THE ARABIC ALPHABET

‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا ب ت ث‬

ْ َ
‫دال‬ ‫د‬ ‫َﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺧـ‬ ‫َﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣـ‬ ۬ ْ ‫ﺟﻴ‬
ِْ ‫ﺟـ‬ ‫َﺛﺎ‬ ‫ﺛـ‬ ‫َﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـ‬ ‫َﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ا َﻟ ِﻒ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا َ ْد‬ ‫ـﺨـ‬ ‫ـﺤـ‬ ‫ـﺠـ‬ ‫ا َ ْث‬ ‫ـﺜـ‬ ‫ا َ ْت‬ ‫ـﺘـ‬ ‫ا َ ْب‬ ‫ـﺒـ‬ ‫ا َ ْب‬
Daal ‫ـﺪ‬ Khaa ‫ـﺦ‬ Haa ‫ـﺢ‬ Jeem ‫ـﺞ‬ Thaa ‫ـﺚ‬ Taa ‫ـﺖ‬ Baa ‫ـﺐ‬ Alif ‫ـﺎ‬

‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬

‫َﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﻃـ‬ ْ َ ‫ﺿـ‬
‫ﺿﺎد‬ ْ
‫ﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺻـ‬ ْْ ِ
‫ﺷﲔ‬ ‫ﺷـ‬ ْْ ِ
‫ﺳﲔ‬ ‫ﺳـ‬ ‫زا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ْ
‫ذال‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ا َ ْط‬ ‫ـﻄـ‬ ‫ـﻀـ ا َ ْض‬ ‫ا َ ْص‬ ‫ـﺼـ‬ ‫ا َ ْش‬ ‫ـﺸـ‬ ‫ا َ ْس‬ ‫ـﺴـ‬ ‫ا َ ْز‬ ‫ا َ ْر‬ ‫ا َ ْذ‬
Taa ‫ـﻂ‬ Dhaad ‫ـﺾ‬ Saad ‫ـﺺ‬ Sheen ‫ﺷـ‬ Seen ‫ـﺲ‬ Zaa ‫ـﺰ‬ Raa ‫ـﺮ‬ Zhaal ‫ـﺬ‬

‫ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م‬
۬ ْ ‫ﻣﻴ‬
ِْ ‫ﻣـ‬ ْ َ
‫ۈم‬ ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻛـ ﻛ ْ۬ف‬ ْ َ
‫ﻗﺎف‬ ‫ﻗـ‬ ‫َﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻓـ‬ َْْ
‫ﻏﲔ‬ ‫ﻏـ‬ َْْ
‫ﻋﲔ‬ ‫ﻋـ‬ ‫َﻇﺎ‬ ‫ﻇـ‬
‫ا َ ْم‬ ‫ـﻤـ‬ ‫ا َ ْل‬ ‫ـﻠـ‬ ‫ـﻜـ ا َ ْك‬ ‫ا َ ْق‬ ‫ـﻘـ‬ ‫ا َ ْف‬ ‫ـﻔـ‬ ‫ـﻐـ‬ ‫ـﻌـ‬ ‫ا َ ْظ‬ ‫ـﻈـ‬
Meem ‫ـﻢ‬ Laam ‫ـﻞ‬ Kaaf ‫ـﻚ‬ Qaaf ‫ـﻖ‬ Faa ‫ـﻒ‬ Ghain ‫ـﻎ‬ Ain ‫ـﻊ‬ Zhaa ‫ﻇـ‬

‫ﻩ؀ ء ي‬/ ‫ن و ه‬
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـ‬ ْ َ ْ ‫َﻫ‬
‫۬ﺰة‬ ٕ‫أ ا‬ ‫َﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ ‫َو ْاو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻧـ‬
‫ا َ ْي‬ ‫ـﻴـ‬ ‫ئ ؤ ا َ ْء‬ ‫ا َ ْه‬ ‫ـﻬـ‬ ‫ا َ ْو‬ ‫ا َ ْن‬ ‫ـﻨـ‬
Yaa
‫ـﻲ‬ Hamza ‫ء‬ Haa ‫ـﻪ‬ Waw ‫ـﻮ‬ Noon ‫ـﻦ‬

