
extraction system will be required. The main j) The risk assessment will be reviewed regularly by
pathways through which gas will migrate include: the Operator (at least annually, or when a change in
gas production is noted) in the light of analysis of
i) high permeability strata along the bedding trace gas components in the landfill gas, and of any
plane; changes in operation, such as new waste streams. A
record of this review will be kept by the Operator for
ii) through caves or cavities; the life of the active landfill.

iii) desiccation cracks in any capping media, k) Periodic monitoring of emissions from any flares or
or at site perimeters; energy recovery engines utilised on site must be
supported by periodic assessment of the source gas
iv) through pathways promoted by tree roots; composition at the landfill site as this can indicate the
impact of gas emissions on the environment.
v) through gas or leachate wells placed for
the collection of samples or monitoring l) Where odour problems are encountered the gas
purposes; extraction system should be reviewed with increased
ambient air monitoring using methane as a landfill
vi) through highly fissured strata into the gas indicator.
atmosphere or adjacent buildings; and
m) Leachate recirculation is permissible on site to
vii) along underground service routes. provide for promoting biological activity as the
anaerobic bacteria necessary for gas production are
e) The migration of landfill gas may constitute an found within the leachate. Leachate must only be
environmental and safety risk. Methane is explosive recirculated where it forms part of the overall gas
when present in the range of five per cent (Lower management plan and must not be seen as an
Explosive limit) to 15 per cent (Upper Explosive limit) inexpensive way of disposing of leachate.
by volume in air. Gravel or sand layers, or even
manmade drains, provide ideal migration routes for n) Leachate recirculation must not take place until the
landfill gas, particularly after the site is capped. landfill gas extraction system is in place to collect and
treat the gas generated.
f) A risk assessment must be presented in all cases
to identify those landfills that present an o) All flaring or combustion engine equipment utilised
unacceptable risk due to their location, waste type, on site to manage gas or to recover energy must be
size and soil strata. designed to meet the following requirements:

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

i) discharges should be vertically upwards 5) Landfill Capping


and unimpeded by cowls or any other
fixture on top of the stack; a) Leachate formation within a landfill is controlled in
the long term through the provision of a landfill cap
ii) sampling sockets should be fitted to allow which provides a surface seal for the site and limits
for ease of monitoring; infiltration into the landfill. Hazardous and non-
hazardous landfills will normally require a cap.
iii) crankcase emissions from engines must Landfills for inert waste will not normally require a
be managed to minimise release to the cap.
environment;
b) Table 3 provides a guideline for the capping
iv) there should be continuous assessment of requirements on landfills for different waste types.
methane and the rate of flow of the inlet
gas;
Table 3: Landfill Capping Requirements
v) sampling must be undertaken after
combustion is completed (i.e. downstream Landfill Inert Non Hazardous
of the flame); and Category Hazardous
Gas Not Required Not
vi) flare designs must include sufficient
Drainage Required Required
shroud to fully enclose the flame at all
Layer
times.
Artificial Not Not Required
p) All design works relating to landfill gas Sealing Liner Required Required
management and utilisation must be undertaken by a Impermeable Not Required Required
duly qualified Chartered Engineer with demonstrable Mineral Required
relevant experience of undertaking such works. Layer
Drainage Not Required Required
q) Monitoring of landfill gas must be undertaken Layer ≥ 0.5 Required
throughout the lifetime of the landfill. Monitoring metres
should be undertaken on a monthly basis throughout Top Soil Not Required Required
the operational period of sites accepting Cover ≥ 1 Normally
biodegradable waste. metre Required

r) Monthly monitoring will be required post-completion


for a period as determined through the risk c) The Landfill Operator must determine the
assessment and agreed with the Competent Agency. appropriate sealing layer on the basis of the
Key to monitoring frequency is the proximity to hydrogeological and landfill gas risk assessments.
sensitive receptors. Cap design must take account of the:

s) Landfill gas completion, following site closure, can i) balance between the requirement to
be considered as having been met when the minimise leachate generation and the
methane concentration remains below 0.5%v/v and need to flush contaminants from the
carbon dioxide concentration remains below 0.5%v/v waste;
for a period of at least 24 months, including on at
least 4 occasions when atmospheric pressure was ii) containment of landfill gas; and
falling.
iii) need to physically separate some wastes
t) Monitoring of the following parameters using (for example, asbestos) from the
electronic monitors calibrated for the purpose is environment.
required:
d) As a minimum, the capping system for a non-
i) methane (% v/v); Hazardous or Hazardous landfill must contain:

ii) carbon dioxide (% v/v); i) a sealing layer;

iii) oxygen (% v/v); and ii) a surface water drainage system; and

iv) atmospheric pressure (mb). iii) cover soils.

u) The results of landfill gas monitoring, alongside e) The requirement for a gas drainage layer will
details of site location, monitoring hole number and depend upon the site-specific gas extraction system.
date of monitoring must be recorded and kept In most landfills accepting biodegradable wastes
available for review by the Competent Agency as retro-drilled landfill gas extraction boreholes are the
required. Full records should be maintained in both preferred method of gas management.
paper and electronic format from site opening
through to agreed site completion.

