Group 4

Abdul Aziz
Cintya Rahmawati
Nurul Reyza
Putu Andika
 Robert Boyle
Some
1
Burning is affication between a thing with
particles of fire.
Opinion Robert Hooke
2
About The Air that causes the occurrence of burning ,
while fire or flame is only due to the
Process Of introduction of high heat.

3 John Mayow
Combustion There is an air passage in nitre can cause
fires.

2
Some Opinion About The Process Of Combustion
SLIDE 3
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle was an
expert in philosophy and the
english nation and a scientist.
He was born on the 25
january 1627 in ireland. At
the age of 11 years he
traveled to europe to go to
especially in the city of
oxford. In 1668 he moved to
london and wholeheartedly
he continued his
 SLIDE 4

Boyle set up a fraternity named “The Invisible College” with

some people who like studying science. After King Charles II
knowing their company and got from the government and the
name of the communion is converted into “The Royal Society” in
1662. The royal society is a group who is a lot of your donation in
developing and advancing science since then until now.
Boyle interested in an air pump that has been created by Otto
von Guericke in 1654 and in an air pump 1659 he got better. With
a pump air it, he did several experiments between other it putting
barometer mercury in a wrapping and air in it pumped out.
 SLIDE 5
In his book which assumed the title of “New Experiments
Touching The Relation Betwixt Flaming Water A Private Economic
Analyst Said” that rises in the year 1672 , Boyle just kind of writing
about the subject of the incident the burning of. From the
experiment was done by he came to the conclusion that the
burning of not going to happen if this issue is not there an air.
Boyle concluding that there is in the heated particles fire that
hit a wall and join with metal, retort so formed lime metal have
been less than the density metal. as originally planned So
according to Boyle burning is the alchemy of objects with. particles
of fire The theory is accepted by some experts chemistry between
other Becher and Stahl.
Beberapa Pendapat tentang Proses Pembakaran
SLIDE 6
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke is a physicist
noted for the english nation
created the law of elasticity or an
object, plasticity that we now know
as a law hooke. He was born on
july 18 1635 and on his childhood
he went to school in westminster
school. In 1653 he going to college
at christ church college in the city
oxford. Hooke died in london in 3
march 1703.
 SLIDE 7

His lifetime he writes of microscopic in a book which

assumed the title of “Micrographia” in the year 1665. In the
year 1667 he further said that his theories of the elasticity
of an object. Hooke experimented about the burning
process and were of the opinion that air that cause the
combustion , while fire or flame was no more than due to
the introduction of heat by which it is high.
Beberapa Pendapat tentang Proses Pembakaran
SLIDE 8
John Mayow
John Mayow was an
expert in law and also a doctor
the English nation is born at a
time in a city in London on 24
may the directorate general of
1640. In the year 1658 he has
wholly followed a lecture once
at the oxford university and
acquire a title a doctor within
the science of law in the year
 SLIDE 9
In the city of oxford Mayow experiment about burning
and holds that air consists of two parts , which is part that
cause the burning and the rest or part left after to the
occurrence of a burning. An air passage can cause the
burning can join metal when metal burned.
Mayow also over the the experiment a mouse, where
mice be wrapping the on a containing a burning candle.
Mice were gonna die in the off about together with wax. So
Mayow draw a conclusion that there is common ground
between the stake as a chemical process with a breathing
as fisilogi.
Flogiston Theory

