Anatomy 1

Anatomy of Motion
Dr. Quijano 10 Aug 2016
Bermejo, Trisha. Koh, Moses. Tan, Spencer

o Separates dorsal (back/posterior) to ventral

Content Outline (front/anterior) sides
I. Anatomicomedical Terminology
 Transverse / Horizontal
A. Anatomical Position o Divides body between superior (cranial) and
B. Planes inferior (caudal)
C. Laterality o Also known as axial plane
D. Relationships
E. Movements
i. Types of Movement
II. Functional Parts of the Skeletal System
A. Classification of Bones
B. Surface features (Markings) of Bones
C. Classification of Joints
D. Blood and Never Supply of Joints
III. Aging on Skeletal System
IV. Coordinate Action of Muscle Group
V. General Anatomy of Muscles
A. Classification and Naming of Muscle

ANATOMICOMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
 Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical
Terminology (1998)
o TA : both in Latin & English
 Eponyms : (from names ) not used ordinarily; but LATERALITY
used in clinical setting  Bilateral
ANATOMICAL POSITION o Pairs
o Seen on both sides
 Stand erect and facing ( eyes ) forward
o Paired Organs – Kidneys
 lower limbs close together w/ the feet parallel
 Unilateral
 Arms at sides with palms forward
o Single with no pair
o Spleen
 Ipsilateral
o Seen on the same side of another structure
 Contralateral
o Seen on the opposite side of another structure
 Right
 Left
RELATIONSHIPS

ANATOMICAL PLANES
 Median
o Vertical line passing longitudinally
o Traverses the midline
o Separates the left and right sides
o For hands: Crosses at the 3rd digit
 Sagittal
o Called the parasagittal plane when it is very
near the median plane
o Parallel to the median plane MOVEMENTS
 Frontal / Coronal  Movement of body part
o Forms a right angle to the median plane o defined in relationship to anatomical position
o occurs around axes
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o aligned with planes

o terms in pairs of opposing movements
Types of Movement
Ordinary Movements
 Flexion-Extension
o Flexion – decreases joint angle
o Extension – increases joint angle
o Occurs at sagittal plane on a transverse axis
 Adduction-Abduction
o Adduction – movement toward midline
o Abduction – movement away from midline
o Occurs around frontal plane on a antero-posterior
axis  Finger Abduction-Adduction
 Rotation o Reference is the 3rd digit (middle finger) or 2nd
nd
o Medial (internal) – anterior surface of limb moves digit (2 toe)
closer to midline
o Lateral (external) – moves away from midline
 Circumduction
o Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and
adduction
Special Movements
 Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion
o Dorsiflexion – Heel toward the ground
o Plantarflexion – Toes toward ground

 Thumb Abduction-Adduction/Flexion-Extension
o Abduction-adduction – occur in sagittal
o Flexion-extension – occur in frontal

 Pronation-Supination
o Occurs in the radio-ulnar joint

 Protrusion-Retrusion
o Movement of jaw

 Eversion-Inversion
o Eversion – sole away from midline
o Inversion – sole towards midline

 Protraction-Retraction
o Motion of the scapula, clavicle

 Opposition-Reposition
o Opposition – thumb pads come into contact with
the pads of the 4 other digits
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 Elevation-Depression SURFACE FEATURES (MARKINGS) OF BONES