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

f) The finished surface of the landfill cap should have


a slope of at least 5% to allow for the management f) Stability of a landfill can be impacted through
and control of runoff, and to make provision for problems at the interface between the geosynthetic
differential settlement over time. and mineral liners. The interface friction must be
assessed between each layer under all conditions of
use; static and dynamic, temporary or permanent.
6) Landfill Stability
g) To anticipate the effects of settlement, designers
a) Waste is unlikely to be a geotechnically must add a surcharge to the post-settlement levels,
homogeneous material and as such, due and distinguish clearly on design drawings the
consideration must be given to the stability of waste ultimate post-settlement levels and the surcharged
and potential settlement over time as it is subject to levels to which each phase of the site is to be filled,
decomposition, consolidation, and considerable capped and restored. (Values of 15-25% are
variation, both spatially and with time. accepted as being typical of the surcharge allowance
required when considering the void capacity and final
b) Stability and settlement must be monitored in the pre-settlement contours of a household waste
construction, operational and aftercare phases. The landfill).
Operator must justify any assumptions and should
undertake appropriate sensitivity analysis. h) Where differential settlement may occur, provision
should be made to accommodate the settlement and
c) The stability and settlement of the waste, the the associated stresses, most commonly by:
constructed landform, its foundation and the
environmental management infrastructure, and the i) additional thicknesses of capping
interactions between them, must be assessed by a materials to accommodate differential
suitably qualified engineer to demonstrate that the movement or to allow removal of material
environmental management infrastructure will not be if settlement does not occur as predicted;
compromised. In addition, there must be no and
promotion of any risk to safety or detriment to the
landform over the entire lifecycle of the landfill. ii) irregular edges and boundaries to
compensate for predicted settlement
d) In completing this assessment the Operator must differentials.
take account of:
i) Additional considerations must be made for the
i) settlement or slippage within the landfilling of hazardous wastes. Whilst landfill
foundation (sub-grade) beneath the landfill engineering may play a role in retaining the wastes
base or sides; initially, such wastes should have at deposit, or
achieve during the active management phase,
ii) slippage within the liner system; sufficient mechanical strength for the creation of a
sustainable landform in the long-term.
iii) slippage at the waste/liner interface;
j) Stability assessment must take account of the site-
iv) rotational failure within the waste, or specific circumstances, and should use geotechnical
through the whole cross-section; parameters appropriate to the waste material.
Cohesive materials should have a bearing capacity of
v) slippage failure of the cap or of its not less than 50 kPa. Non-cohesive waste should
components; have an in situ bearing ratio of at least 5%.

vi) effects of settlement on the landfill cap


and restoration; 7) Construction Quality Assurance (CQA)

vii) effects of settlement on environmental a) The development and implementation of a


management infrastructure; and Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan provides
a means of demonstrating to the public and
viii) the presence and movement of waste and regulating authorities that the landfill being
leachate. constructed meets its design requirements.

e) For municipal waste and industrial and commercial b) The CQA plan must be able to verify:
waste general considerations which minimise the
impact of settlement include: i) that materials used comply with site
specific specifications; and
i) a maximum finished slope of 1 vertical to
4 horizontal; and ii) that the method of construction/installation
is appropriate and design requirements
ii) temporary slopes between phases of a have been met.
landfill of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal to 1
vertical to 3 horizontal. c) The CQA plan must contain the:

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

viii) any other site specific information


i) material/construction specifications; considered relevant to proving the integrity
of the landfill construction.
ii) testing methods;
f) Laboratory testing with respect to CQA must be
iii) testing frequency; undertaken to the national standard to be defined by
the Competent Agency. Typical laboratory tests on
iv) corrective action to be taken where the proposed soil materials used in the construction
necessary; of landfill liners are:

v) appropriate documentation procedures i) natural moisture content;


which outline what has been done.
ii) particle size distribution;
d) The CQA must include:
iii) atterberg limits; and
i) all elements of basal containment
engineering including liners and artificially iv) compaction;
established geological barriers;
v) Hydraulic conductivity.
ii) sidewall lining;
g) Table 4 illustrates the typical parameters and
iii) sub-grades for lining; testing frequencies for evaluating prospective soil
liner material.
iv) liner protection;
Table 4: Typical Parameters and Testing Frequencies
v) all elements of the capping system; for Soil Liner Materials

