TM23 - Heat Treatment of Metals PDF

HEAT TREATMENT OF
METALS
1. Annealing
2. Quenching
3. Tempering
4. Hardenability test
©2013 Wiley, M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e – modified by G Dini 2014
Heat Treatment
 Heat treatment: heating and cooling processes

performed to effect structural changes in a material,
which in turn affect its mechanical properties
 Most common applications are on
 Metals
 Glasses
Heat Treatment in Manufacturing
 Heat treatment operations are performed on metal

workparts at various times during their manufacturing
sequence
 Purposes:
 To relieve strain hardening that occurs during
forming
 To strengthen and harden the metal near the end
of the manufacturing sequence
 To relieve residual stresses due to heat generated
during fabrication processes (casting, welding, etc.)
Heat Treatment in Manufacturing
 Heat treatment can produce deformation and

surface alteration of the part
 Therefore, a finishing process after heat treatment
could be necessary
 Example of fabrication sequence:

 Turning of the part
 Heat treatment to enhance hardness
 Grinding of the part to obtain the final shape
HEAT TREATMENT OF
METALS
1. Annealing
2. Quenching
3. Tempering
Annealing
 1) heating, 2) soaking metal at suitable temperature for

a certain time, and 3) slowly cooling
Annealing
 Reasons for annealing:
 Reduce hardness and brittleness
 Recrystallize cold worked metals (relieve strain

hardening)
 Relieve residual stresses induced by casting,

welding, forming, etc.
Annealing of Steel
Large grain size Small Grain size
 Cooling rate in annealing influence grain size

 Faster cooling rates promote small grain size
Annealing of Steel
 The grain boundaries interrupt the movement of

dislocations
 Therefore:
 Low cooling rate = large grain size = lower strength
and hardness
 High cooling rate = small grain size = higher strength
and hardness
Annealing of Steel
 Full annealing - heating and soaking the alloy in the

austenite region, followed by slow cooling (in
furnace) to produce large grain size
Annealing of Steel
 Normalizing - similar heating and soaking cycle as in

full annealing, but faster cooling rates (in air)
 Results in small grain size, higher strength and
hardness, but lower ductility
Time-Temperature-Transformation
Curve (TTT Curve)
 The iron-carbon phase

diagram shows the phases of
iron and iron carbide under
equilibrium conditions
 Assumes cooling from high
temperature is slow
enough to permit austenite
to transform into ferrite and
cementite (Fe3C) mixture
Curve (TTT Curve)
Curve (TTT Curve)
slow cooling (annealing in furnace)
Pearlite (annealing)
 Alternative form of aggregation of α + Fe3C mixture

 Obtained by slow cooling rate
Curve (TTT Curve)
fast cooling (normalizing in air)
Bainite (normalizing)
 Alternative form of aggregation of α + Fe3C mixture

 Obtained by fast cooling rate (higher strength and
hardness)
HEAT TREATMENT OF
METALS
1. Annealing
2. Quenching
3. Tempering
Curve (TTT Curve)
fast cooling (normalizing in air)
very fast cooling (quenching in water or in oil)
Martensite Formation in Steel
 Under very rapid cooling, so that equilibrium is totally

not satisfied, austenite transforms into a
nonequilibrium phase called martensite, which is
hard and brittle
Martensite
 Face-centered cubic
(FCC) structure of
austenite is
transformed into
body-centered
tetragonal (BCT)
structure of
martensite
Heat Treatment to Form
Martensite
 Quenching consists of two steps:
1. Austenitizing - heating the steel to a sufficiently

high temperature for a long enough time to
convert it entirely or partially to austenite
2. Quenching - cooling the austenite rapidly

enough to avoid passing through the nose of the
TTT curve
Quenching Media and
Cooling Rate
 Various quenching media are used to affect cooling
rate
 Salt water, usually agitated (fastest cooling rate)
 Still fresh water
 Still oil
 Air (slowest cooling rate)
 The faster the cooling, the more likely are internal
stresses, distortion, and cracks in the product
Quenching Media and
Cooling Rate
HEAT TREATMENT OF
METALS
1. Annealing
2. Quenching
3. Tempering
Tempering of Martensite
 A heat treatment applied to

martensite to partially reduce
brittleness, increase
toughness, and relieve
stresses
 Treatment involves heating
and soaking at a
temperature below the
austenitizing level for about
one hour, followed by slow
cooling
Tempering of Martensite
 Results in precipitation
of very fine carbide
particles from the
martensite iron-carbon
solution, transforming
the crystal structure
from BCT to BCC
 New structure is called
tempered martensite
HEAT TREATMENT OF
METALS
1. Annealing
2. Quenching
3. Tempering
Hardenability
 The relative capacity of a steel to be hardened by

transformation to martensite
 It determines the depth below the quenched
surface to which the steel is hardened
 Steels with good hardenability can be hardened:
 more deeply below the surface
 do not require high cooling rates
 Hardenability does not refer to the maximum
hardness that can be attained
Hardenability
 Hardenability of steel is increased through alloying

 Alloying elements having the greatest effect are
chromium, manganese, molybdenum
 The mechanism by which these alloying elements
work is to extend the time before the start of the
austenite-to-pearlite transformation
 In effect, the TTT curve is moved to the right,
thus permitting slower quenching rates
Jominy Test for Hardenability
 (a) Test setup, showing end quench of the test specimen

and (b) typical pattern of hardness readings as a function
of distance from quenched end
Jominy Test for Hardenability
Ni- Cr-Mo
steel
AISI 4340
Carbon can be
steel quenched
AISI 1040 at low
can be cooling
quenched rate of
only at high about 3°/s
cooling
rate of
about 270°/s

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HEAT TREATMENT OF

 Heat treatment: heating and cooling processes

 Most common applications are on

 Heat treatment operations are performed on metal

 Heat treatment can produce deformation and

 Example of fabrication sequence:

 1) heating, 2) soaking metal at suitable temperature for

 Reasons for annealing:

 Reduce hardness and brittleness

 Recrystallize cold worked metals (relieve strain

 Relieve residual stresses induced by casting,

Large grain size Small Grain size

 Cooling rate in annealing influence grain size

 The grain boundaries interrupt the movement of

 Full annealing - heating and soaking the alloy in the

 Normalizing - similar heating and soaking cycle as in

 The iron-carbon phase

slow cooling (annealing in furnace)

 Alternative form of aggregation of α + Fe3C mixture

slow cooling (annealing in furnace)

fast cooling (normalizing in air)

 Alternative form of aggregation of α + Fe3C mixture

slow cooling (annealing in furnace)

fast cooling (normalizing in air)

very fast cooling (quenching in water or in oil)

 Under very rapid cooling, so that equilibrium is totally

 Quenching consists of two steps:

1. Austenitizing - heating the steel to a sufficiently

2. Quenching - cooling the austenite rapidly

 A heat treatment applied to

 The relative capacity of a steel to be hardened by

 Hardenability of steel is increased through alloying

 (a) Test setup, showing end quench of the test specimen

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