ATA 77 Engine

AIRFRAME/ENGINE MAINTENANCE TRAINING MANUAL
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
77 - Engine Indicating
3 June 2002
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY Pg 77-1
ENGINE INDICATING pickup-type sensor that monitors the fan shaft N1
rpm. It interfaces with the DCUs and its engine N1
speed amplifiers (ECU).
ENGINE INDICATION SYSTEM The N1 indicators display left and right engine N1
rpm as an analog gauge readout over a range of 0 -
GENERAL 100 percent, where 100 percent is equivalent to
7400 rpm. A digital readout is also available below
Refer to Figure 1.
the analog scale.
The engine indications are displayed on the engine A red tick mark on the dial at 98.6 percent indicates
indication and crew alerting system (EICAS) N1 overspeed. Invalid data is indicated by three
primary page in the flight compartment. Sensors on amber dashes. If the digital readout is equal to or
the engine provide status of parameters to the data more than 98.6 percent, the readout and the pointer
concentrator units (DCUs), which signal EICAS to turn red and flash for 4 seconds indicating an N1
display the engine indications, warnings, cautions, shaft overspeed. When an N1 overspeed exceeds 4
status messages and aural warnings. seconds, a triple chime aural warning sounds and
The EICAS primary page provides the following an ENG OVERSPD warning message is displayed
engine parameters in order of importance: on EICAS. The digital readout and the pointer are
•N1 fan rotor rpm coloured as follows:
•Inter-turbine Temperature (ITT)

•N2 compressor rpm
Color Condition
•Fuel flow (FF)
Green N1 98.5%
•OIL TEMP
Red N1 98.6%
•OIL PRESS
•FAN VIB (fan vibration).
BUG N1 SELECTION
FAILURE INDICATIONS A cyan N1 reference bug can be set on the two N1
When no valid data is received by the DCUs for the dials. Also, a digital RPM (N1) read-out will be
gauge type displays for N1, ITT, N2 and vibration, displayed above the N1 icon. The FMS is used to
the digital readout is replaced by dashes and a set these values, or, if FMS fails EICAS, control
decimal and the gauge pointer is removed. For OIL panel menu selection may be used. The range of
PRESS, OIL TEMP and FUEL FLOW, amber the bug is 76 to 98.6 percent N1.
dashes will replace the digital readout.
N1 ICONS
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION The N1 gauge also provides information to the pilot
by means of icons indicating operation of certain
N1 FAN ROTOR SPEED SENSOR systems. For example, the REV icon appears in
The N1 gauge is one of the most important gauges amber to indicate a thrust reverser is in transit and
on the EICAS display panel. It determines how when deployed changes colors to green. The
much thrust the engines are producing. Because automatic power reserve (APR) icon indicates that
the fan produces 85 percent of the engine's thrust, an engine is in APR mode when the icon is
the N1 speed is directly proportional to thrust and is displayed.
used for setting the takeoff rpm (thrust) for the
temperature of the day.
The N1 fan speed sensor is located on the front
frame at the 9 o'clock position. It is a magnetic
3 June 2002
Pg 77-2 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
Figure 1 - Engine Sensors
3 June 2002
3 June 2002
RANGE
N1 RPM “REV” indicates T/R movement
(0 -100%) Amber: In Transition
Green: 0 to 98.5% Green: T/R Deployed
Red: > 98.6% (Eng Overspeed)
N1 Reference Bug
B
R
T
92.0 92.0 ENG OVERSPD

25.0 98.6
APR (Green) indicates
APR
REV REV
APR
APR has occured on
N1 engine
90.0
TO
450 800
ITT
72.0 92.0 C ALT RATE P

