4.1 Strut & Tie

Strut and Tie
Owen Brooker
BEng CEng MICE MIStructE MCS
Technical Director
© Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd
Eurocode 2 - Contents
1. General 7. Serviceability limit state
2. Basis of design 8. Detailing – general
3. Materials 9. Detailing – particular rules
4. Durability 10. Precast concrete
5. Structural analysis 11. Lightweight concrete
6. Ultimate limit state 12. Plain concrete
What is strut and tie?
Strut and tie models are based on the lower bound theorem of
plasticity which states that any distribution of stresses
resisting an applied load is safe providing:
 Equilibrium is maintained
and
 Stresses do not exceed “yield”
What is strut and tie?
In strut and tie models trusses are used with the

following components: Cl. 6.5.2
• Struts Cl. 6.5.3
• Ties Cl. 6.5.4
• Nodes
Eurocode 2 gives guidance for each of these.
Cl. 6.5.1
Principle - where non-linear strain distribution
exists, strut and tie models may be used.
• Supports
• Concentrated loads
• Openings
Which is stronger?
P 1
Concept by
R Whittle,
drawn by
I Feltham.
Used with
permission.
P2  2P1
Struts
Where there is no transverse tension Cl. 6.5.2

Rd,max = fcd Fig 6.23
= 0.85 fck /1.5
= 0.57 fck
Otherwise, where there is transverse tension Fig 6.24

Rd,max = 0.6 ’fcd
Where:
’ = 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.6 x (1-fck/250) x 1.0 x fck /1.5
= 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck
Ties
Design strength, fyd = fyk/1.15 Cl. 6.5.3(1)
Reinforcement should be anchored into nodes Cl. 6.5.3(2)
Discontinuities
Cl. 6.5.3(3)
Fig 6.25
Partial discontinuity Full discontinuity
Partial discontinuity
Tension in the reinforcement Cl. 6.5.3(3)

is T Fig 6.25
When b ≤ H/2
T = ¼ (b – a /b) F
Full discontinuity
When b > H/2 Cl. 6.5.3(3)

Fig 6.25
T = ¼ (1 – 0.7a /h) F
Nodes
Nodes are typically classified as:
CCC – Three compressive struts
CCT – Two compressive struts and one tie
CTT – One compressive strut and two ties
CCC nodes
The maximum stress at the edge of the node: Cl. 6.5.4(4)

Rd,max = k1 ’fcd Fig 6.26
Where:
k1 = 1.0
’ = 1-fck/250
Rd,max = (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
CCT nodes
The maximum compressive stress is:

Rd,max = k2 ’fcd
Where:
k2 = 0.85
’ = 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.85 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

= 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
CTT nodes
The maximum compressive stress is:

Rd,max = k2 ’fcd
Where:
k2 = 0.75
’ = 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.75 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

= 0.43 (1-fck/250) fck
Pile-cap example
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is

required for a pile cap supporting a 500 mm square column
carrying 3 000 kN (ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of
600 mm diameter. fck = 30 MPa
2 500 kN (ULS)
Breadth =
1400
900 mm
150
2700
Pile-cap example
Angle of strut = tan-1(900/1300) 2 500 kN (ULS)

= 34.7°
Width of strut = 250/cos 34.7°
1400
= 304 mm
Force per strut = 1250/cos 34.7°
= 1520 kN
100
Force in tie = 1250 tan 34.7°

1800
= 866 kN
250
Strut angle 1 250 kN

(ULS)
Pile-cap example
Check forces in truss

Stress in strut =1520x103/(304x500)
=10.0 MPa
Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck 866 kN
= 10.6 MPa
Area of steel required:
As ≥ 866 x 103/435
≥ 1991 mm2
Use 5 H25s
Pile-cap example
Nodes
From above
Rd,2 = 10.0 MPa
Rd,1 = 1250 x 103/( 3002)
= 4.4 MPa
Rd,max 1038 kN
= 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
= 12.7 MPa 1250 kN
Pile-cap example
Nodes 1520 kN 1520 kN
From above
Rd,2 = 10.0 MPa
Rd,3 = 10.0 MPa
Rd,1 = 2500 x 103/(5002)
= 10.0 MPa 2500 kN
Rd,max
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
= 15.0 MPa
Pile-cap example
Detailing
Detailed checks are also required for the following:
• Determine local tie steel across struts (if req’d)

