Vivekananda Kendra

Vidyalaya, Itanagar

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT REPORT

Topic: Eye Disorders in Children

and Adolescents.

Submitted by:
Diya Choudhury
Class: XII-Science
Roll no. : 09
BON
AFID
E This is to certify that Diya Choudhury, a
student of class XII (sci.) has successfully
CERT
completed the research on the project titled
“Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents”

IFICA
under the guidance of Mr. Prasanta Puzari
(Subject Teacher) during the year 2015-16 in
partial fulfillment of physics practical
TE examination conducted by AISSCE.

Signature of Prasanta Puzari S.C Dixit

External Examiner (Biology Teacher) (Principal)
 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my Biology teacher Mr.
Prasanta Puzari, whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the completion
of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project. Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
SL. Table of Content
No. PAGE No.

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Methodology

4. Data Collection

5. Data analysis

6. Treatment

7. Conclusion

8. Bibliography

INDEX
 ABSTRACT

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the

surrounding environment by processing information that
is contained in visible light. The resulting perception is
also known as eyesight, sight, or vision.
Eyes are the organs of vision. They detect light and
convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons.
Eyes can be prone to many diseases and disorders.
This project is focused on eye disorders: how it is caused,
why it is caused, how to prevent/treat it are inscribed
here.
In addition, a survey was taken among 50 students, each
having an eye disorder. The data and other features are
attached to the report as well.
 INTRODUCTION
EYE

 The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity

(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.
 The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the
sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
 The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible
as the "white" of the eye. In the center of the visible sclera and
projecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the
 surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts
as the window of the eye.
 A delicate membrane, the conjunctiva, covers the visible portion of
the sclera.
 Underneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,
composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the
tissues.

 Near the center of the visible portion of the eye, the choroid layer
forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change
the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).

 The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that
regulates the size of the pupil.

 The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of the
choroid layer, usually brown or blue, is visible because it is not
covered by the sclera.

 The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated
and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the
amount of light that enters the eye.

 Behind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid
body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost
layer of tissue.

 The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,
and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve
as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. Unlike the two
outer layers of the eye, the retina does not extend to the front of the
eyeball.
  Between the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small
spaces filled with aqueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.

 The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the
eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a jellylike substance.

SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS

 Myopia (Nearsightedness)

Nearsighted
individuals typically
have problems seeing
well at a distance and
are forced to wear
glasses or contact
lenses. The
nearsighted eye is
usually longer than a
normal eye, and its
cornea may also be
steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is
focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear
blurred.

 Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
 Farsighted individuals typically
develop problems reading up
close. The farsighted eye is
usually slightly shorter than a
normal eye and may have a
flatter cornea. Thus, the light of
distant objects focuses behind
the retina unless the natural lens
can compensate fully. Near
objects require even greater
focusing power to be seen clearly and therefore, blur
more easily.

  Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is a condition in
which the tissue that lines the
eyelids and covers the cornea
becomes inflamed. It is
sometimes called "pink eye" or
"red eye." It can cause redness,
itching, burning, tearing,
discharge, or a feeling of
something in the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs in people of all ages
and can be caused by infection, exposure to chemicals and irritants,
or allergies.

  Amblyopia
 Amblyopia is the medical term used
when the vision of one eye is reduced
because it fails to work properly with
the brain. The eye itself looks normal,
but for various reasons the brain
favors the other eye. This condition is
also sometimes called lazy eye.
Amblyopia can occur when one eye is
more nearsighted, more farsighted, or
has more astigmatism

  Asthenopia

Asthenopia or eye strain manifests

itself through nonspecific symptoms
such as fatigue, pain in or around the
eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. Symptoms
often occur after reading, computer
work, or other close activities that
involve tedious visual tasks.
  Photokeratitis

Photokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition

caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the
ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at
high altitudes) or artificial sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a
sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva, and is not usually noticed
until several hours after exposure. Symptoms include increased
tears and a feeling of pain, likened to having sand in the eyes.

Methodology

The survey was taken on Feb, 2015 at Itanagar, Arunachal

Pradesh particularly at VKV Itanagar, Chimpu.

Total students were 50 each having an eye disorder. The age

range is 6 to 18.
Questions that were asked:
1) Name and age of the person
2) Information on their eye disorder
3) Age when the disorder was diagnosed

No specific tool was used. A friend to assist proved to be

helpful.

DATA COLLECTION

Data is in the order of increasing age.