0 0 0.0
N2
GEAR
1200 FF (PPH) 3500 DN DN DN
104 OIL TEMP 104
70 OIL PRESS 70
FLAPS 20
1.2 F 1.7
A
FUEL QTY (LBS)
N
4870 1000 4880
VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
R2477001A
Figure 2 - N1 Indication
3 June 2002
INTER TURBINE TEMPERATURE INDICATOR Table 2: For CF34-3B1 Engines
Refer to Figure 2. Color Condition
The ITT indicators provide the flight crew with
temperature indication of the engine hot gas path Green ITT value 898°C
when the gases enter the low pressure turbine area. Red ITT value 900°C
There are ten probes equally spaced and installed
alternately at two depths in the engine. They are If the digital readout is at 900°C, the readout and the
installed around the surface of the low-pressure pointer flash for 4 seconds.
turbine assembly case.
Hot Start Warning
Each thermocouple unit has two metal sheaths.
A HOT icon appears on the gauge if the engine
Holes in the sheaths permit hot gases to flow temperature during start is greater than 500°C and
around the bimetal junctions made of chromel and is climbing at a rate of 200 degrees per second. The
alumel. The outputs of the two elements are HOT icon remains until the engine’s ITT drops
paralleled at the same terminals to make one below 200°C.
thermocouple unit. The temperature is taken at 10
ITT APR Reset
points, averaged at the junction box at the six
o’clock position on the turbine case, and the When the APR activates due to an engine failure,
temperature data is sent to the DCUs. the ITT exceedance red line is increased. The
digital readout dials are colored as follows:
The thermocouple system is divided into two rigid
harnesses in metal conduits supporting five
individual thermocouple probes per harness. Each
Table 3: For CF34-3A1 Engines
harness assembly connects to a junction box and is
replaced as a unit. Color Condition
It is possible to check the resistance of the
Green ITT value <926°C
thermocouples in a harness. The values are
stamped on the clamp for the harness. Red ITT value <926°C
This instrument displays left and right ITT as an
analog readout over a range of 0 - 1000°C. A digital
readout is provided below the analog scale. The
digital readout dials are colored as follows: Table 4: For CF34-3B1 Engines
Color Condition
Table 1: For CF34-3A1 Engines Green ITT value <926°C
Color Condition Red ITT value <926°C
Green ITT value 898°C
Red ITT value 900°C
3 June 2002
ITT: INTER TUTBINE

Temperature-3A1 ENG
B
R
T
(0-1000°C)
Green: 0 to 898°C
Red: > 900°C 92.0 92.0
ITT - #B1 ENG 25.0 21.6
Green 0 to 898°C
Red: > 926°C APR REV
N1
90.0
TO
450 999
All ENG’S HOT
APR mode ITT “HOT” when ITT >500°C
Red: > 926°C & Rising > 200°C/Sec
0 0 0.0
N2
GEAR
104 OIL TEMP 104
70 OIL PRESS 70
FLAPS 20
1.2 F 1.7
A
FUEL QTY (LBS)
N
4870 1000 4880
VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
R2477006
Figure 3 - Inter Turbine temperature Indicator
3 June 2002
N2 RPM INDICATOR N2 ICONS
This instrument displays left and right engine high- A VIB icon appears in the N2 dial if the core (N2)
pressure shaft N2 rpm as an analog readout over a vibration exceeds 1.7 mils.
range of 0 - 104 percent, where 100 percent is
equivalent to 17,820 rpm. FUEL FLOW INDICATOR
The N2 rpm speed signal is obtained from an This instrument displays left and right engine fuel
alternator located on the accessory gearbox (AGB) flow as an analog readout over a range of 0 - 4000
The alternator has two windings: one winding pounds per hour.
provides N2 rpm on EICAS, the other winding
An engine-mounted fuel impeller-type flow
provides power supply for the engine N1 control
transmitter mounted at the seven o’clock position
amplifier (ECU).
senses fuel flow.
A digital readout and gauge is provided for N2
indication. The digital readout and the pointer are
colored as follows:
Color Condition
Green N2 < 99.2%
Red N2 ≥ 99.3%
An N2 exceedance is indicated by a red tic mark on

the dial at 99.3 percent. If the N2 indication is more
than 99.2 percent, the readout and the pointer
flashes for 4 seconds. An ENG OVERSPD warning
message will be displayed on EICAS and a triple
chime will also sound.
N2 ANTI-ICE RESET
When the wing anti-ice switch is selected to
NORMAL or STDBY at anytime, the N2 gauge
outline will be colored amber from 0 to 78% N2 and
the pointer and digital readout will be coloured as
follows:
Color Condition
Amber N2 77.9%
Green N2 78%, 99.2%
Red N2 99.3%
3 June 2002
B
R
T
92.0 92.0
25.0 95.6
APR REV
N1
90.0
TO
450 800
ITT