The Vowel Signs

Long Vowel Signs Short Vowel Signs

‫ًۉ‬ ‫َۉ‬
Extended Madd - Extends the corresponding vowel Tanween Harakaat
‫َۉ ا‬ ‫ٰۉ‬ ‫ُۉ‬
Fathah (Zabar)
‫ٌۉ‬
Fathatain (Do Zabar)

‫ َۉ ى‬Fathah Alif Maqsura / ‫ ٰۉ‬Fathah Muqaddarah

Fathah Alif / Fathah Muqaddarah (Khara Zabar)

‫ٍۉ‬ ‫ِۉ‬
Dhammatain (Do Pesh) Dhammah (Pesh)

‫ ُۉ ْو‬Dhamma Waw / ‫ ٗۉ‬Dhammah Muqaddarah (Ulta Pesh) Kasratain (Do Zer) Kasrah (Zer)

‫ ِۉ ْي‬Kasra Yaa / ‫ٖۉ‬ Kasra Muqaddarah (Khara Zer)

‫ ّۉ‬with a
‫ﱠۉ‬
Denotes a absence
‫ۉ‬
Tashdeed
‫ْۉ‬ of a vowel

‫ﱡۉ‬ ‫ﱞۉ‬
Fathah Fathatain Saakin (Jazm)
Elongated Madd - Elongates the corresponding vowel
‫ﱢۉ‬ ‫ﱟۉ‬
Dhammah Dhammatain
Madd-e-Munfassil Denotes a Doubling
‫ﱣۉ‬ ‫ّۉ‬
Kasrah Kasratain
of a Letter
Madd-e-Muttaassil & Madd-e-Laazim Fathah Muqaddarah Tashdeed
 Alternate Form of Letters
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ة ڪ‬ ‫ى‬ ٔ
‫ا إ و ئ‬ٔ
Yeh Heh Swash Taa Alif Yaa Waw Alif

‫؀ﺝ ﺡ؀ ﺥ؀ ﺭ؀ ؀‬
‫ﺯ ﻉ؀ ﻍ؀ ﻡ؀‬
Baree Goal Kaf Marbuta Maksurah Hamza Hamza Hamza

Meem Ghain Ain Zaa Raa Khaa Haa Jeem

Common Ligatures
‫؀‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ا‬+‫ل‬ ۬‫ا ﱣ‬ ‫ه‬+‫ل‬+‫ل‬+‫ا‬
‫ﰻ؀‬ ۬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬+‫ك‬ ‫ﰷ‬ ‫ﻛ؀‬ ‫ا‬+‫ك‬
‫ﰲ‬ ۬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ي‬+‫ف‬  ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ا‬+‫ل‬+‫ك‬
 ◌۬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ے‬+‫ف‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ۬‫ﻓﯽ‬ ‫ى‬+‫ف‬
‫ ـﱲ‬/ ‫ﰎ‬ ۬‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬+‫ت‬ ‫ﳉ ـ‬/‫ﰿ‬ ۬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ج‬+‫ل‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ﺑ ۬ ؀‬ ‫ج‬+‫ح‬+‫ب‬ ‫ ـﲓ‬/ ‫ﱘ‬ ۬‫ﻳ‬ ‫م‬+‫ي‬
‫ ﳔـ‬/ ‫ﱍ‬ ۬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫خ‬+‫ن‬ ‫ﲝـ‬/‫ﰆ‬ ۬‫ﺑ ؀‬ ‫ح‬+‫ب‬
‫ﲨﺎ‬/ ‫ﰖ‬ ۬‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬+‫ج‬ ‫ﳚـ‬/ ‫ﱕ‬ ۬‫ﻳ ؀‬ ‫ج‬+‫ي‬
 ۬۬‫ﻧ‬ ‫م‬+‫ه‬+‫ن‬  ۬۬‫ﺑ‬ ‫م‬+‫ﻩ؀‬+‫ب‬
‫ﲪ‬ ۬ ۬ ‫ا ﺣ ۬ﻴ‬+‫م‬+‫ي‬+‫م‬+‫ح‬ ‫ﲧﲌ‬ ۬ ‫م ﺟ ۬ﻨ‬+‫ن‬+‫ح‬+‫ج‬
Compiled By: Nurul Huda Publications Free Download Web Page: https//archive.org/details/@noorahsa
References: Back to Basics - Qari Basheer Patel Key to Tajweed - Mujlisul Ulema of South Africa Nooraani
Qaaidah Tajweed Made Easy - Madrasah Arabia Islamia Tajweed for Beginners - Qari Ismail Essack
 Summarised Tajweed Rules
The Arabic Alphabet