vi) surface water and groundwater Parameter Test Method Frequency Recommended
management systems; Reference Performance
% fines ASTM D1140 1 per ≥ 50%
vii) all elements of the leachate management (passing No. 1000m3
system including leachate extraction 200 sieve) 1 test each
wells; day soil is
excavated
viii) all elements of the landfill gas
or placed
management system.
% Gravel ASTM D422 1 per ≤ 10%
e) The production of the CQA plan, and all testing (Dry weight 1000m3
and reporting must be completed under the control of retained in 1 test each
a suitably qualified Engineer, independent of the N0. 4 sieve) day soil is
landfill site contractor/operator. On completion, a excavated
validation report should be produced and submitted or placed
to the Competent Agency which must include: Atterburg ASTM D4318 1 per Density Index ≥
Limits 1000m3 50%
i) demonstration of CQA compliance
throughout the construction period;
1 test each
day soil is
ii) justifications for any changes or excavated
deviations from the agreed plan; or placed
Water ASTM D3017 1 per
iii) The results of all testing - this must Content ASTM D4643 1000m3
include the records of any failed tests with ASTM D2216 1 test each
a written explanation, and details of the (at least day soil is
remedial action taken, referenced to the
appropriate secondary testing;
every 5th excavated
sample) or placed
iv) plans showing the location of all tests;

v) "as-built" plans and sections of the works; Article VI - Operations

vi) copies of the site engineer’s daily records; 1) Working Plan

vii) records of any problems or non- a) A Site Specific Working Plan, required in
compliances and the solution applied; and accordance with the site specific waste management
licence application must be developed and forwarded
to the Competent Agency for review and agreement
prior to operations commencing on the site.

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

iii) oversize objects;


b) The Working Plan will constitute the documentary
procedures which will be used to control all aspects iv) sludges;
of work on site. Issues to be considered and
included within the Working Plan are outlined below v) very light materials, for example
in the following sections. expanded polystyrene; and

2) General Filling Requirements vi) foul smelling wastes.

h) Consideration should be given to pre-treatment of


a) All Landfills must be filled in a series of
such wastes such as to reduce the handling
independent tipping areas or cells, each taking less
difficulties posed by such wastes.
than two years to fill, after which they will be
immediately closed and made ready for their
i) The Operator must consider the prevailing wind
proposed post-closure use which will be determined
direction and strength when planning the filling
at the site planning stage.
direction and sequence as this will assist in the
general reduction of nuisance caused by odour, dust,
b) In the case of trench-and-fill landfills, each trench
litter and noise. Careful phasing is critical in
must be sized to ensure that it is filled within two
minimising these airborne emissions.
years. Larger excavations for trench-and-fill landfills
must be filled on a cellular basis.
3) Waste Acceptance
c) Where landfill or large trench-and-fill excavation is
to be filled as a series of cells, prudent location of a) Waste will only be accepted at a landfill which is
cells is required to: duly authorised to accept that waste as laid out in
Part 1 of this Standard.
i) provide stability for a batter or
embankment; b) Waste Acceptance will be determined in
accordance with the provisions as laid down in the
ii) provide a screen of the landfill operations Waste Classification Standard and the Waste
from view; Acceptance Criteria Standard.

iii) reduce groundwater flow into the site; 4) Unacceptable Loads

iv) shed runoff into the surface water system;


a) All loads which fail to meet the Waste Acceptance
Criteria for the type of wastes allowable at a landfill
v) minimise the need to constantly construct
site must be managed in accordance with the
roads within the site;
requirements of the Waste Acceptance Criteria
Standard.
vi) avoid active landfilling near areas being
developed for residential purposes; and
b) Full details of all materials held within the
quarantine area must be kept. As a minimum the
vii) align them perpendicular to the prevailing
following records must be held for each and every
wind to reduce litter.
load:
d) Waste must be levelled and compacted as soon as
it is discharged at the working area.
i) date of arrival;
e) A density following initial compaction of about 0.8
tonnes/m
3
is the optimum for instigating ii) details of the source of the waste and the
biodegradation processes. company bringing the waste to the site;

f) Daily cover assists in preventing materials iii) a copy of the Waste Tracking Form (see
becoming windblown, deterring scavengers, birds Regulatory Control and Compliance
and vermin, and improving the site's visual Standard provisions. If no Waste
appearance and the Landfill Operator must ensure Tracking Form is provided then it will
that waste is covered as soon as practicable. automatically be deemed unacceptable
until the appropriate documentary
g) The Operator’s risk assessment should identify evidence has been provided); and
any wastes which have characteristics that require a
particular method of handling at the site which is not iv) where relevant, the accompanying
part of normal day to day procedures. Typical Hazardous Waste Code.
examples are:
c) All labelling must be resilient enough to stay
i) fine particulate material; attached and legible throughout the whole time of
storage at the installation.
ii) empty containers;
d) A daily inspection of the condition of containers
and pallets must be undertaken and written records