The phlogiston theory proposed by

Stahl begins with the idea of Becher being
a German nation doctor, and also a
chemist and economist who was born on
May 6, 1635 in Speyer, Germany. From
1660 to 1666 he became professor of
medicine in the city of Mainz and later
became an economic adviser to Emperor
Leopold I in Vienna.
 The thought contribution of the
subsequent burning process was given by
Georg Ernst Stahl, a German physician and
chemist. He was born in the city of Ansbach,
Bavaria, on October 21, 1660. After 23 years he
became a lecturer in the city of Jena and
subsequently since 1694 he was appointed
professor of chemistry and medicine in the city
of Halle until 1716. He was later appointed as a
doctor the person of King Frederick I of Prussia
until he died in the city of Berlin at 14 Meni
1734.
Georg Ernst Stahl
Basically Stahl can accept Becher's opinion about
terra pinguis on an object, only he uses the term
"Rogogiston" for it. The word phlogiston comes from
the Greek word "phlox" which means "flame". If an
object is burned or a metal is calcified, then
phlogiston will come out of the object and given to
the surrounding air. So according to Stahl in essence
all objects contain phlogiston, it's just that there are
many and there is a little phlogiston content. An
object has flammability if there is a lot of phlogiston
and objects that contain a lot of phlogiston can
donate its phlogiston to other objects that lack
phlogiston. In the opinion of Stahl a metal consists
of metal chalk (calx) with phlogiston, thus a metal
when heated will turn into metal chalk and remove
the phlogiston by the presence of heat from the fire.
This phlogiston theory can indeed be used to explain
some facts. For example zinc metal dissolves in sulfuric
acid (sulfuric acid) and emits highly flammable gas. Stahl
explained that the gas was pure phlogiston. Because the
zinc metal consists of metal lime with phlogiston, the
soluble sulfuric acid is zinc metal lime, while the
phlogiston has come out. So if the dissolved in sulfuric
acid is zinc metal lime, then there will be no gas, because
metal chalk does not contain phlogiston
This can be proven in an experiment, namely zinc
metal is heated so that metal chalk is formed,
then zinc metal lime is dissolved in sulfuric acid.
It turned out that the experiment did not
produce gas. Now this experiment can be
explained as follows. Zinc metal reacts with
sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate salts which
dissolve and emit hydrogen gas which is very
flammable. Zinc metal heated in the air produces
zinc oxide and when reacted with sulfuric acid
and does not emit hydrogen gas.
 Stahl's opinion about the combustion process
or commonly referred to as the theory of
phlogiston attracts the attention of chemists and
they use it to explain the things that have
happened are unclear. The following examples
show the usefulness of the phlogiston theory. Iron
metal if put in a solution of blue or vitriol (copper
sulfate) then the iron will disappear and copper
will arise. In this case, iron gives phlogiston to
vitriol causing copper metal to occur. If metal lime
is heated with flammable gas which is considered
pure phlogiston, then the phlogiston of the gas will
join the metal lime so that the metal is formed
again.
 Chemists have known that fire or burning
substances will be extinguished if the air is
limited in number, for example if it is covered
with a condenser. The phlogiston theory
explains that phlogiston can only come out if
there is a medium that receives it, then the air
is quickly saturated with phlogiston and can no
longer hold it. This is what causes the outage
of fire or burning substances.
Although this theory can be used to explain
some facts, there are also difficulties that
arise. When metal is heated, metal chalk will
occur that is heavier than the original metal. If
it is true that the phlogiston comes out of
metal at the time of heating, the weight will
certainly decrease. This problem is ignored by
some people because the weight gain from
the warming is very small, so it can be
ignored. Some even say that the phlogiston is
not attracted by the force of gravity, so it has a
negative weight. Because of that metal chalk
is heavier than metal.
 Regarding the question whether it is actually
phlogiston, it is not questioned correctly. Flogiston
cannot be seen by our senses, but the effect can be
felt. This problem is also ignored and people can still
accept the theory of phlogiston as a tool to explain
chemical events, especially regarding the combustion
process. Thus this theory can last almost a century,
although in 1630 Jean Rey had said that the increase
in the weight of tin when heated was caused by
small particles of air joined to the tin. This opinion of
Jean Rey can be said to approach the burning theory
that we now know, namely that the process of
burning a substance is a chemical reaction between
the substance and oxygen. So metals that are heated
in the air will turn into metal oxides that are heavier
than the original metal.
Discovery of gases

The person who first used the term

gas is Helmont

Hales One of the people who contributed to

the effort to accommodate gas that occurs
in a process of combustion or heating.
Stephen Hales was a clergyman and
English physiologist and botanist who was
born on September 17, 1677 in the city of
Kent.

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 As a botanist and physiologist he conducted
several experiments whose results were written in two of
his books entitled "Vagetable Staricks" and
"Haemastaticks". In Vagetable Staricks he describes in
plants and breathing plants. In Haemastaticks Hales
describes blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate
Discovery of gases

Joseph Black was a chemist and also a

doctor, born in the city of Bordeaux,
France, on April 16, 1728 from a
Scottish family. He studied medicine at
Glasgow University in 1746 and
graduated in Edinburgh.

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 His experimental results concerning magnesia and the relationship between
potassium (potassium carbonate) and potassium fire (potassium hydroxide)
are:
1 2
Magnesia alba (magnesium Vitriol acid (sulic acid) with
carbonate) when heated magnesia alba will produce
strongly will lose half its epsom salts (magnesium
weight and will produce a new sulfate) accompanied by
substance called magnesia bubbling events.
usta (magnesium oxide).

