Module 1 - Principle of Teaching

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
MODULAR PROGRAM
Module 1
3 Units
PATERNO D. AGUILA
Copyright 2019
Owned and Operated by:

ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc.
1|P a g e M o d u l a r – Vo l u m e 1
HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT
2nd Floor, DJNM Building, Maharlika Highway, Barangay Isabang, Tayabas City, Quezon
HOTLINE 0917-6108247 ▫ haggai.cpd@gmail.com
“Partners for Improving Outcomes”..

CERTIFICATE OF PROFESSIONAL COURSE IN
EDUCATION
18 Units Professional Education
THE COMPANY
The HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT (A division of ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc.) is a
business solutions driven company providing professional’s aid for continuing educations. The composition of the
company reflects the diversity of disciplines involved in business and management. The portfolio of expertise
includes systems design and development, project management and education, training and development in
accordance with our clients' needs in a consulting, service provider and outsourcing capacity.
HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT (A division of ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc.) can meet all the
needs of our clients using the experience of our multi-professional composition of the board of trustees down to staff
and using arrangements that are in place with associate consultants/trainers, where specialist services are required.
Apart from the professionals continuing education, the qualification of HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT (A
division of ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc.) diversify a unique ability to help the professionals gather the
most innovative, effective and cheaper Continuing Professional Development or CPD activities, the company is also
committed to bring the professionals to social public responsibilities.
Our core services are to help students prepare for their licensure/certification exams by providing quality and
effective review program,providing seminars, workshops, and other CPD-related services with credit units towards
the renewal of the Professional Licenses or PRC Professional Identification Cards of our country’s professionals as
well as providing training programs and seminars to other learning individuals, families, and institutions to further
enhance their knowledge and skills in their chosen vocations or crafts.
Earning credit units towards the renewal of PRC Licenses or PRC Professional Identification Cards is now a
mandatory requirement for all professionals under Republic Act No. 10912 dated July 21, 2016, entitled “An Act
Mandating and Strengthening the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Program for All Regulated
Professions and Creating the Continuing Professional Education Councils and Appropriating Funds Therefore and
For Other Related Purposes” or otherwise known as “The Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016.” Our
company provides this need.
As a CPD provider, HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT (A division of ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon,
Inc.) has updated and approved training modules developed by experts designed for continuing professional
development and prides itself of competent and experienced program developers who provide an overview of
professional development to date.
All our seasoned resource speakers are accredited and well-known for their expertise and specialization in their
respective fields. They provide continuous training regularly to refresh, reinforce, and update our professionals and
other learning individuals of new and improved techniques and strategies in the practice of their professions or crafts
thus enabling them to be at par with their peers in the local, ASEAN, and international arenas.
THE SCHOOL CREDO:
1. We believe that:
o Education is a lifelong process, and its focal point is and should always be the individual person;
o The primary purpose of education is the integral formation of the human person, the fullest development of
everything that is human in the individual; it is an essential part of the mission of a school to help and
complement the family in the exercise of its educational rights and duties;
o An educational institution must be ever attentive and responsive to the real needs of the community that
sustains it, seek to significantly contribute to human progress, and do everything it can to uplift the moral,
cultural, and material level of the country and the region in which it operates; and
o The school fulfills its role best when it forms individuals who are professionally competent, creative and
enterprising, zealous for the common good and capable of making free and morally upright choices, and
who can thus act as positive agents of change in service to society.
2. We who form part of the ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc., therefore, dedicate and commit ourselves to:
o The highest standards of professional excellence in our academic, scientific, and cultural endeavors;
o The inculcation of sound and time-tested human and social values and attitudes in people, beginning with
those we work and live with and reaching out especially to those in most need of help in society;
o The creation within the institution of an atmosphere of academic serenity conducive not only to disciplined
and diligent study, high-level research, and the responsible use of the freedom of scientific inquiry, but also
to mutual respect, openness, understanding, and friendship, without discrimination of any kind; and
o Above all the arduous but most spiritually rewarding pursuit of wisdom, the synthesis of love of God and
knowledge, faith and reason, culture and life.
MISSION
ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc., an institution built with integrity, moral, and respect, dedicates itself
to provide education at its best. We endeavour to improve and enhance peoples' knowledge through exceptional
teaching methodology.
VISION
An ultimate partner in life-changing learning experience. Our vision is to cater outstanding services to different
kinds of people Nationwide, and to take it further, Worldwide.
IDEAL COMPLETERS/GRADUATES
1. Our graduates undergo a combination of strong liberal education and professional specialization that
has made ASTRA’s one of the country’s top educational institution and they’ve got the track record to
show for it.
2. Distinct in its focus on whole-person development, ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc. produces
graduates who exemplify perhaps the most important quality top companies, enterprises, and
institutions are looking for in new hires: corporate-readiness.
3. But more than just individuals who are professionally competent, creative, and enterprising, they are
also capable of acting as positive agents of change and service to society.
4. To us, they are Eagles. They are leaders and trailblazers able to take on the challenges of a highly
competitive and ever-changing world.
This is who we are..
We provide quality education and holistic formation towards social transformation through curriculum
with technological orientation that promotes Godly values.
ADMINISTRATION
ASTRA Academy of Southern Luzon, Inc. is a non-sectarian and a co-educational
institution of learning administered by a Board of Trustees assisted by a selected group of
educators, chosen from their expertise and experience in the field of education. A
Chairman/President heads the Board, as the policy-making and governing body of the school.
SERVICES OFFERED:
1. We offer review courses for the following specializations:
 Civil Service Exam

 Criminologist
 Psychometrician
 Board Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers
2. We provide seminars, workshops, and other CPD-related services with credit units towards the renewal of the
Professional Licenses or PRC Professional Identification Cards of our country’s professionals.
3. TESDA Trainers Methodology 1 (TM 1)
4. Certificate of Professional Course in Education (18 Units Professional Education Program)
SECOND SEMESTER
Subject Code No. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Educ 1 Child and Adolescent
Educ 4 Facilitating Learning
Educ 8 The Teaching Profession
Educ 9 Assessment of Student Learning
F.E. 2 History and Legal Foundations incl. Philippine Education System
GC 2 Guidance and Counselling (inc. Intro to Special Education)
Research Introduction to Educational Research (Optional)
Total 18 Units (3) Units
 Extension Program of the College of the Most Holy Trinity Catholic Foundation - Bataan
Batch 5 First Semester – School Year 2019-2010: Start of Classes (for Regular and Modular) will start on
September 8, 2019 (8am to 4pm) at the Center of Haggai School of Development – Lecture Room 206, DJNM
Building, Barangay Isabang, Tayabas City, Quezon Province.