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

kept of these inspections. If a container is found to be 7) Accident Plans


damaged, leaking or in a state of deterioration, it
must immediately be over-drummed or the contents a) An Accident Plan must be put in place by the
transferred to another container or processed. Operator (reviewed at least once every three years,
or in the event of an accident) which identifies:
e) All spillages of hazardous wastes must be logged.
Where spillages are greater than 200 litres the i) the likelihood and consequence of
Competent Agency must be informed. accidents; and
f) Containers must be stored in such a manner that ii) actions to prevent accidents and mitigate
leaks and spillages could not escape over any consequences.
bunds/edge of the sealed drainage area.
b) The Accident Plan will:
5) Operations and Maintenance
i) identify the potential on-site accident
a) As a minimum, effective operational and hazards;
maintenance systems must be employed on all
aspects of the site where failure could impact on the ii) provide an assessment of the risks;
environment. There must be:
iii) identify necessary risk management
i) documented procedures to control measures;
operations that may have an adverse
impact on the environment; iv) specify the risk management measures
that are used at the landfill;
ii) a defined procedure for identifying,
reviewing and prioritising items of plant for v) include contingency actions to be
which a preventative maintenance regime undertaken in the event of an accident to
is appropriate; mitigate consequences; and

iii) documented procedures for monitoring vi) make provision for the hazards displayed
emissions or impacts; and by any hazardous wastes accepted at the
landfill.
iv) a preventative maintenance programme
covering all plant, whose failure could lead c) Particular areas of accidents to consider at landfills
to impact on the environment. may include, but should not be limited to, the
following:
b) The maintenance system should include auditing
of performance against requirements arising from the i) uncontrolled migration of landfill gas;
above and reporting the result of audits to senior
management. Auditing and inspection records must ii) fire;
be maintained for a minimum of 5 years, and
provided to the Competent Authority or their iii) explosion;
designated representative, when requested.
iv) waste slippage;
6) Competence and Training v) Failure of a basal or side wall liner;

vi) incompatible wastes coming into contact


a) The Technical Competence and training of with each other;
operatives involved in landfilling must be undertaken
in accordance with the Waste Training and vii) release of leachate to an uncontained
Assessment of Technical Competence of Operators area;
Standard.
viii) overfilling of tanks / lagoons;
b) Additional training must be provided to all staff
working within the confines of the landfill with respect ix) emission of a treated leachate before
to: adequate checking of its composition; and
i) Health and Safety and the individual x) vandalism.
responsibilities that all have for the safety
of others;
8) Compliance Reporting
ii) Understanding of the environmental
impacts that their work could have and
provision of instructions to assist in a) Written procedures must be in place for handling,
reducing these impacts. investigating, communicating and reporting actual or
potential non-compliance with operating procedures.

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

b) There must be written procedures for handling, i) emissions of dust;


investigating, communicating and reporting
environmental complaints and implementation of ii) wind-blown materials; and
appropriate actions.
iii) the formation of aerosols.
c) There must be written procedures for investigating
incidents, (and near misses) including identifying b) Site operations must have due regard to the need
suitable corrective action and follow up. to control dirt originating from the site being
dispersed onto public roads and the surrounding
land.
9) Site Security
c) All of the potential impacts of a landfill site must be
a) The facility must be secured to prevent free access identified during conceptual model development and
to the site. refined at the pre-development stage. Detailed
measures to mitigate the impacts must be included in
b) The gates of the facility must be locked outside the landfill design and set out in the Working Plan.
operating hours.
d) As a minimum, procedures must be in place to
c) Access to each facility must be controlled by deal with particulate matter arising from:
systems to detect and discourage illegal dumping at
the facility. i) the placement of wastes;

ii) traffic on site roads;


10) Noise
iii) site preparation and restoration
a) Measures must be taken to minimise the nuisance activities;
arising from the landfill in relation to noise pollution.
These requirements are additional to the National iv) surface emissions; and
Environmental Noise Standards.
v) carriage of dust/mud onto the highway.
b) Where noise issues are likely to be relevant, the
Operator must provide information on the following: e) Dust suppression must be provided including the
availability of bowsers and water supplies. Leachate
i) the main sources of noise and vibration must not be used for dust suppression in areas
that will fall within the installation and also outside the working landfill area, although it may be
on infrequent sources of noise and suitable for use for dust suppression within the
vibration; working face.

ii) operating timescales of the landfill;