• Detailing of reinforcement anchorage (large
radius bends may be required)
Pile-cap example
Design using bending theory (comparison)
MEd =2500 x 1.800/4 = 1125 kNm
Assume:
25 mm  for tension reinforcement
12 mm link
d = h – cnom - link - 0.5
= 1400 – 75 - 12 – 13
= 1300 mm
Worked example
K '  0.208  K’
M Ed 1.00 0.208
K 
bd 2f ck 0.95 0.195
1125  10 6 0.90 0.182

900  13002  30 0.85 0.168
 0.025  K ' 0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
z 
2
d

1  1  3.53K  0.70 0.120

1300
2

1  1  3.53  0.025  1270 mm
As = 1125 x 106 / (435 x 1270) = 2036 mm2
Use 5 H25 (2454 mm2)
Workshop problem
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is

required for a pile cap supporting a 650 mm square column
carrying 4 000 kN (ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of
750 mm diameter. fck = 30 MPa
4 000 kN (ULS)
Breadth =
1800
1050 mm
150
3300
Pile-cap example
Angle of strut = tan-1(1125/1700) 4 000 kN (ULS)

= 33.5°
Width of strut = 325/cos 33.5°
1800
= 390 mm
Force per strut = 2000/cos 33.5°
= 2398 kN
100
Force in tie = 2000 tan 33.5°

2250
= 1324 kN
325
Strut angle 1 250 kN

(ULS)
Pile-cap example
Check forces in truss

Stress in strut =2398x103/(390x650)
=9.5 MPa
Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck 1324 kN
= 10.6 MPa
Area of steel required:
As ≥ 1324 x 103/435
≥ 3044 mm2
Use 7 H25s
Pile-cap example
Nodes
From above
Rd,2 = 9.5 MPa
Rd,1 = 2000 x 103/(3752 π)
= 4.5 MPa
Rd,max = 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck 1324 kN
= 12.7 MPa
2000 kN
Pile-cap example
Nodes 2398 kN 2398 kN
From above
Rd,2 = 9.5 MPa
Rd,3 = 9.5 MPa
Rd,1 = 4000 x 103/(6502)
= 9.5 MPa 4000 kN
Rd,max
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
= 15.0 MPa
Pile-cap example
Design using bending theory
MEd =4000 x 2.250/4 = 2250 kNm
Assume:
25 mm  for tension reinforcement
12 mm link
d = h – cnom - link - 0.5
= 1800 – 75 - 12 – 13
= 1700 mm
Pile-cap example
K '  0.208
 K’
M Ed
K  1.00 0.208
bd 2f ck
2250  10 6 0.95 0.195

1050  17002  25 0.90 0.182
 0.030  K ' 0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
z 
d
2
1  1  3.53K  0.75 0.137

1700
2

1  1  3.53  0.030  0.70 0.120
 1654 mm
As = 2250 x 106 / (435 x 1654) = 3127 mm2

Use 7 H25 (3436 mm2)
Further Guidance

4.1 Strut &amp; Tie

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Strut and Tie

What is strut and tie?

In strut and tie models trusses are used with the

Where there is no transverse tension Cl. 6.5.2

Otherwise, where there is transverse tension Fig 6.24

Design strength, fyd = fyk/1.15 Cl. 6.5.3(1)

Reinforcement should be anchored into nodes Cl. 6.5.3(2)

Partial discontinuity Full discontinuity

Tension in the reinforcement Cl. 6.5.3(3)

When b > H/2 Cl. 6.5.3(3)

Nodes are typically classified as:

CCC – Three compressive struts

CCT – Two compressive struts and one tie

CTT – One compressive strut and two ties

The maximum stress at the edge of the node: Cl. 6.5.4(4)

Rd,max = (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

The maximum compressive stress is:

Rd,max = 0.85 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

The maximum compressive stress is:

Rd,max = 0.75 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is

Angle of strut = tan-1(900/1300) 2 500 kN (ULS)

Force in tie = 1250 tan 34.7°

Strut angle 1 250 kN

Check forces in truss

Nodes 1520 kN 1520 kN

Detailed checks are also required for the following:

• Determine local tie steel across struts (if req’d)

Design using bending theory (comparison)

MEd =2500 x 1.800/4 = 1125 kNm

Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is

Angle of strut = tan-1(1125/1700) 4 000 kN (ULS)

Force in tie = 2000 tan 33.5°

Strut angle 1 250 kN

Check forces in truss

Nodes 2398 kN 2398 kN

Design using bending theory

MEd =4000 x 2.250/4 = 2250 kNm

As = 2250 x 106 / (435 x 1654) = 3127 mm2

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4.1 Strut & Tie

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