Enrollment Start on June 8, 2019 for Limited Slots only
Requirements for 18 Units Professional Education Modular Program

(To answer 10,000 Questions of LET Review Examinations, complete the modular requirements,
Support the Outreach Program and attend the 1 day Seminar)
2nd Floor, DJNM Building, Maharlika Highway, Barangay Isabang, Tayabas City, Quezon
HOTLINE 0917-6108247 ▫ haggai.cpd@gmail.com
“Partners for Improving Outcomes”..
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
Certificate of Professional Course in Education
Batch 6 – Pasay Center/Modular
Schedule Particulars Remarks
September 8, 2019 Student Orientation
Sunday Start of Classes – Principles of Teaching and Learning PATERNO D. AGUILA
September 22, 2019 Last Day of Classes/Final Exam Faculty
Sunday Principles of Teaching and Learning
September 29, 2019 Start of Classes: The Teaching Profession with Guidance
Sunday and Counseling
October 13, 2019 Last Day of Classes/Final Exam
Sunday The Teaching Profession with Guidance and Counseling JHIMSON CABRAL
October 19, 2019 Start of Classes – Curriculum Development Faculty
Saturday October 20, 2019 – Sunday (Cont. of Classes)
November 9, 2019 Last Day of Classes – Curriculum Development
Saturday
November 10, 2019 Start of Classes – Social Dimensions of Education
November 16, 2019 Continuation of Classes – Social Dimensions of Education
November 17, 2019 Last Day of Classes – Social Dimensions of Education
November 24, 2019 First Day of Classes – Developmental Reading
November 25, 2019 Continuation of Classes – Development Reading
December 7, 2019 Last Day of Classes – Developmental Reading Faculty
December 8, 2019 First Day of Classes –
December 14, 2019 Educational Measurement and Evaluation
Last Day of Classes - EME
December 15, 2019 Seminar on Educational Technology Guest Lecturer
For Schedule Mock Examinations – Whole Day/ Clearance Day – Pre-
BLEPT
One Day Seminar – “Facilitating Skills for More Effective
October 18, 2019 Learning”. Kalilayan Hall, Quezon Provincial Capitol Cpd.
November 3, 2019 – Whole Day Teaching Demonstration
Every Wednesday – 5pm to 8pm – Make up Classes (All Subjects) PATERNO D. AGUILA
- 10am to 3pm – Modular Students Consultation LORNA D. GIRON
December 19-21, 2019 – Haggai Cares – Outreach Program to the Mangyan LORNA D. GIRON
Community – Barangay Arangin, Matandang Naujan, Oriental Mindoro Coordinator
December 29, 2019 – Recognition/Completion Day – St. Jude Coop Hotel
Schedule for Late Teaching Demo – (for further instructions)
For Modula Students: Just follow the above schedule as your guidance to accomplish your activities.
PATERNO D. AGUILA
Center Director
General Education DIAGNOSTIC TEST – (This is for us to check your ability and prepare you in the
upcoming Board Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers.
Instruction: Answer the following in a sheet of yellow paper.
1. Which of the following is not true about Language Acquisition among children?
A. LAD claims that certain linguistic structures must already be imprinted on the child’s mind
at birth
B. Chomsky explains in his model that children acquired language solely through exposure
C. Among those who worked on these are Crystal and Piaget
D. Language acquisition device assumes that people are born with innate ability to acquire
language
2. If a teacher wishes to enjoy study leave, she will get how many percent of her salary while on
study leave?
A. 80%
B. 70%
C. 60%
D. 50%
3. Which of the following forms of punishment is least likely to affect students negatively?
A. Delaying lunch break
B. Corporal punishment
C. Ridiculing
D. Surprise quiz
4. When a teacher jumps from on topic to another without assessing if the students are ready to
absorb the instructions, this practice depicts:
A. Flip-flop
B. Truncation
C. Thrust
D. Dangling
5. A high negative discrimination index means that:
A. The item does not discriminate from among groups
B. The item is valid but not reliable
C. More from the bottom group answered the test question correctly
D. More from the upper group successfully answered the test item
6. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of an authentic assessment?
A. Answering a multiple-choice exam
B. Conducting a seminar on breastfeeding
C. Attending a lecture on Botany
D. Performing first-aid measures to scald burns
7. Which of the following is an example of Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
A. A class “reads” the words under a picture as the teacher guides them while she points and
says the word
B. A child knows the short vowel sounds, so he is able to learn the long vowel sounds
C. A teacher pairs students with other students of unlike ability and has them do their
worksheets together
D. Children read in groups based on their abilities or interests
8. Content-Based Instruction (CBI) is based on the common underlying principle that successful
language learning occurs when students are presented with target language material in a meaningful,
contextualized form, with the primary focus on ___________.
A. Making meaning from what they learn.
B. Understanding the lessons
C. Acquiring information and knowledge
D. Making connections between what they learn at school and what they learn outside the
school.
9. By asking the question at the end, the teacher helped her students to use the word-attack strategy
of ____ in Goodell’s Reading skills Ladder.
A. Context clues
B. Sight-word clues
C. Phonic clues
D. Morphemic clues
10. What theory or model of the reading process is closely related to top-down processing?
A. Transactional Theory
B. Schema Theory
C. Interactive Theory
D. Bottom-up Theory
11. Teachers often complain of numerous non-teaching assignments that adversely affect their
teaching. Does this mean that teachers must be preoccupied only with teaching?
A. Yes, because teaching is more than enough for full time job.
B. Yes, if they are given other assignments justice demands that they be properly compensated.
C. No, because to lead in community activities is the job of elected officials.
D. No, because every teacher is expected to provide leadership and initiative in activities for the
betterment of communities.
12. Can parents on their duty to 3educate their children to the school especially is they are illiterate?
A. It depends on the condition of parents.
B. It depends on the condition of the children.
C. No, parents have the primary duty to educate children.
D. Yes, because the parents did not go through formal training for the education of their
children.
13. Janna who married a German national finally learns new traits from his husband’s culture. This is
an example of:
A. Assimilation
B. Acculturation
C. Culture traits
D. Enculturation
14. Aside from being a teacher, Ms. Veluz is also a community leader. Whichof the following should
Ms. Veluz NOT do as a teacher and community leader?