12) Odour
iii) the nearest noise-sensitive sites;

iv) conditions/limits imposed under other a) Odour is typically associated with trace
regimes; components in landfill gas, the handling of odorous
wastes and inadequate emplacement and covering of
v) the local noise environment; biodegradable wastes. The management of odour
will include procedures dealing with:
vi) any environmental noise measurement
surveys, modelling or any other noise i) waste materials, such as wastes from
measurements; and TSD Facilities, which have decomposed
significantly prior to landfilling;
vii) any specific local issues and proposals for
improvements. ii) old waste disturbed by digging;

iii) foul smelling wastes;


c) Where there are sensitive receptors present, a
Noise Management Plan must be developed which
iv) agricultural and sewage treatment
provides details on how noise will be managed within
residues;
the site and the measures to be adopted to reduce
those noise impacts.
v) leachate and leachate treatment systems;
and
11) Control of Air-borne Nuisance vi) landfill gas.

a) Measures must be put in place to minimise the b) Procedures must be put in place to maintain:
nuisance arising from the landfill in relation to:
i) information relating to sensitive receptors;

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13) Control of Birds


ii) a description of the types of odorous
substances deposited/disposed of; and a) Procedures must be put in place to deal with the
presence of scavenging birds including one or more
iii) a description of the point, linear or area of the following:
sources of release.
i) flying birds of prey over the site;
c) As part of the Working Plan an Odour
Management Plan must be developed and ii) bird kites mimicking birds of prey;
maintained including:
iii) explosive devices as bird scarers;
i) control measures to prevent or control
odour; iv) scarecrows - fixed or mobile;
ii) demonstration/justification that there will v) amplified recordings or electronic
not be an odour problem under normal representations of bird distress calls
conditions; (species specific); and/or
iii) a description or copy of any conditions or vi) bird corpses or dummies.
limits put in place by the Competent
Agency which relate to the prevention or
minimisation of odour;
14) Control of Other Pests and Vermin
iv) identification of the actions to be taken in
the event of abnormal events or conditions a) The Operator must make use of one or more of the
which might lead to odour, or potential following measures to deal with pest infestation:
odour problems;
i) effective site management involving
v) an understanding of the impact in the prompt emplacement, compaction and
event of abnormal events or conditions; covering of wastes in well-defined cells;

vi) monitoring undertaken; and ii) intermediate capping and prompt capping
of completed areas;
vii) communication with local residents if an
odour problem arises or is likely to arise. iii) ensuring previously employed waste is not
disturbed, exposed or moved;
d) A regular odour impact assessment must be
undertaken by the Operator. The impact assessment iv) regular visits by pest control contractors or
must cover a range of reasonably foreseeable odour fully trained operatives; and/or
generation and receptor exposure scenarios and the
effect of different mitigation options. The Assessment v) inspection and treatment of areas where
must include point sources (for example flares) as rats live, for example sewers, culverts and
well as linear or area sources (tipping faces, cracks in drains.
the cap).
b) Insect infestations commonly arise from waste
e) Special consideration must be given to the which has been awaiting collection for some time.
following to assist in minimising odour problems: Procedures must be put in place to prevent or limit
the acceptance of such wastes. The Operator should
i) sulphate wastes must be disposed of in reduce the risk of infestation by prompt burial of such
cells in which biodegradable waste is not wastes in order to interrupt the reproductive cycle of
accepted; the insect. The potential for insect infestation to
develop should also be considered if engineering
ii) there must be co-ordination between the works require waste to be re-excavated.
gatehouse and Operators at the tipping
face where known odorous wastes are to c) Baboons are a particular problem on some landfill
be deposited; sites within the Kingdom. As well as standard site
management practices such as outlined in paragraph
iii) excavation of waste or removal of cover a) above, trained staff should be provided at all such
(during for example, the installation of gas sites to reduce baboon/ operational staff clashes.
wells, or for other operational needs), may Staff would be required to:
give rise to odours; and
i) survey the site every morning prior to
iv) tipping areas must be kept as small as operations commencing to identify baboon
possible, and waste must be covered as activity;
soon as possible following deposit.
ii) utilise provided equipment to scare
baboons from the site;

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of in a manner appropriate to the type of material


iii) provide operational support throughout the absorbed.
day to keep baboons out of the site during
operational hours. d) A record must be maintained in the site diary of
any spillages so treated.
d) These trained staff should be provided with access
to: e) In the event of a major spillage the site drains must
be sealed off where possible and a specialist
i) explosive devices to scare baboons from contractor brought on site to clear the spillage.
the site;
f) The Competent Agency must be informed of any
ii) long whips which provide a loud noise; major spillage event and a record made in the site
diary.
iii) amplified recordings or electronic
representations of baboon distress calls. g) Spillage kits and other emergency equipment must
be stored in the appropriate areas of the site. The
Competent Agency must be informed of the location
15) Fires and content of this equipment prior to the
commencement of waste treatment operations at the
site.
a) The primary causes of landfill fires are:

