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MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS
1
Cell Division
ü All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
ü New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
ü Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)
2
Keeping Cells Identical
3
DNA Replication
ü DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
identical DNA
ü Each new cell strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA
4
Prokaryotic Chromosome
ü The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the cell
membrane
5
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
ü All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
ü Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
chromosomes in their body cells
ü Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
or 23 identical pairs
6
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
ü Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
ü Chromosomes can’t be seen when
cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin
7
Compacting DNA into
Chromosomes
ü DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones
8
Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
ü Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere
10
Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides
Y - Chromosome
X - Chromosome
11
Cell Reproduction
12
Types of Cell Reproduction
ü Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2 new,
identical daughter cells
ü Mitosis & binary fission are examples of
asexual reproduction
ü Sexual reproduction involves two
cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a
new cell (zygote) that is NOT
identical to the original cells
ü Meiosis is an example
13
Cell Division in
Prokaryotes
14
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
ü Prokaryotes such as
bacteria divide into 2 Parent
cell
identical cells by the
process of binary
fission Chromosome
ü Single chromosome doubles
makes a copy of
itself
ü Cell wall forms Cell splits
between the
chromosomes dividing
the cell
2 identical daughter cells 15
Prokaryotic Cell
Undergoing Binary Fission
16
Animation of Binary Fission
17
The Cell
Cycle
18
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
ü G1 - primary growth phase
ü S – synthesis; DNA replicated
ü G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
ü M - mitosis
ü C - cytokinesis
19
Cell Cycle
20
Interphase - G1 Stage
21
Interphase – S Stage
ü Synthesis stage
ü DNA is copied or replicated
Two
identical
copies
of DNA
Original
DNA
22
Interphase – G2 Stage
ü 2nd Growth Stage
ü Occurs after DNA has been copied
ü All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
ü Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
23
What’s Happening in Interphase?
Animal Cell
What’s occurring
24
Sketch the Cell Cycle
DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature
Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
25
Mitosis
26
Mitosis
ü Division of the
nucleus
ü Also called
karyokinesis
ü Only occurs in
eukaryotes
ü Has four stages
ü Doesn’t occur in
some cells such
as brain cells
27
Four Mitotic Stages
ü Prophase
ü Metaphase
ü Anaphase
ü Telophase
28
Spindle Fibers
ü The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles
in animal cells
ü Polar fibers extend from one pole of
the cell to the opposite pole
ü Kinetochore fibers extend from the
pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
ü Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles
29
Sketch The Spindle
30
Early Prophase
ü Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
ü Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Nucleolus Cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
31
Late Prophase
ü Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
ü Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
ü Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
ü Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
32
Late Prophase
Chromosomes
What’s happening 34
Metaphase
ü Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
ü Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell
Pole of
the Cell
35
Metaphase
Asters at
the poles
Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator
36
Review of Metaphase
What’s
occurring
37
Anaphase
ü Occurs rapidly
ü Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers
38
Anaphase
Sister
Chromatids
being
separated
39
Anaphase Review
What the
cell looks
like
What’s
occurring
40
Telophase
ü Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
ü Spindle disassembles
ü Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
ü Nucleolus reappears
ü CYTOKINESIS occurs
ü Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin
41
Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase
42
Cytokinesis
ü Means division of the cytoplasm
ü Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
ü In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
ü In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
43
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell animal cell
44
Mitotic Stages
45
Daughter Cells of Mitosis
ü Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
ü Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
ü Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)
46
Identical Daughter Cells
What is
the 2n
or
diploid
number?
2
48
Draw & Learn these Stages
49
Draw & Learn these Stages
50
Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase
Name this?
Prophase
Telophase
Name this?
Metaphase
Anaphase
51
Eukaryotic Cell Division
ü Used for growth and
repair
ü Produce two new cells
identical to the original
cell Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis
ü Cells are diploid (2n)
52
Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?
53
J
54
Test Yourself
over Mitosis
55
Mitosis Quiz
56
Mitosis Quiz
57
Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants
Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
58
Uncontrolled Mitosis
ü If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
ü Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
59
60
Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
61
Facts About Meiosis
ü Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
ü Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
ü Called Reduction- division
ü Original cell is diploid (2n)
ü Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
62
Facts About Meiosis
ü Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
ü Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
ü Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
ü Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis)
63
More Meiosis Facts
ü Startwith 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
ü After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
ü After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
ü Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes
64
Why Do we Need Meiosis?
ü It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
ü Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote
65
Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6
1n =3
66
Replication of Chromosomes
ü Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
ü Occurs prior to
division
ü Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
ü Held together at
centromere
67
Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes
ü Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number
by half
ü Fertilization then restores the 2n number
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
68
Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate
Meiosis Meiosis
I II
Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
69
Meiosis I: Reduction Division
Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
70
Prophase I
73
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell
74
Anaphase I
75
Telophase I
Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.
Spindle disappears.
76
Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.
Prophase Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells
78
Prophase II
Nuclear envelope
fragments.
Spindle forms.
79
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
80
Anaphase II
Equator
Pole
Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.
81
Telophase II
Nuclear envelope
assembles.
Chromosomes
decondense.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
82
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form
Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
83
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis
84
Spermatogenesis
ü Occurs in the
testes
ü Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
ü Spermatids mature
into sperm
ü Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
85
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid
86
Oogenesis
ü Occurs in the ovaries
ü Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
ü Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
ü Immature egg called oocyte
ü Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
87
Oogenesis in the Ovaries
88
Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Germ cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
repair 89
HOMEWORK!
90