A. Make herself aloof to ensure that her decision will not be influenced by others.
B. Play an active part in the activities of the community.
C. Support the community to improve her status in life.
D. Solicit donations from wealthy and generous people in the community for community
projects.
15. Giving education the highest budgetary allocation, the Philippine government recognizes the
possible contribution of its future citizens to the national development goals of the Philippines
society. Which stressed this goal of education for social transformation?
A. Roman education
B. Followers of Christ
C. Greek Education
D. Athenian education
16. Which philosophy has the educational objective to indoctrinate Filipinos to accept the teachings of
the Catholic Church is to foster faith in GOD?
A. Idealism
B. Realism
C. Pragmatism
D. Existentialism
17. Teacher Sam, a Values Education teacher emphasizes ethics in almost all the lessons. Which of
the following emphasizes the same?
A. Moral education
B. Liberal Education
C. Social Education
D. Religious training
18. John Dewey’s major contributions to the sociological foundations of education are the following,
except:
A. Education is a social process beginning unconsciously at birth.
B. School is a continuation of home; activities at home continue at school.
C. Facilitating education means being aware of the social condition of the learners.
D. “True education” is transmission of knowledge from the teacher to the learner.
19. It is said that some private schools employ teachers without license. Is that an accordance with
the Philippine Teacher’s Professionalization Act?
A. No, except if the teacher has very satisfactory performance continuously in the past five
years.
B. No, the license as a requirement for teaching applies to teachers in both public and private
schools.
C. Yes, provided the teacher has at least five years of teaching experience.
D. Yes, the Teacher’s Professionalization Act applies only to teachers in government schools.
20. Are elementary and secondary education compulsory for all children of school age?
A. No, only elementary education is compulsory.
B. No, this violates parents’ and children’s right to decide what is best for them and their
children.
C. Yes, for all children regardless of age.
D. Yes, that is why they are free of charge.
21. Which of the following interventions reduces stigma between social status and social selection in
the educational system?
A. Education for all
B. Education Service Contracting Scheme
C. National Achievement Test
D. National College Admission Examination
22. It represents the skillful, creative and discerning application of knowledge.
A. Learning how to learn
B. Learning to do
C. Learning to be
D. Learning to know
23. The basic value that is central to human rights education is:
A. Justice for all
B. Human diversity
C. Respect for individuality
D. Human dignity
24. Which software is needed when one wants to perform automatic calculations on numerical data?
A. Database
B. Spreadsheet program
C. Microsoft powerpoint
D. Word processing
25. Which of the following is a result of compressing a file?
A. The file size is smaller
B. The three character extension is hidden
C. The file size is deleted
D. All file properties are lost
26. Ms. Obmerga, a grade II school teacher, wanted to show the parts of a seed by using a large,
wooden seed visual aid with detachable cotyledons and a tiny seed. Under what classification does
this wooden structure fall?
A. Model
B. Realia
C. Replica
D. Mock up
27. Which of the following technologies provide iconic experience?
A. Books and periodicals
B. Printed and verbal symbols
C. Radio and magazines
D. Videos and computers
28. Which curriculum design element is taking place when Marco, a Senior High students can
connect the lessons he learned in a subject area to a related content in another subject area?
A. Balance
B. Integration
C. Continuity
D. Articulation
29. The subject matter or content to be learned must be within the time allowed, resource available,
expertise of the teacher and nature of learners. What criterion is addressed?
A. Significance
B. validity
C. Feasibility
D. Significance
30. School curricula reflect worldwide economic issues, political integration and industrialization.
What do these point to in curriculum development?
A. The trends towards globalization and localization.
B. The trend towards the classical approach to curriculum development.
C. The trend towards participatory curriculum development.
D. The shift in the paradigm of curriculum development from a process-oriented to a product-
oriented one.
31. Which educational philosophy focuses on the role of curriculum as a means in remaking society
and rebuilding culture?
A. Existentialism
B. Reconstructionism
C. Progressivism
D. Perennialism
32. Why should a teacher learn to conduct a lesson using a variety of discussion procedures?
A. Discussion procedures help the teacher to attend to other things while the lesson is in
progress.
B. The teacher can delegate the most able student in the class to facilitate the discussion.
C. The students will learn to conform with the rules established for discussion.
D. The students will learn to analyze and question the relationships of concepts involved in
the topic or problem under study.
33. Which of the following strategies could enable learners to see relationships among concepts?
A. Mastery teaching
B. Problem-solving
C. Visual organizer
D. Deduction
34. The morning routine of Mrs. Aura consists of organizing the room for the days lesson, checking
materials and equipment and doing other similar activities that will promote an orderly and safe
place of learning. These activities are part of:
A. Routine management
B. Climate management
C. Conduct management
D. setting management
35. Mrs. Daisy gathered all the grade two pupils who failed in the English achievement test covering
the four fundamentals. For several days after class, she conducted lessons on the basic concepts and
operations involved. What did this teacher’s action exemplify?
A. Make-up instruction
B. Remedial Instruction
C. Enrichment activities
D. Tutorial activities
36. Which teacher’s statement illustrates a redirection technique of questioning?
A. Well, do you think they have the same element?
B. What can you say about their culture?
C. What is equal twelve?
D. Another, Ricard.
37. Ms. Alex started her science lesson by starting a generalization. Then she asked her pupils to
undertake activities to prove the correctness of the generalization before letting them give specific
examples or cases. What method did she use?
A. Problem solving
B. Deductive
C. Inductive
D. Discovery
38. In a treatment for alcoholism, Harry was made to drink an alcoholic beverage and then made to
ingest Antabuse, a drug that produces nausea. Eventually, he was nauseated at the sight and smell of
alcohol and stopped drinking alcohol. This is an example of which theory?
A. Associative Learning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Attribution theory
D. Social Learning Theory
39. The view that cognitive growth is not an additive process but rather a continuous reconstruction
of existing cognitive structure is attributed to:
A. Freud
B. Rousseau
C. Piaget
D. Kohlberg
40. These theories emphasize the establishment and strengthening of relationships between the
stimulus (S) and the response (R):
A. Cognitive-Field Theories
B. Behavioral or Association Learning Theories
C. Bloom’s Taxonomy
D. None of the above
41. It includes everything from simple associations between stimuli and responses or association
learning to the development of complex insights as in problem solving:
A. Affective learning
B. Cognitive learning
C. Psychomotor learning
D. All of the above
42. You will understand when a pre-school boy asserts that two rows of five coins similarly spaced
have equal amounts; but when one row is spread out so that it is longer than the other, he says it has
more coins. Based on Piaget’s Theory, which ability does he lack?