i) vandalism and the direct setting of fires on


the site; or 17) Groundwater Protection

ii) poor practice in the management of landfill a) Throughout the filling of the landfill continuous
gas. sample collection and laboratory analysis must be
undertaken with due regard to the provisions in
b) Control measures must be put in place to prevent Appendix 4.
fires including:
b) Groundwater is to be collected from suitably
i) site security to prevent unauthorised installed monitoring positions both up stream and
access; down stream of the landfill. The results of analysis
must be reviewed and interpreted by suitably
ii) prompt emplacement, compaction and qualified staff who can identify whether there are
covering of wastes in well-defined cells; potential negative impacts upon the underlying
groundwater which could indicate a failure in the
iii) prompt capping of completed areas; existing lining systems.

iv) good management of landfill gas and c) Continued regular monitoring must be undertaken
prevention of air ingress into the waste throughout site operations and also post-closure to
and gas extraction and collection systems; ensure that the landfill does not negatively impact
and upon the underlying groundwater resources.

v) waste acceptance procedures should


preclude the acceptance of hot or reactive
wastes. Article VII – Record Keeping

c) All fires must be reported to the Competent 1) Waste Movement Records


Agency and must be extinguished as soon as
possible.
a) A record of the types and quantities (in tonnes) of
wastes received at the site, and wastes/process
products removed from the site must be maintained
16) Control of Leaks and Spillages and kept in the site office.

a) The management of spillages at the landfill must b) A summary of the types and quantities of wastes
be undertaken with due regard to both the hazard deposited at the site and waste residues removed
and the volume. from the site must be provided to the Competent
Agency at an agreed frequency and in an agreed
b) Where spillages of dry wastes occur, these must format.
be cleared by either manual or mechanical means,
for example handpicking, sweeping or shovelling, 2) Records of Significant Events
depending on the size and location of the spillage.
a) The following significant events must be recorded,
c) Minor spillages of liquid must be contained using on site:
spillage kits or any suitable readily available
absorbent material. This material must be disposed

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i) the start and finish of any construction and b) Archived records should be kept by the Site
engineering works undertaken on site; Manager for a period of 12 years following site
closure.
ii) start and finish of waste management
processes carried out on site;

iii) maintenance;
Article VIII – Site Closure and Aftercare
iv) breakdowns;

v) emergencies; 1) Site Closure Plan

vi) problems with waste received and action


a) The Operator is required to develop and maintain
taken;
a Site Closure Plan which will include evidence of the
following:
vii) site inspections;
i) confirmation of the site capping detail
viii) attendance of technically competent
including performance characteristics;
management on site;
ii) detailed information on the leachate and
ix) despatch of records to the Competent
gas collection system and its performance
Agency;
throughout the filling operations. Issues to
be included relate to the proposed end
x) severe weather conditions;
date for completion of leachate and gas
control;
xi) complaints; and
iii) monitoring plan for the site with respect to
xii) pest or vermin incidents.
leachate (and underlying groundwater)
quality and gas production to ascertain
b) The Site Manager or nominated person must
when site completion has been achieved
maintain a record of the above information in the site
(that is, when significant leachate
diary as required.
production has ceased and landfill gas
monitoring indicates low concentrations of
c) The site diary must be kept in the site control office
Methane and Carbon Dioxide over a two
at all times and made available for inspection at all
year period);
reasonable times by any officer of the Competent
Agency.
iv) removal or the flushing out of pipelines
and vessels where appropriate and the
complete emptying of any potentially
3) Format of Records harmful contents;

a) The terms Record, Log Book and Site Diary may v) plans of all underground pipes and
be kept as, but not limited to: vessels;

i) hand generated log; vi) the method and resource necessary for
the clearing of lagoons;
ii) computer generated hard copies;
vii) methods of dismantling buildings and
iii) floppy Disc; and/or other structures; and

iv) on an unalterable disk or similar format. viii) testing of the soil to ascertain the degree
of any pollution caused by the activities
4) Security of Records and the need for any remediation to return
the site to a satisfactory state as defined
by the initial site report.
a) To ensure the security of records they must be
housed in either locked containers or kept in offices
b) The Site Closure Plan must be reviewed at least
that shall be locked when not attended.
once every three years. Other triggers for the review
of the Site Closure Plan would include any proposed
5) Archiving of Records changes to the phasing of the landfill. The Plan
should be kept updated as material changes occur.
a) Copies of all records relating to wastes
movements and product sales must be kept by the
Site Manager for at least 3 years, before archiving.