23
3 Mangnesia usta with vitriol acid also
produces epsom salts but is not
accompanied by bubbling events.
5 Potas with acid will bubbling while
potassium does not.
4 Epsom salt solution when added with
potassium occurs magnesia alba
deposits and if the solution is
separated and evaporated it will occur
vitriol tartar (potassium sulfate).
6 Potas will turn into potassium if added
to the magnesia usta.
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 Apart from magnesia, Black also experimented with
limestone as follows:
1 2
The limestone is heated to Flower lime that occurs when
become lime flower by losing added with a solution of
some of its weight due to the potassium limestone will occur
discharge of solid air. again, while the potassium turns
into potassium fire.

25
Discovery of gases

Henry Cavendish was a British chemist

and physicist, famous for his research in
the field of chemistry about gas and the
theory of electricity. Cavendish is a
scientist who still believes in the theory
of phlogiston.

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 The results of experiments conducted by
Cavendish, written in an article entitled "Three Papers
Containting Experiment on Factitious Air" by Royal
Society, were published in the Philosophical Transaction
in 1766. He could be called the first person to synthesize
water from oxygen and hydrogen. He did a lot of
experiments about gas, for example how to capture gas
above water, move gas from one place to another in the
water.
 Cavendish was a believer in the theory of phlogiston, so
he explained his experiment with the theory of phlogiston as
follows. When metal mixes with acid, the phlogiston acid will
come out and form flammable air, while metal lime with acid
forms salt. So the gas does not come from acid, because the
gas can also occur in dry distillation of plants.
Discovery of gases

Karl Wilhelm Scheele ialah seoarang ahli

kimia bangsa Swedia keturunan Jerman,
yang lahir di Srtalsund, Swedia (sekarang
wilayah Jerman), pada 9 Desember 1742.
dikenal sebagai seorang yang amat
pandai serta memiliki daya pengamatan
yang kuat.
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 Karl Wilhelm Scheele was one of the chemists
who believed in the theory of phlogiston. At first the
results of his work did not get the attention of fellow
chemists, but this changed after he met Bergman.
 Besides that, Scheele himself also conducted
experiments on air and fire. He observed that if the iron
powder was moistened with water and placed in a
closed space, then after being left for some time, the
volume in the space was reduced in volume. He also
learned that the remaining air in the room turned out to
be lighter than ordinary air.
Discovery of gases

Torbern Olof Bergman (1735-1784) was a

Swedish professor who taught chemistry at
Uppsala University, besides teaching botany,
entomology, mathematics, and physics.
Bergman works mainly in analytical
chemistry. The methods are still used today,
for example the deposition of calcium as an
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Discovery of gases

Joseph Priestley was a British priest and scientist

born in Fieldhead, Yorkshire, on March 13, 1733. He
was a chemist who still used the theory of phlogiston
and was known as the inventor of oxygen gas. In
1758 he began experimenting, and a few years later
he became acquainted with scientific experts,
including Benjamin Franklin. This introduction made
him more interested in physics and he studied
electricity.
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 His important work is about air or gas. In his book
entitled "Experiments and Observations on Different
Kinds of Air" he suggested how to capture gas in
mathematical tanks by accommodating it on mercury
(pneumatic trough). Priestley is a follower of the theory
of phlogiston, so he argues also that if the candle that is
lit in the enclosure is then extinguished, it means that
the air in the enclosure has been saturated with
phlogiston and cannot absorb it anymore
 Until the end of his life Priestley retained the
phlogiston theory, even though the brilliant thought of
Lavoisier had toppled the theory. The fact is that even
though the phlogiston theory is now considered wrong,
the theory itself has been able to explain many chemical
events or processes. This theory remains a stage in the
development of the theory of reduction oxidation. The
expenditure of phlogiston means oxidation, while the
reception of phlogiston means reduction.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born in
Paris on August 26, 1743 Lavoisier
began school at Mazarin College, then
continued studying astronomy, botany,
geology and chemistry. In 1766 he got a
gold medal from the French Academy of
Sciences because he could solve
lighting problems throughout the city.
 After the French revolution broke out, he was appointed a
member of the committee to form the metric system and
secretary of the State Treasurer. In November 1793 all members
of Fermier General were arrested accused of mixing tobacco for
soldiers with water. On that accusation, Lavoisier was arrested
and sentenced to death under the Guillotine on May 8, 1794.
Lavoisier did not find new substances and did not create new
tools. He is a thinker, which produces a theory about the
combustion process. His ability to draw conclusions and connect
the facts of experiments carried out by other people is very
brilliant, so that he is able to provide the right theory to explain
past chemical events. He got the title as an architect in science.
The experiments carried out were systematic and quantitative.
• In 1770 Lavoisier conducted an experiment using a glass
vessel filled with water, then heated. At that time chemists
knew that water in a glass vessel if heated continuously would
cause deposits in the vessel. They argue that water has turned
into land because of the influence of fire. After the heating was
complete, he weighed the water with the vessel and found that
the overall weight did not change. That means that nothing
comes from fire.