A. Perspective taking
B. Multiple classification
C. Conservation
D. Reversibility
43. When small children call all animals “dogs”, what process is illustrated based on Piaget’s
cognitive development theory?
A. Accommodation
B. Assimilation
C. Conservation
D. Reversion
44. According to Piaget’s stage of cognitive development, between ages 12 and 15 children reach
formal operational stage. What are they capable of doing at this stage?
A. Can do multi-tasking
B. Can reason inductively or deductively.
10 | P a g e M o d u l a r – Vo l u m e 1
C. Can solve abstract problems and think deductively.
D. Can focus on only one aspect of a situation or event.
45. It was noticed by the mother that her 6 month old child no longer cries when left in the room.
What was developed by the child?
A. Object permanence
B. Initiative
C. Independence
D. A feeling of trust
46. What does a negatively skewed score distribution imply?
A. The scores are widespread.
B. The students must be academically poor.
C. The scores congregate on the left side of the normal distribution curve.
D. The score congregate on the right side of the normal distribution curve.
47. Here are the raw scores of the students in their quiz: 97,95,85,83,77,75,50,10,5,2,1. Which is the
median?
A. 52.70
B. 75
C. 65
D. 70
48. Q1 is 25thy percentile as median is to ___________.
A. 50th percentile
B. 30th percentile
C. 80th percentile
D. 60th percentile
49.If the teacher favors “assessment for learning”, which will she do most likely?
A. Conduct peer tutoring for students in need of help.
B. Give specific feedback to students.
C. Teach based on pretest results.
D. Conduct a pretest, formative and summative test.
50. The teacher wanted to teach the pupils the skill of cross stitching. Her check-up quiz was a
written test on the steps of cross stitching. What characteristic of a good test does it lack?
A. Reliability
B. Objectivity
C. Predictive validity
D. Content validity
51. If x is an odd integer and y is an even integer, which of the following is an even integer?
A. 2x-y-1
B. x2+y
C. x2+3y+1
D. 4x-1
52. How many times does digit 7 appear between 1 to 100?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25
53. Some genetic disorders are cause by the damage to DNA, which cannot be repaired. This shows
________.
A. Pathology
B. Mutation
C. Embryology
D. Speciation
54. Which enacted by the U.S Congress in 1916 established a bicameral legislative in the Philippines
with the senator (upper house) and House of Representative (lower house) to be composed of elected
Filipinos?
A. Jones Law
B. Cooper Act
C. Mckinley Law
D. Philippine Legislative Law
55. Which band played the Marcha Nacional Filipino of the National anthem on June 12, 1898 during
the declaration of Philippine Independence?
A. Kawit Cavite Band
B. San Francisco del Monte Band
C. Malabon Band
D. Pangkat Kawayan ng Pateros
56. An international convention where the Philippines can validate its claim to the Spratlys and other
territories in the West Philippine Sea is known as the _________.
A. Geneva Convention
B. United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Rio De Janeiro Convention
57. Read the paragraph and answer the item follows, “As far back as I can remember, our family had
always been an extended one. Our grandmother was the mainstay in the family the silent strength
behind our mother who is her daughter.” The informal guide and honorary household chief in the
extended family is the ________.
A. Mother
B. father
C. Grandmother
D. Aunt
58. Ipagtanggol ang mga mahigirap at labanan ang mga taong gumagawa para lalo silang maghirap.
A. Tambalan
B. Payak
C. Hugnayan
D. Langkapan
59. Salitang maituturing na Jargon.
A. Dito na me C. Check and Balance
B. Kalerki D. Cheke
60. Dumadagundong ang kulog bago bumuhos ang ulan, ay halimbawa ng tayutay na
_______________.
A. Onomatopeya
B. Anadiplosis
C. Epipora
D. Pang-uyam
61. Ang nanguna sa pagtatakwil sa paggamit ng sukat at tugma sa tula.
A. Alejandro Abadilla
B. Cerila Panganiban
C. Amado V. Hernandez
D. Ciriko Panganiban
62. Ano ang katangian ng sumusunod na salita? Mag-aral, umiibig, matuwid, pauwi. Ang mga
salitang ito ay may pare-parehong __________.
A. Gitlapi
B. Hulapi
C. Unlapi
D. Laguhan
63. Ang bagong Aplabetong Filipino ay ginagamit ang ispeling o bigkas na ______________.
A. Ingles C. Tagalog
B. Bisaya D. kastila
64. A bag of groceries has a mass of 10 kilograms. What is its weight?
A. 17 N C. 100N
B. 1000N D. 1 N
65. What kind of energy is possessed by water falling from a dam?
A. Accelerating
B. Interacting
C. Kinetic
D. Potential
66. What do you call a mixture that scatters light passing through it?
A. Colloid
B. Solution
C. Suspension
D. All of them
67. Which is an example of a chemical change?
A. Melting of butter
B. Nails turn into rust
C. Dissolving salt in water
D. Boiling of water
68. What is the mass number of an atom which contains twenty eight protons, twenty eight electrons
and thirty four neutrons?
A. Fifty
B. Sixty two
C. Ninety eight
D. Twenty nine
69. Element X has an electron configuration of 1s 22s22p4. Based on information, element x belong to
a/an _______
A. Chalcogen
B. Alkali metal
C. Noble gas
D. Halogen
70. What branch of biology is involved when one is studying the characteristics structure and
functions of all kinds of cells?
A. Cytology
B. Physiology
C. Morphology
D. Histology
71. Where does protein synthesis takes place?
A. Rough ER
B. colgi Apparatus
C. Smooth ER
D. Ribosomes
72. What is the flap-like structure that prevents the food from going the wrong way during
swallowing?
A. Esophagus
B. Pharynx
C. Larynx
D. Epiglottis
73. How do you classify a deer that eats on acacia tree?
A. Secondary consumer
B. Primary consumer
C. Decomposer
D. Primary producer
74. Which of the following seedless plants has the greatest number?
A. Liverworts
B. Ferns
C. Hornwort
D. Moss
75. Which theory of evolution accounts for snake’s disappearance of legs and development of
giraffe’s long neck?