As-Sifaat Vowel Signs Rules of Alif Rules of Stopping Makhaarij

Aaridah Lazimah Punctation ٰ ٔ

‫اﻗﺼﯽ۬ اﳊﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻮف‬
Marks Lowest portion of Pronounced from
the throat closest the empty space
Without With
‫ﻡ؀‬ ‫ا ٔ ﻩ؀‬
Rules for letters following to the chest inside the mouth

‫ٌۉ ٍۉ ًۉ ْن‬
a Noon Saakin & Tanween
Opposites Opposites
Compulsory
َ ََْ
‫ﻗﻠﻘﻠﺔ‬ Stop ٰ ٔ
‫ادﱏ اﳊﻠﻖ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ اﳊﻠﻖ‬
‫ا ْٕﻇﻬﺎر‬
Safeer Hams
Uppermost portion Middle portion
To read the letter Jahr
‫ط۝‬
No Ghunna if followed by of the throat of the throat
any of the throat letters
‫ء هعحغ خ‬
so that an echoing
sound emanates
Inhiraaf ‫غخ‬ ‫عح‬
Shiddah Required
When a saakin Bayyinah
َ ‫ا‬ appears on the
Takreer Stop
ّ ِ ۬‫اﻗﺼﯽ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ٰ ٔ ّ ِ ۬‫اﻗﺼﯽ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ٰ ٔ
‫ٕدﻏﺎم‬ Rikhwah
Assimilate With Ghunna if
followed by these letters
following letters,
‫قطبجد‬ Tafasshi ‫ق‬ ‫ج‬ When the extreme
back of the tongue
touches the (bony)
When the extreme
back of the tongue
touches the (soft)
‫ين م و‬ It will be read with
Isti’la
Continue
palate
‫ك‬ ‫ق‬
palate

Assimilate Without Ghunna Istitaalah Istifaal or Stop

Qalqala
if followed by these letters
‫رل‬ ّ ِ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬
ْ ّ ِ ‫َﺣ ْ ُ۬ف‬ ٝ
Itbaq
‫اﻟﻠﲔ‬ When the back edge then When the centre of
If above letters are in 1
word No Ghunna will apply Infitah Valid
side of the tongue touches
the roots of the top molars
the tongue enters
the recess of the

‫ض‬ ‫جشى‬
and premolars upper palate

‫ْي‬ ‫ْو‬
When a fatha precedes a Pause
‫ا ٕﻗ� ب‬ or Idhlaq
ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫ز ؞ۈ‬
Change the Noon Saakin or
they are called Letters of Leen Ismaat
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬
‫ٌۉ ٍۉ ًۉ ْن ْم‬
Tanween into a Meem Saakin

‫ﻏﻨﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟ ّ۬ﺪ اﻻﺻﲆ‬/ ‫َﺣ ْ ُ۬ف اﻟْ َ ّ۬ﺪ‬

When the front edge of When the front edge of
the tongue meets the gums the tongue meets the gums
With Ghunna (duration 1 Continue of the eight top front teeth

‫ ا‬before which there is a ‫َۉ‬

of the six top teeth
‫ب‬
Alif) when followed by (right to left premolars)
Pronounced from
‫ل‬
(right to left canines)

‫ن‬
‫ّن & ّم‬ ‫ ْو‬before which there is a ‫ُۉ‬
the Nasal Cavity
‫ا ٕﺧﻔﺎء‬ ‫ۥۥ‬
‫ ْى‬before which there is a ‫ِۉ‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
Stop at one
With Ghunna (duration 1 Will be Read
only. Either
the1st or 2nd
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬
Alif) when followed by but not both When the tip of When the front edge
the following letters With Ghunnah These are known as the Letters the tongue touches of the tongue meets the