0 0 0.0
N2 RPM N2
(0-100%) GEAR
Green: 0 to 99.2% 104 OIL TEMP 104
(ENG OVERSPD) 70 OIL PRESS 70
FLAPS 20
Red: > 99.3%
Amber: 0 to 77.9% 1.2 F 1.7
A
When wing N
FUEL QTY (LBS)
4870 1000 4880 FUEL FLOW:
Anti-Ice NORM/STBY VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
0-4000 LBS/Hr
Amber dashes if
> 4000 LBS/Hr
R2477002
Figure 4 - N2 RPM Indicator
3 June 2002
OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR WIRING HARNESSES
Refer to Figure 2. There are nine power plant electrical harnesses.
These wire bundles are color identified. Each
The left and right oil temperature indications for the
harness connects to specific engine components for
engines are a digital readout over the range of −
40°C to 163°C. Oil temperature is sensed by a ease of troubleshooting.
resistive type sensor located in the oil tank and
provides oil temperature indications as follows:
Colour Condition
Green < 135
Amber 136°C to 155°C
Red ≥156°C
OIL PRESSURE INDICATOR

The engine oil pressure indication is provided in two
places, on the fan vibration gauge during starts on
the ground and a digital display on the primary
page. The oil pressure transducer is located on the
engine lubrication module and provides oil pressure
indications on the digital readout display as follows:
Color Condition
Red 0 to 25 psi
Green 26 to 115 psi
Amber 116 to 156 psi
During engine starts on the ground, the engine fan

vibration gauges will revert to oil pressure gauges
and provides an analog means of indicating oil
pressure. A red tic mark and pointer indicates oil
pressure less than 25 PSI. The green gauge
outliner and pointer indicate pressure greater than
25 psi.
LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITCH

A low oil pressure switch, located on the lubrication
module, provides another means of indicating a low
oil pressure condition. It turns on a L or R ENG OIL
PRESS warning message on EICAS and an aural
warning "engine oil" if the engine oil pressure is less
than 28 psi.
3 June 2002
B
R
T
92.0 92.0 ENG OIL PRESS
25.0 95.0
APR REV
N1
90.0
TO
450 800
If oil pressure is
ITT below 28 PSI

0 0 0.0
N2
GEAR
104 OIL TEMP 104
70 OIL PRESS 18
FLAPS 20
1.2 F 1.7
A
FUEL QTY (LBS)
N
4870 1000 4880
VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
OIL TEMP
-40°C to 163°C
Green: <135°C
Amber: 136°C-155°C
Red: > 156°C
Vibration gauges OIL PRESSURE: 0-156 PSI

replace oil Red: 0-25 PSI
pressure gauges Green: 26-115 PSI
when both engines Amber: 116-156 PSI
running.
Range: 0-4 MILS
Green: 0-2.7 MILS
Amber: 2.7-4 MILS
R2477004
Figure 5 - Oil System Indication
3 June 2002
ENGINE VIBRATION OPERATION
Refer to Figure 3.
GENERAL
The transducers monitor engine N1 and N2
The engine vibration monitoring system (EVM) vibration levels and transmit this data to the signal
provides the flight crew with a continuous indication conditioner. The signal conditioner processes and
of the vibration level for each engine’s fan N1 rotor transmits the vibration levels to the DCUs that
on fan vibration gauges with a digital read out on the display them on EICAS.
primary page of EICAS. The vibration level of the
When both engines are running at idle, the oil
N2 HP rotor is also monitored but a display is not
pressure gauges are removed and they are
provided until the level exceeds 1.7 mils of vibration.
When this occurs a VIB icon will be displayed on the replaced with fan vibration gauges.
N2 rpm gauge indicating a high level of vibration on
the N2 rotor shaft.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
VIBRATION TRANSDUCER
Refer to Figure 3.
A piezoelectric type transducer is installed on a pad
on each engine at the 2 o’clock position on the HP
compressor front casing. It picks up the vibration
levels of the engine’s fan and core section HP rotors
and transmits this data to the conditioner unit.
SIGNAL CONDITIONER
The signals generated by the vibration transducers
are carried by shielded cables to the signal
conditioner installed in the left side of the avionics
bay. The signal conditioner processes the electrical
signals from the transducers and provides an output
signal to the DCUs for EICAS vibration display. The
fan rotor vibration level is indicated on the FAN VIB
gauge. The N2 rotor level is only indicated as VIB
ICON on the respective engine N2 gauge when it
exceeds 1.7 mils.
The signal conditioner has a built-in test circuit that
is operated by the VIB test switch on the center
pedestal. This verifies the signal conditioner’s
serviceability.
VIB TEST SWITCH