A. Theory of use and disuse
B. Theory of natural selection
C. Theory of chromosomal change
D. Theory of action and interaction
76. In which poem did Rizal inspire every Filipino to offer one’s life for one’s country?
A. Las Flores del Heidelberg
B. Mi Retire
C. Mi Ultimo Adios
D. A la Juventud Filipina
77. In whose term was the celebration date of Philippine Independence Day changed from July 4 to
June 12?
A. Carlos P. Garcia
B. Ferdinand Marcos
C. Elpidio Quirino
D. Diosdado Macapagal
78. In which order did the following occupy the Philippines?
A. Spaniards, British, Americans, Japanese
B. Spaniards, Americans, British, Japanese
C. British, Spaniards, Americans, Japanese
D. Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, British
79. All appropriation, revenue or traffic bills, etc. shall originate exclusively in the:
A. Senate
B. Supreme Court
C. House of Representatives
D. Sangguniang Panlalawigan
80. Which is a legislative check on the President?
A. Inquiry into the wisdom of any pardon given by the President.
B. Prescription of qualifications of judges of lower courts.
C. Prescription of the qualifications of the President.
D. Rejection of appointment/s by the President.
81. What was the first Philippine Republic?
A. The Republic proclaimed in Malolos
B. The Republic proclaimed under the 1935 Constitution
C. The Republic of the Philippines proclaimed in 1946
D. The Republic proclaimed under Japanese-sponsored Constitution
82. Which of the following is exactly divisible by 3 and 11?
A. 138465 B. 114345 C. 87345 D. 133249
83. Niko picked some mangoes. He gave half to her brother and half of the remaining mangoes to
Mark. Mark received 9 mangoes. How many mangoes did Niko pick?
A. 10 B. 18
C. 34 D. 36
84. How many materials are needed in feet to frame a picture 8 ½ by 11 inches?
A. 3 ½ ft B. 3 ¼ ft
C. 2 ½ ft D. 2 ¼ ft
85. A taxi charges P50 for the first kilometer and charges Php3 for each additional kilometer. How
for could P200 go?
A. 55 kilometers
B. 54 kilometers
C. 51 kilometers
D. 53 kilometers
86. A certain bacteria double every 30 minutes. If there are 100g at the start, how many are there after
2 hours?
A. 400g B. 500g
C. 1600g D. 1000g
87. Which term of the sequence -7, -3, 1,5 …. Is 69?
A. 19th B. 20th
C. 16 th
D. 18th
88. If 9 in 798567 is change to 5 how many smaller is the new number formed?
A. 40000 B. 50000
C. 60000 D. 20000
89. Riza received 52% of the votes as class officer. If she receives 104 votes, how many votes were
casted?
A. 150 B. 100
C. 300 D. 200
90. A stick 96 cm long is to be divided in the ratio 3:4:5. How long is the longest part?
A. 40 B. 30
C. 20 D. 10
91. What is the equation of a line through (5,1) perpendicular to 3x+4y-5=0?
A. 4x-3y+17=0
B. 4x-3y-17=0
C. 3x-4y+17=0
D. 3x+4y-17=0
92. The sum of two complementary angles is in the ratio 1:4 What is the larger angle?
A. 18 B. 72
C. 56 D. 23
93. If the area of one circle is twice that of another circle, what is the ratio in percent of the smaller to
larger circle?
A. 75% B. 50%
C. 70% D. 55%
94. The following lines are characterized by ____________.
1. Fair is my love, and cruel as she’s fair;
2. Her brow-shades frown, although her eyes are sunny.
3. Her smiles are lightning, though her pride despair.
4. And her disdains are gall, her favors honey.
A. Antithesis B. Antihero
C. Anti-utopia D. Anticlimax
95. Hid DIFFEDENCE caused him to miss many opportunities. The meaning of the capitalized word
is:
A. Indifference B. Timidity
C. Ignorance D. Arrogance
96. Which of the following best describes the critical period in language development?
A. If a child does not learn to write by a certain age, he or she is likely to never acquire basic
writing skills.
B. If a child does not learn phonetics by a certain age, he or she is likely to never acquire
basic reading skills.
C. If a child is not exposed to a second language by a certain age, he or she is likely to never
fluently read or write a second language.
D. If a child is not exposed to regular language use by a certain age, he or she is likely to
never fully develop language capabilities.
97. All of the following are good topic sentences, EXCEPT:
A. The education week is held every first week of December.
B. My trip to the botanical garden taught me a lot.
C. Browsing in a library is an exciting experience.
D. Doing housework can be very boring.
98. If they ___ “The White Birds”, he might have liked William Butler Yeats’ poetry.
A. Will read B. has read
C. Had read D. Would read
99. In the Philippines, an increasing number of commuters ________ immune from the perils of city
life.
A. Believes their families are
B. That believe their families are
C. Believe their families to be
D. Who believe their families to be
100. _____________, the contractor would have had no difficulty in finishing the renovation of the
house on time.
A. If the construction strike has not occurred.
B. If the construction strike would have not occurred
C. It it not been that the construction strike had occurred
D. If the construction strike had not occurred
101. The greatest common factor (GCF) of 22, 15, and 7 is _________.
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
102. I can’t find __________ calculator; may I use ______, Aldrin?
A. My, Yours
B. His, yours
C. My, His
D. Yours, Mine
103. What is the manner in which the body is carried in oral speaking?
A. Gesture
B. Poise
C. Posture
D. Platform presence
104. Neither the teacher nor the students ____________ present in the affairs.
A. Am B. Was
C. Is D. Were
105. He is considered as the greatest English writer. He is also knows as the “bard of Avon”.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Sir William Scott
C. William Shakespeare
D. Francis Bacon
106. I thought the task was heavy for Bianca and _______.
A. Me B. Her
C. Myself D. Us
107. A Filipino migrant writer whose fiction stories reflect the Filipino’s concepts of American culture.
A. Bienvenido Santos
B. Ricky Lee
C. Alejandro Roces
D. Ambeth Ocampo
108. “He is the black sheep of the family”. This is an example of:
A. Metaphor B. Simile
C. Personification D. Hyperbole
109. In William Shakespeare’s “Merchant of Venice,” Portia, the judge said: “The quality of mercy os
not strained; it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath… It is blest; it
blesseth him that gives and him that takes. “Tis mightier than the mightiest… and one is likened to
God when mercy seasons justice.” The main thought of the excerpt is that:
A. Mercy is only for deserving
B. Mercy is only for deserving
C. Mercy is limited in extent
D. Mercy comes from the rain.
110. What figure of speech is the following? The EDSA bloodless revolution was supported by a
“sea of humanity” united by a common aspiration.
