1.

Integral of Differential of a Function

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Examples:
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 + 𝐶

∫ 1𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝐶

∫ 2𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑧 + 𝐶

2. Power Rule of Integration

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Examples:
𝑥4
a. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
4

1 𝑥 −5+1 1
b. ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 =− +𝐶
𝑥 −5+1 4𝑥 4

1
1 +1 3 3
𝑥2 2 2
c. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2 1 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 = (√𝑥) + 𝐶
2
+1 3 3
2

3. Integration Using U-Substitution

Examples:
a. ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)50 𝑑𝑥
 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
50
𝑢50+1 (𝑥 2 + 1)51
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
50 + 1 51

b. ∫ 3𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
1
1 𝑢2+1 𝑢3/2 2 3
∫ √𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 = (𝑥 3 + 3)2 + 𝐶
1 3 3
+1
2 2

4. Integral of Differential of a Function with a Constant Factor

∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)

Examples:
𝑥2
a. ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ( ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
𝑥4 5𝑥 4
b. ∫ 5𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ( ) = +𝐶
4 4

5. Integral of a Sum/Difference
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) ± 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔(𝑥)

Examples:
2
a. ∫ 5𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
 2 1
= 5 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
5 2
= 𝑥2 + +𝐶
2 −12𝑥 4
5 1
= 𝑥2 − 4 + 𝐶
2 6𝑥
1
b. ∫ 𝑥 −3 − 3𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
−3
= ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 8 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥 −2 𝑥4 𝑥3
= − 3( ) + 8( )+ 𝐶
2 5 3
4
1 12 5 8 3
= − 2 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑥 5 3

6. Integration of Exponential Functions

a. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑢
b. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑛𝑎

Examples:
a. ∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = −5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −5𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
−5

1
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
1
− 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
2
b. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥

1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
1 2
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4

3√2𝑥
c. ∫
√2𝑥
𝑢 = √4𝑥
2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 =
2√2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 =
√2𝑥
√2𝑥𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢
3𝑢
∫ 3 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛3
3√4𝑥
= +𝐶
𝑙𝑛3

7. Integrals Involving Natural Log

𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢

Examples:
10𝑥𝑑𝑥
a. ∫
5𝑥 2

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
10𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

= ln|5𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
Integrals of Trigonometric Function
1. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝑐
3. ∫ sec 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐
4. ∫ csc 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐
7. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢| + 𝑐
8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| + 𝑐
9. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝑐
10.∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − ln|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| + 𝑐

Examples:
1. ∫(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 sec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
= −3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
4. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1
= −∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
= − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢−1
= −( )+𝐶
−1
1
= +𝐶
𝑢
1
= +𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

5. ∫(1 + sin2 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥)𝑑𝑥

sin2 𝑥
∫1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶

6. ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

7. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑢−2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= 𝑥+ +𝐶
𝑢
1
=𝑥+ +𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑦
8. ∫
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝐶

2
9. ∫ (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= + 2(−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 𝐶
2
𝑥2
= − 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
1 1
∫ sec 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
 1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
Integrals of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ 2 2 = sin−1 + 𝑐
√𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 2 2 = tan−1 + 𝑐
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ = sec −1 + 𝑐
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Examples:
1 3
a. ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2√1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ − 3∫
2 √1 − 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2

𝑎2 = 1 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2
𝑎=1 𝑢=𝑥

1 −1
sin 𝑥 − 3 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
2

4 1+𝑥+𝑥 3
b. ∫( 2 + )𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 −1 1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥 1𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )
4∫ +∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )

1 −1
𝑥 1 −1
𝑥 𝑥2
4 ( sec ) + tan + +𝐶
1 1 1 1 2

−1 −1
𝑥2
= 4 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥+ +𝐶
2