4.3 Fatigue

Fatigue
Owen Brooker
BEng CEng MICE MIStructE MCS
Technical Director
© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 1
Eurocode 2 - Contents
1. General 7. Serviceability limit state
2. Basis of design 8. Detailing – general
3. Materials 9. Detailing – particular rules
4. Durability 10. Precast concrete
5. Structural analysis 11. Lightweight concrete
6. Ultimate limit state 12. Plain concrete
When can fatigue be ignored?
A fatigue verification is not necessary for: Cl.6.8.1(102)

• Footbridges, except when sensitive to wind.
• Buried arch and frame structures (min earth
cover of 1 m (road) & 1.5 m (railway).
• Foundations.
• Piers not rigidly connected to superstructure.
• Retaining walls.
• Abutments not rigidly connected to superstruct.
• Prestressing and reinforcing steel, in regions
where, under the frequent load combination of
actions and Pk only compressive stresses occur at
the extreme concrete fibres.
In the UK this is extended for

slabs
Fatigue verification can be ignored for local effects Cl.6.8.1(102)
of wheel loads on road bridges applied directly to a UK NA
slab provided:
• Slab does not contain welded reinforcement or
couplers.
• Span-to-depth ratio less than 18.
• Slab acts compositely with beam/web.
• Slab also acts compositely with transverse
diaphragms
• Slab width perpendicular to its span exceeds
three times its clear span.
Internal forces and stresses
Assume for stress calculations: Cl. 6.8.2

• Cracked sections
• Neglect concrete tensile strength
• Compatibility of strains
Effect of prestress
Increase reinforcement to take account of any Cl. 6.8.2(2)

prestress with factor, η.
η = (As + Ap)/(As + Ap √(ξ (ϕs ϕp)))
where
As = area of reinforcing steel
Ap = area of prestressing steel
ϕs = largest diameter of reinforcement
ϕp = dia. or equiv. dia. of prestressing steel
= 1.6 √(Ap) for bundles
= 1.75 ϕwire for 7-wire strands
= 1.2 ϕwire for 3-wire strands
ξ = ratio tendon/reinforcement bond strength
Values for ξ
Where there is no value in European Technical Table 6.2

Approval, use the following data
Prestressing steel Pre- Bonded

tensioned post-tensioned
C50/60 C70/85
Smooth bars and wires N/A 0.3 0.15
Strands 0.6 0.5 0.25
Indented wires 0.7 0.6 0.3
Ribbed bars 0.8 0.7 0.35
Note: for intermediate values between C50/60 and
C70/85 interpolation may be used.
Fatigue combinations
Separate the non-cycling and cyclic actions. Cl. 6.8.3
Non-cyclic actions – use frequent combination
Cyclic actions –
use frequent combination plus fatigue actions
The difference between them gives the stress range

for design
Verification of concrete
Use the following Exp. for concrete in compression:

σc,max/fcd,fat ≤ 0.5 + 0.45 σc,min/fcd,fat ≤ 0.9*
where
σc,max = max compressive stress in fibre
σc,min = min comp. stress in the fibre (0 for tens)
fcd,fat = design fatigure strength of concrete
= 0.85 βcc (t0)fcd(1-fck/250)
βcc = e(s(1-√(28/t0)))
t0 = time of start of cyclic loading
s = 0.2 for Class R cement
= 0.25 for Class N cement
= 0.38 for Class S cement
* Limit to 0.8 when fck > 50 MPA
Verification for members without

shear reinforcement
When VEd,min/VEd,max ≥ 0 Cl. 6.8.7(4)
ǀVEd,maxǀ/ǀVRd,cǀ ≤ 0.5 + 0.45 ǀVEd,minǀ/ǀVRd,cǀ
≤ 0.9 up to C50/60
≤ 0.8 otherwise
When VEd,min/VEd,max < 0
ǀVEd,maxǀ/ǀVRd,cǀ ≤ 0.5 ǀVEd,minǀ/ǀVRd,cǀ
where
VEd,max = design value of max applied shear force
under frequent combination
VEd,min = design value of minimum applied shear Cl. 7.2.1
force at the same location
VRd,c = design value of shear resistance
Limiting reinforcement stress
Adequate fatigue resistance may be assumed if the Cl. 6.8.6(1)