A. Simile B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole D. Personification
111. Nelson Mandela sacrificed so much in his life-family, friends and a big chunk of his life for thing
he believed in democratic south Africa, with equal rights and beacon of hope for the rest of the
world. Nelson Mandela’s dream for South Africa, which was realized was _______________
A. Cooperation B. Democracy
C. Unity D. Supremacy
112. Which of the following is an example of a useful function for bacteria?
A. Can clean up an oil spill by digesting hydrocarbons
B. May be used as vectors to introduce proteins.
C. Can synthesize new forms of heavy metals
D. May be pathogenic and cause human disease
113. Which organism is classified under Kingdom Fungi?
A. Red Algae B. Microsporidia C. Diatoms D. Streptococcus
114. Simplify: [(3x – 12) / (3x)] divided by (x – 4)
A. 3x B. x C. x – 4 D. 1/x
115. In an English test, eight students obtained the following scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 16, 24, 12, and 14. What
is the median score?
A. 14 B. 15.5 C. 14.5 D. 15
116. Give the final percentage rate of commission gained by Martha. She sold an appliances for 258,000.
Her commission was P37,520 minus P5,300 for transportation.
A. 12.48% B. 12.05% C. 14.54% D. 14.13%
117. The measure of an angle is 25 more than its supplement. What is the measure of the larger angle?
A. 110.5 degrees B. 95.5 degrees C. 102.5 degrees D. 77.5 degrees
118. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 6 red balls, 4 white balls and 5 blue balls. Findthe
probability that is it blue.
A. 1/3 B. 4/15
C. 2/5 D. 4/5
119. Factorize: 2x2 + 7x – 15
A. (x – 5) (2x + 3) B. (x + 5)(2x – 3) C. (2x – 5)( x – 3) D. (2x – 5)(x + 3)
120. Skyway Company manufactures tables. In its catalog, a round table is priced P4,000.00 less a
discount of 20%. What will Alliance Department Store have to payfo the round table?
A. P3,200.00 B. P3,400.00
C. P2,600.00 D. P3,500.00
121. A receipt calls for 2 eggs for every cup of flour. If a head chef uses 28 cups of flour, how many
eggs will he need?
A. 56 eggs C. 65 eggs
B. 14 eggs D. 55 eggs
122. The large prim number less than 110 is
A. 97 C. 101
B. 107 D. 105
123. What organism would most likely be in an arctic environment?
A. Turtle C. Crocodile
B. Maya Bird D. Walrus
124. Which is an example of a non-pathogenic microorganism?
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Probiotics such as Bifidobacterium
C. Influenza SP
D. Yersinia Pestis
125. In vitro fertilization is the union of an ovum and a sperm inside the
A. Vase
B. Microscopic slide
C. Test tube
D. Receptable
126. Air like food and water is an essential element in human existence. Carrie by the wind, polluted
air called ___________ falls to earth poisoning fish and destroying vegetation.
A. El Nino
B. El Nina
C. Greenhouse rain
D. Acid rain
127. Element X has an electron configuration of 1S2 2S2 2P2. Based on information, element X belongs to
a/an ______ family.
A. Alkali metal
B. Coinage
C. Halogen
D. Inert gas
128. Perfumes contain organic compounds called
A. Alcohol
B. Ethers
C. Acids
D. Esters
129. Which of the following statements is true about textbook laid on the table?
A. No force is acting on it
B. The textbook undergoes acceleration
C. The sum of the forces acting upon it is zero
D. The textbook undergoes deceleration
130. A toothpick can sit on the surface of water due to _________________.
A. Surface tension
B. Atmospheric pressure
C. Buoyancy
D. Viscosity
131. Which is the largest country in Asia?
A. China
B. Japan
C. Philippines
D. Thailand
132. Which of the following is not an ASEAN country?
A. Cambodia
B. Singapore
C. Hongkong
D. Philippines
133. Who first used the name “Filipinos” considering that native Filipinos on the Philippines were simply
called “indios”
A. Natives of pure blood of islanders
B. First Filipino clerics Burgos, Gomez and Zamora
C. Chinos or Chinese immigrants to the island
D. Creoles (Mixed Hispanic Filipino blood)
134. On motivational assessment, which is the noblest motive for entering into a profession, e.g. teaching?
A. Promise of high pay and rewards
B. Social service
C. Prestige and position
D. Economic security
135. Which of the following manifestations among students show they are high in spatial intelligence?
A. Drawing and sketching
B. Classifying natural objects
C. Setting Goals
D. Making calculations
136. Which is the following is not among the ways to advance metacognition?
A. Accept new knowledge
B. Learn to organize thoughts
C. Assess our thinking
D. Learn how to study
137. In Piaget’s Cognitive Concepts, what is the term of achieving proper balance to avoid discrepancy in
perception and understanding?
A. Assimilation
B. Schema
C. Accomodation
D. Equilibrium
138. In outcomes based education, which of the following are not considered outcomes?
A. Procedures
B. Products
C. Portfolios
D. Performances
139. What is journal writing using the internet and useful for teacher who can publish lesson ideas to
digital student readers?
A. Powerpoint
B. E-mail
C. Instagram
D. Blog
140. In Erickson’s Theory of Development, which affirmation belongs to the stage of identity versus
diffusion?
A. When people look at what I have done, I feel embarrassed
B. I wonder what sort of person I am
C. I get a good deal of pleasure from working
D. I feel competent
141. Teacher Grace is directed to pass an underserving student with a death threat. Which advise will a
utilitarian give?
A. Don’t pass him. You surely will not like someone to give you a death threat in order to
pass
B. Don’t pass him. Live by your principle of justice. You will get reward, if not in this, in
the next.
C. Pass the student. That will be of use to the student, his parents and you.
D. Pass the student. Why suffer the threat?
142. Of the following which is covered by the Science of Ergonomics?
A. School space and landscape
B. Donations from the community
C. School budget and finance
D. Medical and health facilities
143. Of subcategories of teacher movement behavior, what happening when the teacher bursts into
activities without assessing student readiness and gives orders, statements, or questions that
confuse students?
A. Truncation
B. Stimulus-bounded
C. Dangle
D. Thrust
144. Special education is a thrust that meets the needs of gifted children. Which does not contribute to
advancing the program?