Articulations
Term Description (example)
Condyle rounded knob that articulates with another bone
(Occipital condyles of the skull)
Facet Smooth,flat, slightly concave or convex articular
surface (Articular facets of the vertebrae)
Head Prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes
rounded (Head of a femur)
Extensions and Projections
Term Description (example)
Crest A narrow ridge (Iliac crest of the pelvis)
 Lateral Trunk Bending and Rotation Epicondyle Projection superior to a condyle (Medial
epicondyle of the femur)
Line Slightly raised, elongated ridge (Nuchal Lines
of Skull)
Process Any bone prominence (Mastoid Process)
Protuberance Bony outgrowth (Mental protuberance of the
Chin)
Spine Sharp, Slender or narrow process (Spine of
Scapula)
Trochanter Massive process unique to the femur
FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Tubercle Small, rounded process (Greater tubercle of
humerus)
 Axial (Central supporting axis) = 80 Tuberosity Rough surface (Tibial Tuberosity)
o Skull= 22 + 6
o Vertebral column= 26 Depressions
o Thoracic cage= 25 Term Description (example)
o Hyoid= 1 Alveolus Pit or Socket (Tooth socket)
 Appendicular (Bones of extremities) – remaining 126 Fossa Shallow, broad or elongated basin (Mandibular
bones fossa)
o Pectoral Girdle= 4 Fovea Small pit (Fovea Capitis)
o Pelvic Girdle= 2 Sulcus Groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vessel
o Attached limbs (Intertubecular sulcus of the humerus)
 Upper= 60
 Lower= 60 Passages
Term Description (example)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (BASED ON SHAPE) Canal Tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (Condylar
Long Bones canal of the skull)
 Length> Width Fissure Slit through a bone, usually round (Orbital
 has Epiphysis and Diaphysis fissures behind the eye)
 Tubular in shape Foramen Hole through bone (Foramen Magnum)
 Has axis Meatus Opening into a canal (Acoustic Meatus of the
ear)
 Ex. Humerus and Femur
Short Bones CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
 Cuboidal in shape Firbous Joints
 Has no axis Cartilaganous Joints
 Ex. Carpals  Primary/ Synchondrosis
Flat bones  Secondary / Symphysis
 Diploe (Spongy bone) Syniovial Joints
 Ex. Scapula, Skull and Sternum  Synovial cavity
Irregular Bones  Synovial Fluid
 Have different shapes o Viscours and slippery; “raw egg white”
 Ex. Vertebrae o Rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
Sesamoid o Nourishes articular cartilage
 Bone developed in a tendon o Removes wastes
 Ex. Patella o Lubricant for joint surfaces
 Parts of synovial joint
Notes: o Fibrous capsule- lined by serous synovial
 Phalanges are considered to be a long bone membrane
since it has an axis, epiphysis and diaphysis o Joint cavity- space containing synovial fluid from
synovial membrane
o Articular cartilages
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o Meniscus- fibrocartilaginous articular disc; CLASSIFICATION AND NAMING OF MUSCLES

absorbs shock pressure; guides bones across
each other and lessens chance of dislocation;
distributes force across entire joint
o Accessory structures- tendon, ligament, bursa,
tendon sheaths
 Types of synovial joint
o Plane- synovial joint that allows only sliding or
gliding movements.
o Hinge- joint wherein the slightly-rounded end of
one bone fits into a slightly hollow end of another
bone
o Saddle- includes concave and convex portions
that fit together and allow angular movement.
o Condyloid- joint wherein an ovoid articular
surface a bone fits in an ovoid hollow of another
bone; permits angular movement along two axes
o Ball and Socket- consists of a rounded end of
one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another
bone; permits the movement of the distal bone
around an indefinite number of axes which have
one common center
o Pivot- joint wherein the axis of a convex articular
surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the
bone
BLOOD AND NERVER SUPPLY OF JOINTS
 Numerous articular branches from surrounding
arteries and anastomosis from synovial layer form a
fine network of blood vessels
 Joints have a rich nerve supply
o Fibrous capsule & Ligament have abundant
sensory nerves
o Stretch receptors- Joint position sense Naming of Muscles
o Articular cartilages have a fewer source of nerves 1. Direction of muscle fibers
2. Relative size of the muscle
AGING ON SKELETAL SYSTEM 3. Location of the muscle
 ↓ collagen productions vs. mineral content = more 4. Number of origins
brittle bone 5. Location of muscle’s origin and insertion
6. Shape of the muscle
 ↓ bone mass = fracture
 Ligaments & tendons shorten and become less 7. Action of the muscle
flexible = ↓ in range of motion.
REFERENCES
 Wearing down of articular cartilages of joints & ↓ in
production of the lubricating synovial fluid = arthritis Lecture
COORDINATED ACTION OF MUSCLE GROUP
 Prime Mover (Agonist)- muscle with major
responsibility for certain movement.
 Antagonist- muscle that opposes or reverses a prime
move
 Synergist- muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement and helps prevent rotation
 Fixator- stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
GENERAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
 Origin (head)
 Insertion
 Thicker Belly