‫تثجدذزسش‬
‫ص‬
the roots of the two gums of the four top
(duration 1 Alif) of Madd - (Duration 1 Alif Only) top front two teeth
‫تدط‬ ‫ر‬
front four teeth

‫ص ضط ظ ف ق ك‬
َ
When a ◌ Alif    ‫ ا‬ takes on a Harakah   ‫ۉ‬ ‫ ِ ۉ ُۉ‬
it changes into a Hamza  
Suggested ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬
‫ا ٔ ا ٕ   ٔو ئ‬
Pause
‫ْم‬
Rules for letters following
The then act as carriers for the When the tip of the When the tip of the
a Meem Saakin tongue touches the tongue touches the
Hamza   edge of the two top edge of the two

ٛ؋ ‫زسص‬
and bottom front teeth top front teeth

َ ‫ا‬
‫ٕدﻏﺎم ﺷﻔﻮى‬ ّ  ‫ۉ‬
ٓ ‫اﳌﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﳷ‬ ۤ
‫ثذظ‬
‫ۉ‬ Stop Sound
Assimilate the Meem Duration 1 to 5 Alif’s
Not Breath
‫ﺧﯿﺸﻮم‬ ّ ِ ۬‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬
Saakin into the Meem During your recitation be consistent in the duration

‫ك‬
that follows it With Pronounced When the bottom
that you have decided on for each of the Madds lip touches the
Ghunna (duration 1 Alif) from the two top front

ۤ ‫اﻟ ّ۬ﺪ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ّ ‫اﻟ ّ۬ﺪ‬

Nasal Cavity
ٓ ‫اﳌﺘﺼﻞ‬
teeth
َ ‫ا‬ ‫ۉ‬ ‫ۉ‬ Preceding
‫ﻏﻨﺔ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ٕﺧﻔﺎء ﺷﻔﻮى‬ A Harf-e-Madd followed A Harf-e-Madd followed Rule
With Ghunna (duration by a Hamzah ( ) in the by a Hamzah ( ) in the
‫ﺷﻔﺘﺎن‬
‫ب‬
1 Alif) when followed
by the letter
Next Word
Duration 3 Alif’s
Same Word
Duration 3 Alif’s Initiation ‫ب&م‬ ‫و‬
& Stopping The lips close completely The lips close at the

‫اﻟ ّ۬ﺪ اﻟﻌﺎرض اﻟﻮﻗﱼ‬ ٓ ‫اﻟ ّ۬ﺪ اﻟ�زم‬

‫ۉ‬
side rounding the lips

‫ا ٕﻇﻬﺎر ﺷﻔﻮى‬
No Ghunna if followed by
A Harf-e-Madd followed
by a Saakin ( ) which is
A Harf-e-Madd followed
by a Saakin ( ) in one word If there appears ‫ ٍۉ ٌۉ ِۉ ُۉ َۉ‬on the
‫بم‬
any other letter, besides
caused by Stopping or a Tashdeed ( ) last letter of a word before a stop, then that
Duration 1,3 or 5 Alif’s Duration 5 Alif’s letter will be recited with a ‫ۉ‬ ْ
Sun Letters - ‫ْ ُ۬ﺲ‬ ‫ا  َ ﱠ‬
‫ ﻟﺸ‬ If there appears ‫ۉ‬ ً ‫ ٰۉ‬on the last letter of a word
The Rules of ‫ار‬ before a stop, then that letter will be recited with a ‫◌ا‬
For the following letters the Laam
becomes silent and is joined with The Word ‫ﱣ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ ُۉ َۉ‬or
Full mouth when it has If the letter is a ‫ۉ‬ّ the same rules as above apply,
the Alif or the letter preceding it ‫ْۉ‬
is and preceded by ‫ُۉ َۉ‬
‫تثدذرزس‬
Recite with full mouth
if preceded by ‫ُۉ َۉ‬
it will be prolonged between 1½ and 2 of itself
Empty mouth when it has ‫ۉ‬ ِ or If the last letter is a Taa Marbuta ‫ ة‬when
‫شص ضط ظ ل ن‬ is ‫ ْۉ‬and preceded by ‫ۉ‬ ِ
Recite with empty mouth
if preceded by stopping, it is recited as a ‫ه‬