A. Honor classes
B. One-fits-all curriculum
C. Self-directed learning
D. Learning clusters
145. The class has become uncontrollable, and so teacher Len decided to have some undisciplined
students out of the room to the counselor’s office. What did teacher Len apply by way of pre-
venting approach to discipline?
A. Antiseptic bouncing
B. Direct appeal
C. Removing seductive objects
D. Facilitator of learning
146. What was the name of force labor imposed during the Spanish regime?
A. Bandala
B. Reciprocal
C. Polo
D. Servicio manual
147. The fundamental right invoked by filling the “writ of amparo” is
A. The right to self-defense
B. The right due process
C. The right to be defended by a public attorney
D. The right to life, liberty, and security
148. What did Emilio Jacinto envision for Filipino fighters in writing the Kartilla Code of Conduct of the
Katipunan?
A. Guerilla fighters
B. Professional soldiers
C. Civil guards of Filipinos
D. Rag-tag fighters
149. What contained the concrete promise of the Americans to Filipinos independence “as soon as stable
government can be established?
A. Preamble of the Jones Law
B. Preamble of the Commonwealth Government
C. Fairfield Bill of 1924
D. 1ST 1919 Parliamentary Mission to the U.S
150. Who was the first editor of La Solidaridad and an orator of the Reform Movement?
A. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
B. Juan Luna
C. Jose Rizal
D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
151. Who led the representation of the Filipino people during the negotiation between the United States
and Spain for the Treaty of Paris?
A. Galiciano Apacible
B. Doroteo Lopez
C. Felipe Agoncillo
D. Mariano Ponce
152.What was the title of Rizal’s work considered to be his crowning glory as a young poet?
A. A La Juventud Filipina
B. Mi Ultimo Adios
C. A Mi Madre
D. A Las Flores del Heidelbeerg
153. Katangian ng mabuting tagapakinig ay _________.
A. Agad magbigay ng konklusyon
B. Patapusin ang nagsasalita
C. Di mapakali sa upuan
D. Laging nagbibigay ng puri
154. Ang “lubhang” saa pariralang “lubhang maliksi” ay _________
A. Pang-uri
B. Panghalip
C. Pandiwa
D. Pang-abay
155. Sa pagbuo ng analohiya, ano sa sumusunod ang may katulad na relasyon ng pares na naka- lahad
sa: parang binubuhusan ng malamanig na tubug: napahiya
A. Parang malayo ang paningin: mayabang
B. Parang maamong lupa: mabait
C. Parang pinitpit na luya: maanghang
D. Parang may paru-paro sa tiyan: nagugutom
156. What is meant by a difficulty index of one (1) for a test item?
A. Item is extremely easy
B. Item is not valid
C. Item is extremely difficult
D. Item should be retained
157. For gender fairness, what is one name which can replace reference to transvestic queens?
A. Poofer
B. Transgender
C. Third sex
D. Dyke
158.Classroom routines from the backbone of daily school activities, but which of the following is not
covered by such routines?
A. Lesson content
B. Submission of work
C. Seating arrangement
D. Distribution of papers
159. For teachers, what is the most laudable motive for participation in professional development
programs?
A. Continuing professional growth
B. Promotion and higher merit pay
C. Optimal use of time and resources
D. Support for training programs
160. “Kapalaran! Huwag ka sanang mailap”.
A. Pagmamalabis
B. Pagtawag
C. Palit-tawag
D. Palit-saklaw
161. Ang mga sumusunod, maliban sa isa, ay ilan sa mga akdang pampanitikang nagdala ng malaking
impluwensya s buong daigdig.
A. Ang Koran
B. Ang Divina Comedia
C. Ang Banal na kasaulatan
D. Ang Romeo at Julieta
162.Anong ang awiting pampatulog ng bata na lullaby sa ingles?
A. Oyayi
B. Dung-aw
C. Kutang-kutang
D. Dalit
163. Uri ng bantas na ginagamit sa paghihiwalay ng mga sugnay na sunud-sunod ay
A. Tuldukuwit
B. Tutudok
C. Tuldok
D. Kuwit
164. Uri ng pagbabagong morpoponemiko na gumagamit ng pagpapalit posisyon ng ponema sa salita
A. Pagkaltas
B. Asimilasyon
C. Paglalapi
D. Metatesis
165. Pangungusap na tumutukoy sa pangyayaring pangkalikasan o pangkapaligiran.
A. Penomental
B. Eksistensyal
C. Modal
D. Temporal
166. Dulog pampanitikan ng nagbibigay ng diin ng sariling panlasa ng bumabasa. Kilala rin ito bilang
reader-response theory.
A. Patalambuhay
B. Antropolohiya
C. Impresyonista
D. Pansikolohiya
167. What role does the teacher assume as a “sage on the stage”?
A. Authority to impose rules
B. Dispenser of knowledge
C. Facilitator of learning
D. Mentor to students
168. What education program is relevant to change in behavioral patterns?
A. Values education
B. Cultural education
C. Social education
D. Physical education
169. Pinching among personal attitudes, which is not among those that demonstrate patience among
teachers?
A. Coolness
B. Honesty
C. Composure
D. Equanimity
170. In SPED, what is the chair arrangement that is effective for students grouped and working together
based on personality and work style?
A. Cooperative cluster
B. Horseshoe or U-shaped
C. Full circle
D. Classic rows
171. For Grace Goodell, how should the dictionary be used by students?
A. For all difficult words
B. As a permanent study guide
C. Only when necessary
D. Every time, every where
172.In selecting a code of conduct, what would the behaviorist teacher prefer to impart on
learners?
A. One based on science
B. One taught by religion
C. One exemplified by great men/women
D. One drawn from history
173. Teacher Aldrin has been teaching for 7 straight years and therefore qualifies for a study leave with
pay for one year. Should he pursue it, how much pay is he entitled to receive?
A. 60% of monthly salary
B. 50% of monthly salary
C. 100% of monthly salary
D. 70% of monthly salary
174.Which organization advanced insights of “Learning to Treasure Within” for 21st Century education?
A. International Commission for the 21st Century
B. Education for all Initiative
C. Asia Pacific Regional Bureau
D. Geneva International Conference
175. What is the framework in providing students with templates and explaining the steps for developing
a research paper?
A. Modeling
B. Consolidation
C. Guided practice
D. Review
176. Following the principles for punishing students, which of the following is the LEAST desirable
strategy for classroom management?