A two-position switch, labeled VIB, is located on the
ENGINE CONTROL panel. This switch is spring-
loaded in the OFF position and, when set to the
TEST position, starts an EVM system self-test.
3 June 2002
VIBRATION TRANSDUCER SIGNAL CONDITIONER
B
R
T
92.0 92.0
25.0 25.0
APR REV
N1
450 460
ITT

0 0 0.0
VIB VIB
N2
GEAR
104 OIL TEMP 104
70 OIL PRESS 70
FLAPS 8
0.6 F 0.6
A
ENGINE CONTROL 3 N
FUEL
4500
QTY
1000
(LBS)
4500
VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
ARM TEST TEST ON
1
OFF OFF
TEST TEST OFF OFF
3 2 L/H R/H
ENG
APR VIB
SPEED
2
1
LEGEND
1. Test Switch
2. Fan VIB Indication
3. Core VIB Indication
R2477003
Figure 6 - Engine Vibration Monitoring System
3 June 2002
INDICATION SYSTEM
Refer to Figure 4.
FAN N1 VIBRATION INDICATION

At the center of the FAN VIB gauges is a digital readout having the following format:
Color Condition
Green EVM value 0 mils, 2.6
mils
Amber EVM value 2.7 mils
The fan vibration range is 0 to 4 mils and it has an amber mark on the gauge at 2.7 mils. When the pointer
enters this range it also turns amber.
When the DCUs do not receive valid data from the vibration signal conditioner EICAS displays, the following
amber dashes and a decimal point on the FAN VIB gauge digital readout and the pointer is removed.
CORE N2 VIBRATION INDICATION

High core vibration will only be displayed in the N2 gauge as a VIB icon in amber if core vibration levels
exceed 1.7 mils.
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
VIB TEST SWITCH

A VIB TEST switch on the ENGINE CONTROL panel carries out a self-test of the EVM system. In the TEST
position, an oscillator in the signal conditioner simulates a high vibration level on both engines in both fan
and HP rotor ranges.
The FAN VIB gauges indicates 3.1 to 3.9 mils and an amber VIB icon is displayed in the N2 gauges to
indicate a good test. When the switch is set to OFF, the test function stops and the indications return to
normal.
3 June 2002
B
R
T
92.0 92.0
25.0 95.0
APR REV
N1
90.0
TO
450 800
ITT

0 0 0.0
VIB
N2
GEAR
104 OIL TEMP 104 "VIB" in Amber if
70 OIL PRESS 70
FLAPS 20 Vibration > 1.7 MILS
1.2 F 1.7
A
FUEL QTY (LBS)
N
4870 1000 4880
VIB TOTAL FUEL 9750
Vibration gauges
replace oil
pressure gauges
when both engines
running.
Range: 0-4 MILS
Green: 0-2.7 MILS
Amber: 2.7-4 MILS
R2477005
Figure 7 - Engine Vibration Indication System
3 June 2002
3 June 2002

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AIRFRAME/ENGINE MAINTENANCE TRAINING MANUAL

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

•Inter-turbine Temperature (ITT)

Figure 1 - Engine Sensors

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

92.0 92.0 ENG OVERSPD

72.0 92.0 C ALT RATE P

ITT: INTER TUTBINE

Figure 3 - Inter Turbine temperature Indicator

An N2 exceedance is indicated by a red tic mark on

72.0 92.0 C ALT RATE P

Figure 4 - N2 RPM Indicator

OIL PRESSURE INDICATOR

During engine starts on the ground, the engine fan

LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITCH

72.0 92.0 C ALT RATE P

Vibration gauges OIL PRESSURE: 0-156 PSI

Figure 5 - Oil System Indication

VIB TEST SWITCH

VIBRATION TRANSDUCER SIGNAL CONDITIONER

70.0 70.0 C ALT RATE P

Figure 6 - Engine Vibration Monitoring System

FAN N1 VIBRATION INDICATION

CORE N2 VIBRATION INDICATION

VIB TEST SWITCH

72.0 92.0 C ALT RATE P

Figure 7 - Engine Vibration Indication System

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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