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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

UNIT TEST I
​ ERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VII SEMESTER – ​B.E A
ME6014 / COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Date: Time: 95 min Max Marks: 60

Answer ALL Questions [Part A - 9x2=18 Marks]

Write down the working steps that carried out by the solver in any CFD Code.

✓ Integration of the governing equations of fluid flow over all

1.1 the (finite) control volumes of the domain
✓ Discretisation – conversion of the resulting integral
equations into a system of algebraic equations
✓ Solution of algebraic equations by an iterative method
Name four data visualization tools that carried out in Post Processor of CFD Software.

✓ Domain geometry and grid display

✓ Vector plots
✓ Line and shaded contour plots
1.2
✓ 2D and 3D surface plots
✓ Particle tracking
✓ View manipulation (translation, rotation, scaling etc.)
✓ Color PostScript output

Write down the Governing equation for mass conservation.

1.3

Write down the steps to carry out in order to derive governing equations of the flow.

(1) Choose the appropriate fundamental physical principles from the laws of
physics, such as
(a) Mass is conserved.
1.4
(b) F = ma (Newton’s 2nd Law).
(c) Energy is conserved.
(2) Apply these physical principles to a suitable model of the flow.
(3) From this application, extract the mathematical equations which embody such
physical principles.
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What is substantial derivative. Write its equation.

1.5

Sum of the local derivative and Convective derivative.

How Reynolds stresses came into existence while deriving RANS equations ?

The turbulent flows are governed by the Navier-Stoke (N-S) equations. In the approach called
“Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)” the three-dimensional time dependent N-S equations are
solved using a very fine grid. In another approach, the flow variables are expressed as sum of the
1.6
time averaged value plus the fluctuating part e.g. U = U+u , V = V + u etc. This is known as
Reynolds decomposition. These are substituted in the N-S equations and time average is taken.
The resulting equations involve unknown correlation. Models of turbulence are needed to make
the equations a closed set. These unknown correlation results in the form of Reynolds Stresses.

What's the difference between Conservative form of governing equations and non conservative
form of the governing equations ?.

Total Derivative ( Substantial Derivative) terms in the LHS of the governing equations results the
non conservation form derived from the assumption that the Fluid model is moving with the
1.7 flow.

Using vector method of analysis , Substantial derivative terms can be converted into simple p.d.e
‘s which are Conservation form of the governing equations.

RHS of the governing equations remaining the same.

What is Bulk Viscosity Coefficient and how it related to Dynamic Viscosity coefficient ?

λ = −2/ 3 μ
1.8
where μ is the molecular viscosity coefficient and λ is the bulk viscosity coefficient. Stokes made
the hypothesis that
What are Eddies ?

Eddy, fluid current whose flow direction differs from that of the general flow; the motion of the
whole fluid is the net result of the movements of the eddies that compose it. Eddies can transfer
much more energy and dissolved matter within the fluid than can molecular diffusion in non
1.9 turbulent flow because eddies actually mix together large masses of fluid. Flow composed
largely of eddies is called turbulent; eddies generally become more numerous as the fluid flow
velocity increases. Energy is constantly transferred from large to small eddies until it is
dissipated. (See fluid mechanics.)
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[Part B – 2x12=24 Marks] Question No.1.10 is Compulsory

1.10 Deduce the Conservation form of the Momentum Equation by considering necessary
approximations with neat sketch.

Refere 2.6 Anderson Jr Computational Fluid Dynamics

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1.11 a) Explain about the domain and boundaries for the solution of Parabolic form of the
PDEs with two examples.

Refer 3.4.2 Anderson Jr Computational Fluid Dynamics

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[Part A – 3x2=6 Marks]

Write down Taylor's Series of Expansion for any function f(x) with small interval length △x
2.1
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Define Discretization Error?

The difference between the exact analytical solution of the partial differential equation and the
2.2
exact solution of the corresponding difference equation. Discretization error for the difference is
simply the truncation error for the difference equation plus any errors introduced by the
numerical treatment of the boundary condition.
Write One Dimensional conduction equation with heat generation.

2.3

y=0 and z=0;

​[Part B – 1x12=12 Marks]

2.4 a) Consider a problem of source free heat condition in an insulated rod whose ends are
maintained at constant temperatures of 200​0​C and 700​0​C respectively. Calculate the
steady state temperature distribution in the rod using finite volume method by dividing
rod into 5 equal control volumes. Length of the rod is 0.5 m and k = 1000 W/mK and
A = 10x10​-3​ m​2
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At Nodes 2,3,4

Node 1

Node 5

The resulting set of algebraic equations for this example is

300T 1 = 100T 2 + 200T A
200T 2 = 100T 1 + 100T 3
200T 3 = 100T 2 + 100T 4
200T 4 = 100T 3 + 100T 5
300T 5 = 100T 4 + 200T B
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Node a ​W​ a ​E​ S ​u ​ S ​P ​ a ​P​ = a ​W​ + a ​E​ − S ​P

1 0 100 200T A −200 300
2 100 100 0 0 200
3 100 100 0 0 200
4 100 100 0 0 200
5 100 0 200T B −200 300

T​A​ = 200 0​​ C T​B​ = 700 0​​ C

T​1 250 0​​ C

T​2 350 0​​ C

T​3 450 0​​ C

T​4 550 0​​ C

T​5 650 0​​ C

Note : Method of Solution also carries Marks.