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2) Monitoring

a) Monitoring plays a vital part in determining the


performance of the landfill against any assumptions
made and the annual reviews must consider the
progress made towards the initial completion criteria.

b) The Operator must review the completion criteria


including the following factors (once every three
years or where significant deviation from the
expected performance is identified):

i) Quality and quantity of leachate


production (both throughout closure and
post-closure of the landfill);

ii) Impact of leachate on the underlying


groundwater quality, taking into account
the parameters outlined in Appendix 4;

iii) Generation, flow and concentration of gas;

iv) Trace composition of the gas;

v) Potential for leachate or gas to be


generated in future;

vi) Physical stability of the waste and


associated structures;

vii) Presence of particular problem wastes


which could present a risk in the future.

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Appendix 1

Pre-Design Report Requirements for Authorisation

The report must describe the design parameters of the (xiv) gas by venting it or by collecting and burning
landfill site and must contain as a minimum details of the or using it, including construction and quality
following: assurance and quality control procedures for
the system components and system
(i) Legal details for ownership of the site installation
(ii) An up to date plan and description of the site (xv) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions
and the area within 500 metres of the site that of the system for collecting, directing and
covers: discharging surface water, including details of
a. all property and property boundaries any sediment control or other features and
b. all buildings, roads and utility corridors including construction, quality assurance and
c. land contours, surface water drainage, quality control procedures for the system
water bodies, rights-of-way and other components and system installation
easements, (xvi) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions
d. forested areas, of monitoring facilities for leachate, ground
e. land uses and land use designations, and water, surface water and, where appropriate,
f. property conditions not otherwise covered landfill gas
in subclauses (a) to (e) (xvii) An assessment of potential noise impacts due
(iii) A plan and description of the waste fill area, to operations at the site and to local trucking
base contours for waste disposal, base related to operations at the site, including an
contours for any leachate collection system, evaluation of any proposed noise control
top contours for waste disposal and top measures
contours with final cover (xviii) An assessment of potential visual impacts on
(iv) Details of the total waste disposal volume nearby properties due to the site and site
(v) A materials balance between the sources of operations
soils, on or off the site, and the uses of soils (xix) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions
on the site of the buffer area and ancillary facilities,
(vi) A full hydrogeological assessment of the including any screening, landscaping, fencing,
suitability of the site for the landfilling of weigh scales, buildings, structures, access
municipal waste or other waste that considers roads, internal roads, holding areas for cover
the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of material, holding areas for rejected waste or
the site, the design of the site and the materials for recycling, and other holding
monitoring and contingency plans areas
(vii) A full geotechnical assessment of the (xx) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions
suitability of the site for the landfilling of of the contaminant attenuation zone, if one is
municipal waste or other waste that considers necessary
bearing capacity, differential settlement and (xxi) An estimate of the contaminating life span of
slope stability during construction, operation the site with respect to contaminants involved
and after closure, and that addresses the in the subsurface migration of landfill gas and
potential effects on any liner or leachate an estimate of the service life of any
collection system engineered facilities associated with the
(viii) A description of the expected quality and subsurface migration of landfill gas
quantity of leachate (xxii) An estimate of the contaminating life span of
(ix) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions the site with respect to contaminants in
of any liner system necessary to control leachate
leachate, including construction and quality (xxiii) An estimate of the service life of every
assurance and quality control procedures for engineered facility associated with leachate
the liner materials and liner system installation (xxiv) Details of any facilities intended to control or
(x) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions change the contaminating life span of the
of any leachate collection, treatment and landfilling site
disposal system necessary to control leachate, (xxv) Contingency plans that can be implemented to
including construction and quality assurance control and dispose of leachate produced in a
and quality control procedures for the system quantity greater than expected or with a quality
components and system installation worse than expected, including specifications
(xi) An assessment of the potential for subsurface and descriptions in sufficient detail to
migration of landfill gas at the site and of any demonstrate the feasibility of the plans
control system necessary for monitoring or (xxvi) Contingency plans that can be implemented to
controlling the migration control and dispose of landfill gas migrating in
(xii) A detailed assessment of the potential impacts the subsurface in a quantity greater than
on surface water features that may be caused expected or with a quality worse than
by the site or operations at the site expected, including specifications and
(xiii) Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions descriptions in sufficient detail to demonstrate
of any system necessary for controlling landfill the feasibility of the plans

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KSA Presidency of Meteorology and Environment PME Reference

(xxvii) A description of the source, nature and quality


of daily cover, including, with respect to
material not normally used for daily cover, a
discussion of its benefits and limitations, a
description of quality assurance and quality
control procedures for daily cover and a
description of application rates and application
procedures for daily cover, including the
frequency and timing of application of daily
cover if other than at the end of each working
day
(xxviii) A description of the nature, quality and
quantity of final cover, including construction
details and quality assurance and quality
control procedures for the materials to be used
and their installation
(xxix) A site closure plan, including details of the
proposed end use of the site, the appearance
of the site after closure, revegetation,
landscaping, the construction of new facilities,
and the removal of existing facilities to
facilitate closure, post-closure care and site
end use
(xxx) A summary of the main characteristics of the
landfilling site, including the maximum daily
quantity of waste that will be accepted for
disposal, the estimated annual average
quantity of waste that will be accepted for
disposal, the area of the landfilling site, the
area of the waste fill area, the total waste
disposal volume, the estimated waste disposal
capacity in tonnes, any subcategories of
municipal waste that are not expected to be
received or that will not be accepted for
disposal, and the estimated date of site
closure.