SL Name Eye disorder Age when Gender

. eye (male
N disorder ‘M’
o. was Female
detected ‘F’)
1. Tagru Pame Amblyopia <06 F
2. Sangata Nath Amblyopia <06 F
3. Binter Amblyopia <06 F
4. Priyam Sen Hypermetropia 05 M
5. Taba Ompu Myopia 06 F
6. Rindo pertin Myopia 07 F
7. Pradipta k. Myopia 08 M
Mazumdar
8. Kushboo Basar Myopia 08 F
9. Millo tomo conjunctivitis 08 M
10 Jarmin Sangha Myopia 09 F
.
11 P. Hanna Myopia 09 F
.
12 Abhishek Mog Hypermetropia 10 M
.
13 Khuru c. Tok Myopia 10 M
.
14 Minam Myopia 10 F
.
15 Bakin Naso Myopia 10 M
.
16 Ampi Nabam Amblyopia 10 F
.
17 Rajni Thakur Myopia 11 F
.
18 Toyang Asthenopia 11 F
.
19 Kipa Myopia 11 F
.
20 Rohan Deb Myopia 11 M
.
21 Michi Sophia Myopia 11 F
.
22 Sange Myopia 11 F
.
23 Preti Tagru Myopia 11 F
.
24 Allapan Myopia 11 M
.
25 Joel S. Wancsu Hypermetropia 12 M
.
26 Jiencha Myopia 12 F
.
27 Mitu Myopia 12 F
.
28 Hage Tunya Myopia 12 F
.
29 Kajum Myopia 12 F
.
30 Gimar Myopia 12 F
.
31 Rimpi Myopia 12 F
.
32 Atul Kumar Hypermetropia 12 M
.
33 Kampoan Myopia 12 F
. Tangjang
34 Hage Minia Myopia 12 F
.
35 R. S. Akhil Hypermetropia 12 M
.
36 Rigbi Myopia 13 F
.
37 Jumngam Photo keratitis 13 F
.
38 Kampu Myopia 13 F
.
39 Yaya Photo keratitis 13 F
.
40 Meyo Myopia 13 F
.
41 Jessica Rijiju Myopia 13 F
.
42 Riya Choudhury Amblyopia 13 F
.
43 Sikha Sadani Myopia 14 F
.
44 Chaitanya v. Asthenopia 14 F
.
45 Rhonya Myopia 14 F
.
46 Tage Welly Myopia 14 M
.
47 Dimini Myopia 15 F
.
48 Saksham Myopia 15 M
.
49 Puja Solanki Myopia 15 F
.
50 Raghubir Singh Myopia 16 M
.

DATA ANALYSIS
Pie Chart:
 Eye Disorder %
Amblyopia Asthenopia Conjunctivitis
Hypermetropia Myopia Photo keratitis

4% 10%

4%
2%

10%

70%

The pie chart shows relative percentage of people having

certain disorders.
 Myopia stands as the most common refractive disorder in
children and teens with a big 70%.
 7 out of 10 people having a disorder are diagnosed with
Myopia
 1 out of 10 people have Hypermetropia.
 1 out of 10 people have Amblyopia
 1 out of 25 people have Asthenopia.
 1 out of 25 people have the problem of eye pain.

Column Chart:
 Age vs. Frequency
12
11

10
8
8
6
Frequency 6
5 5
4
4
3 3
2
2
1 1 1

0
>6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Age

The Chart is used here to compare the age (when eye

disorder was detected) to number of people.
 It highlights that children below or at the age of twelve are
more prone to acquire an eye disorder.
 35 persons are diagnosed with a disorder at/below the age of
12 and 15 above the age of 12
 The average age is 11.

TREATMENT
Myopia
If a person is nearsighted, the first number ("sphere") on the
eyeglasses prescription or contact lens prescription will be
preceded by a minus sign (–). The higher the number, the
more nearsighted one is.

 Nearsightedness can be corrected with glasses, contact

lenses or refractive surgery.

 Refractive surgery can reduce or even eliminate the

need for glasses or contacts. The most common
procedures are performed with an excimer laser.

1. In PRK the laser removes a layer of corneal tissue,

which flattens the cornea and allows light rays to
focus more accurately on the retina.

2. In LASIK — the most common refractive procedure

— a thin flap is created on the surface of the
cornea, a laser removes some corneal tissue, and
then the flap is returned to its original position.

Hyperopia
If a glasses or contact lens prescription begins with plus
numbers, like +2.50, then the person is farsighted.

 Farsightedness can be corrected with glasses or contact

lenses to change the way light rays bend into the eyes.

 Refractive surgery, such as LASIK or CK, is another

option for correcting hyperopia. Surgery may reduce or
eliminate your need to wear glasses or contact lenses.
Amblyopia
 The most common treatment for amblyopia is to force
the brain to start using the "bad" eye. This is done by
putting a patch over the "good" eye. It can take weeks or
months for an eye patch to improve vision.

 In cases of mild amblyopia, the doctor might recommend

using an eye drop called atropine in the "good" eye
instead of a patch. Atropine dilates the pupil and blurs
the vision in the "good” eye, forcing the "bad" eye to do
most of the work.

 Most children with amblyopia will also need glasses to

help focus.

Amblyopia becomes much more difficult to treat after about

7-9 years of age

Asthenopia
 Preventative measures, such as taking breaks from
activities that cause eye strain are suggested.
 The most effective way to ease the pain or discomfort
that the affliction causes is to remove all light sources
from a room, and allow the eyes to relax in darkness.
 Cool compresses also help to some degree, though care
should be taken to not use anything cool enough (such
as ice) to damage the eyes themselves.

Photokeretitis
  Photokeratitis can be prevented by using sunglasses or
eye protection that transmits 5–10% of visible light and
absorbs almost all UV rays.

Conjunctivitis
1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
 Antibiotic eyedrop
2. Viral Conjunctivitis
There is no treatment for most cases of viral
conjunctivitis. Instead, the virus needs time to run its
course — up to two or three weeks.
3. Allergic Conjunctivitis
 different types of eyedrops for different allergies
 CONCLUSION

7 out of 10 people were diagnosed with myopia according

to the survey taken. Although Myopia is not a very
harmful disorder for the eye and can be treated easily but
the numbers are alerting and we should take preventive
measures to avoid it.
A complete eye checkup once every one to three years is
very beneficial. Many sight-threatening diseases, if
detected early, can be cured or treated to prevent, or
slow, the progression of any vision loss.
Eating green veggies, carrots, fish, etc. are essential for
our eyes for functioning well.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Puzari, Prasanta. Biology teacher, VKV ITA

www.google.co.in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/