• Besides that, he also conducted experiments with mercury as

Scheele had done. Lavoisier heats mercury in a retort whose
end is connected to the air in the enclosure above a vessel
containing mercury. The fact shows that the air in the
enclosure decreases in volume while mercury in the retort
turns into mercury. Lavoisier called the remaining air in the
enclosure "azote". Mercury lime is then collected and
transferred to other retorts. The mercury lime is then heated
and the gas formed from this process is called "pure air". This
is the name Lavoisier first gave to oxygen.
 •This opinion was originally only proposed as an
alternative to the phlogiston theory, but over time after Lavoisier
gathered the results of his experiment, he emphasized that the
phlogiston theory was not only not needed anymore, but was
obviously wrong, because many of its principles contradicted
reality. He also stated that all chemical events can be explained
by Lavoisier's theory. Lavoisier's statement in 1783 was the
beginning of the fall of the theory of phlogiston. It needs to be
acknowledged that this phlogiston theory cannot be eliminated
at once, because its influence on some chemists is still felt.
Priestley, for example, still retains the phlogiston theory and
does not want to accept Lavoisier's theory until 1800.

• In 1776 and 1777 Lavoisier carried out an analysis of nitric

and sulfuric acids. He argues that all acids contain oxygen.
Like Cavendish, Lavoisier also conducted experiments to
determine the composition of water by reacting hydrogen and
oxygen gas. With this experiment he can explain why
hydrogen occurs when metals react with acids.
• In addition, he shows the similarity
between breathing and combustion, and
he determines quantitatively the speed of
combustion in an animal's body. He argues
that combustion occurs in the lungs and
this opinion is considered the beginning of
physiological chemistry. With experiments
carried out and conclusions based on
brilliant thinking, Lavoisier has laid the
foundation for the development of
chemistry as part of natural science that
has a theoretical basis and experiments
that can be trusted in its truth.
Claude Louis Berthollet (1748- 1822)

Claude Louis Berthollet was a French

chemist born in Italy on December 9, 1748. He
studied medicine in Turin. In 1798 Bethollet
accompanied Napoleon on an expedition to
Egypt. In 1799 he outlined his opinions on
chemical affinity in front of members of the Cairo
Institute. His opinion was later developed and
published in 1803 as a book entitled "Statique
Chimique". Berthollet argues that affinity is not
something that is absolute in nature. So if a
substance is added to a reaction in an excess
amount, the reaction can turn around. The
decomposition of water vapor by iron and the
 In addition, he also conducted several experiments, for
example he heat copper, lead, and lead in the open air. He saw
that the metals bind oxygen from the air little by little continuously
to a certain extent. This can be observed from the metal oxide
color changes that occur. He dissolves mercury in nitric acid and
knows that the metal can form salts in various comparisons. From
several experiments he concluded that substances or elements
can be compounded in all comparisons depending on which
substance is excessive. This opinion is the material of the conflict
between Berthollet and Proust. Another experiment conducted by
Berthollet was regarding ammonia (1785) about hypochlorite and
the use of chlorine as bleach (1785-1787). Unlike Lavoisier, he
argued that an acid does not always have to contain oxygen.
Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826)

Joseph Louis Proust was a French chemist.

Between 1789-1800 became a professor in
Madrid. He opposed the opinion of Berthollet
so that there was a polemic in the magazine,
for approximately 8 years with full of wisdom
and manners. In 1799 he proved that copper
carbonate made in the laboratory and copper
carbonate originating from nature, if heated,
released carbon dioxide gas in the same
amount of percent. Besides that it shows that
some metals can form more than one type of
oxide or sulfide, each of which has a certain
 The experiments carried out by Berthollet were also carried
out by Proust. However, by Proust it can be shown that the
conclusions taken by Berthollet in each of these experiments
were incorrect. He showed that from two types of elements can
be formed more than one compound that is of different nature.
When these compounds are pure, each has a fixed chemical
composition. As such he is considered the inventor of the "law of
definite proportions". In 1805 many chemists agreed to Proust's
opinion and with the development of Dalton's atomic theory in
1807, the conflict between Berthollet and Proust ended. This led
to Berthooet's opinion about the factors that influence a reaction,
namely the quantity or mass of a substance that reacts, does not
get people's attention, although in 1777 Karlt Friedrick Wenzel
 QNA

NAME NIM QUESTION