stress range under the frequent combination does
not exceed:
• 70 MPa for unwelded bars
• 35 MPa for welded bars
Alternatively, for highways refer to PD 6687-2
UK Guidance for Road bridges

allowable stress range, MPa
Span, m Adjacent spans Alternate spans PD 6687-2
loaded loaded Table 2A
Bars ≤ Bars > Bars ≤ Bars >
16 mm 16 mm 16 mm 16 mm
≤ 3.5 150 115 210 160
5 125 95 175 135
10 110 85 175 135
20 110 85 140 110
30 to 50 90 70 110 85
100 115 90 135 105
≥ 200 190 145 200 155
Annex NN of EN 1992-2
For the calculation of damage equivalent stress EN 1992-2

ranges for steel verification, the axle loads of NN2.1 (101)
fatigue load model 3 shall be multiplied by the
following factors:
• 1.75 for verification at intermediate supports in
continuous bridges
• 1.40 for verification in other areas
Damage equivalent stress range
Damage equivalent Impact

Factor – EN 1991-2
Annex B(3):
Unless otherwise specified, the recorded axle loads should be
multiplied by :
• φfat = 1.2 for surface of good roughness
• φfat = 1.4 for surface of medium roughness.
Factor λs,1
Factor λs,1
Factor λs,2
EN 1991-2
EN 1992-1-1
EN 1992-1-1
EN 1992-2
Factor λs,3
Factor λs,4
From EN 1991-2:
Verification
Other methods
Other methods are available for fatigue checks:

• S-N curves Cl. 6.8.4
Worked Example
Using the damage equivalent method for 30 m span

bridge assess the impact of fatigue for the
following:
• Two-span continuous bridge
• Two-lanes in each direction
• High flow rate for lorries
• Long-distance travel
• Using fatigue LM3, the stress range is 70 MPa
• 100 year design life
• Good surface conditions
Solution
Multiplication factor for span location = 1.4

Δσs,Ec = 1.4 x 75 = 105 MPa
1.19
Solution
λs,2 = 1 9√(2.0/2.0)
= 1.0
λs,3 = 9√(100/100) = 1
Nobs,I = 2.0 x 106 x 10% = 0.2 x 106
λs,4 = 9√((2.0 + 0.2 / 2.0)) = 1.01
φfat = 1.2
λs = 1.2 x 1.19 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.01 = 1.44
Δσs,equ = 105 x 1.44 = 151.2 MPa
1.0 x 151.2 ≤ 162.5/1.15

151.2 ≤ 153 MPa Pass

4.3 Fatigue

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Fatigue

A fatigue verification is not necessary for: Cl.6.8.1(102)

In the UK this is extended for

Assume for stress calculations: Cl. 6.8.2

Increase reinforcement to take account of any Cl. 6.8.2(2)

Where there is no value in European Technical Table 6.2

Prestressing steel Pre- Bonded

Separate the non-cycling and cyclic actions. Cl. 6.8.3

Non-cyclic actions – use frequent combination

The difference between them gives the stress range

Use the following Exp. for concrete in compression:

Verification for members without

Adequate fatigue resistance may be assumed if the Cl. 6.8.6(1)

Alternatively, for highways refer to PD 6687-2

UK Guidance for Road bridges

For the calculation of damage equivalent stress EN 1992-2

Damage equivalent Impact

Other methods are available for fatigue checks:

Using the damage equivalent method for 30 m span

Multiplication factor for span location = 1.4

Δσs,equ = 105 x 1.44 = 151.2 MPa

1.0 x 151.2 ≤ 162.5/1.15

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