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Appendix 2

Environmental Assessment Requirements


c. stormwater diversion banks and/or cut-off
drains and storage dams
An environmental assessment of the site proposed for
d. fire-fighting equipment and water supply
landfill is required to gain a thorough understanding of the
e. wheel washes.
existing environment at the site in order to develop a sound
(iv) Landfill gas and odour control, including:
landfill design. This assessment must examine the impact of
a. availability of cover material onsite
the proposed landfill on the air, groundwater, surface water
b. anticipated volume and rate of landfill gas
and noise environments, and should be based on at least
generation
two to three years of data.
c. potential users of landfill gas
d. impacts of landfill gas on greenhouse gas
If, following an environmental assessment, the site is
emissions
identified as unsuitable for a landfill, the proposal should not
e. risk posed by migration of gas.
proceed any further. For the purposes of siting a landfill
site, an environmental assessment should contain:

(i) Meteorological data, including monthly rainfall,


monthly evaporation, seasonal wind strength
and direction
(ii) Hydrogeological assessment in accordance
with EPA Publication Hydrogeological
Assessments (Groundwater Quality), which
includes:
a. local and regional geology
b. spatial distribution of groundwater (local
and regional if watertable is artificially
depressed)
c. depth to groundwater (current and after
any rebound if the watertable is artificially
depressed) and watertable elevation
(mAHD)
d. groundwater gradient and flow direction
e. description of groundwater interaction with
f. local surface waters
g. aquifer physical properties:
i. permeability
ii. aquifer thickness
iii. saturated thickness
iv. porosity.
h. aquifer chemical properties:
i. mineralogy
ii. cation exchange and sorption
capacity.
i. groundwater quality (local and regional if
aquifer is likely to have been impacted on
by previous activities)
j. beneficial uses of groundwater to be
protected
k. groundwater use in the surrounding area
l. predicted extent and degree of impacts on
groundwater quality during and after the
landfill operation
m. verification that beneficial uses are not
adversely impacted at the site, or at the
boundary of an attenuation zone where
designated.
(iii) Water Management, including:
a. water balance for the site and estimated
volume of leachate to be generated
b. leachate collection, storage facilities,
treatment and disposal

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Appendix 3

Properties of Different Geomembrane Types

HDPE High density polyethylene


LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
EPDM Ethylene propylene diene monomer
EIA-R Ethylene Interpolymer Alloy – Reinforced
CSPE-R Chlorosulphonated polyethylene – Reinforced
FPP Flexible polypropylene

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Appendix 4

Dangerous Substances and Groundwater Quality

LIST I OF FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES

List I contains the individual substances which belong to the families and groups of substances enumerated below, with the
exception of those which are considered inappropriate to List I on the basis of a low risk of toxicity, persistence and
bioaccumulation. Such substances which with regard to toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation are appropriate to List II are
to be classed in List II.

1. Organohalogen compounds and substances that may form such compounds in the aquatic environment
2. Organophosphorus compounds
3. Organotin compounds
4. Substances which possess carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties in or via the aquatic environment. Where
certain substances in List II below are carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic, they are included in category 4 of this List.
5. Mercury and its compounds
6. Cadmium and its compounds
7. Mineral oils and hydrocarbons
8. Cyanides

LIST II OF FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES

List II contains the individual substances and the categories of substances belonging to the families and groups of substances
listed below which could have a harmful effect on groundwater.

1. The following metalloids and metals and their compounds:

Zinc Selenium Tin Vanadium


Copper Arsenic Barium Cobalt
Nickel Antimony Beryllium Thallium
Chromium Molybdenum Boron Tellurium
Lead Titanium Uranium Silver

2. Biocides and their derivatives not appearing in List I.


3. Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or odour of groundwater, and compounds liable to cause the
formation of such substances in such water and to render it unfit for human consumption.
4. Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon, and substances which may cause the formation of such compounds in
water, excluding those which are biologically harmless or are rapidly converted in water into harmless substances.
5. Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elemental phosphorus.
6. Fluorides.
7. Ammonia and nitrites.

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