A. Punishing while clarifying why punishment is done
B. Punishing the erring student rather than the entire class
C. Punishing while angry
D. Give punishment sparingly
177. What does the traditional curriculum and mass education lack that the progressive curriculum can
deliver?
A. Collective discipline
B. Value for individualization
C. Rigid system of grading
D. Authoritarian role of the teacher
178. What program aims to reduce the gap between low social status and educational opportunities for
deserving students?
A.. Education Service Contracting Scheme
B. National Achievement Test
C. National College Admission Examination
D. Annual Fiscal Allocation
179. What can be said of student performance in a negatively skewed class score distribution?
A. All students had average performance
B. Most students performed well
C. Most students performed poorly
D. Few students performed well
180. What does a normal curve mean in grade distribution of scores?
A. All have average grades
B. Largest number receiving low and high scores
C. Largest number of more or less average and few receiving low and high grades
D. Largest number with high grades and few low grades
181. What aspect of lesson content is important in the process of metacognition?
A. Content data
B. Content meaning
C. Content pattern
D. Content construct
182. On clusters of meaningful learning activities, which does not belong to bodily-kinesthetic learning
activities?
A. Hands-on demonstration
B. Dance
C. Role-playing
D. Story telling
183. In preparing classroom tests, which of the following checklist is the last among steps in tests
preparation?
A. Have I prepared a Table of Specifications?
B. How are the test scores to be tabulated?
C. How is the objective item to be scored?
D. How are the test results to be reported?
184.Facilities such as classrooms, fixtures, and equipment can often damage the morale of new teachers
and become an obstacle for adapting well to the school environment. What should be the policy for
assigning said physical facilities?
A. Position ranking basis
B. Needs of student’s basis
C. Service seniority basis
D. First-come, first-serve basis
185. Which of the following characterizes the teacher with a progressive view of teaching?
A. Encourage students to interact and develop social virtues
B. Limit teaching to math, science and language
C. Focus on ideas learned by our forefathers
D. Develop discipline of serious study
186. What philosophy is close to Teacher Cha who allows her students to learn at their own pace?
A. Essentialist
B. Naturalist
C. Existentialist
D. Rationalist
187. What is being shown by teachers who ignore slow-learners and take pride in the work of fast
learners?
A. Hurling invectives
B. Cursing
C. Discrimination
D. Bullying
188. In avoiding implying sickness or suffering, which of the following is the most preferable way to refer
to those with disabilities like polio?
A. “Had polio”
B. “Polio victim”
C. “Suffers from polio”
D. “Is polio-sticken”
189. What mistake is teacher Al trying to avoid when he never drops a topic before it is completed?
A. Non-directional topic
B. Dangling topic
C. Bounded topic
D. Non-assessed topic
190. Teaching English, teacher Antonette is careful about her lesson content. What quality of content did
she achieve when she made certain her information came with the “information explosion” which
she got in the internet, such as how to effectively teach phonetics?
A. Significance
B. Learn ability
C. Interest
D. Balance
191. Which of the following is a quality of an engaging learning environment most reflective of education
for all (EFA)?
A. Open communication for all-teachers, parents, students
B. Student-centered learning activities
C. Decentralized governance
D. Improvised to enhance learning for all types of learners
192. When classes began, Teacher James asked in pairs to interview and interview and introduces each
other to the class. How will these activities be classified according to Edgar Dale’s cone of experience?
A. Verbal symbols
B. Purposeful experience
C. Demonstration
D. Dramatized experience
193. Among models of reading strategies, what did student Mary adopt when she read back and forth,
attending to both what is in her mind and what’s on the page?
A. Interactive
B. Down-top
C. Top-down
D. Bottoms-up
194. Who among the following advocated that we face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage of
life?
A. James Coleman
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Erik Erikson
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
195. In Piaget’s Formal Operation Stage in cognitive development, which of the following is not among
the characteristics of the child’s thinking ability?
A. Abstract problem solving
B. Logical thinking
C. Knowing properties (number, mass, volume, etc)
D. Hypothesis making
196. When explains the tendency of preschool children to focus on an aspect of an object while excluding
other aspects?
A. Translation
B. Centration
C. Ego-centration
D. Intuition
197. Of the following questions, which relates to meta-cognition?
A. When did this event occur?
B. How is it done?
C. What facts did I know?
D. Am I learning well enough?
198. What primary response factor is considered by Essay question?
A. Wide sampling of ideas
B. Originality
C. Less time for constructing and scoring
D. Factual information
199. Of the following, which is least authentic mode of student performance assessment?
A. Artistic production in art
B. Oral performance on communication skills
C. Paper-pencil vocabulary test
D. Experiment as a scientific method
200. What is the criterion-referenced test designed to determine?
A. Attaining a personal target
B. Performance higher than other members of the group
C. Performance on a wide content of coverage
D. Performance level on a specific skill
201. The following are the results of the recent achievement test in Mathematics of the four divisions:
Division Mean Standard Deviation
I 34 4.5
II 34 3.0
III 23 1.0
IV 20 2.0
Which division performed best?
A. I C. III
B. II D. IV
202.An empty box weighs 1.3 kl. A Math book weighs 1.5 kl. Which expression gives the weight of the
box when filled with the y Math books?
A. 1.5y-1.3
B. 1.3y + 1.5
C. 1.3 + 1.5y
D. 1.3y + 1.5y
203. In how many ways can 5 basketball players be chosen from a group of 9 players?
A. 214 C. 15,120
B. 1,253 D. 232,653
204. The first 5 numbers in the sequence are 2,3,5,8 and 12. What is the 7th number in the sequence?
A. 20 C. 29
B. 19 D. 23
205. Trisia spends 15% of her monthly income for her house rental, 10% for electric bill and 25% for food
and other miscellaneous expenses. After paying all these expenses, she still has P6,000 left. How
much does she earn every month?
A. P12,000
B. P10,000
C. P20,000
D. P15,000
206. Ms. Luneta weighed 60 kg. She lost 4 kg on her first week of exercise, she gained 2kg on her second
week, lost 6 kg on the 3rd week and remained her weight duribg the fourthweek. What was her
weight on the 4th week?
A. 55kg C. 60kg
B. 52kg D. 57kg
207. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of an icosagon?
A. 3450 C. 3410
B. 3140 D. 3100
208. If a letter is chosen at random from the English alphabet, find the probability that the letter to be
chosen will be after the letter G:
A. 7/26 C. 19/26
B. 10/26 D. 20/26
209. Five bananas weigh as much as 3 star apples. In this rate, how many star apples will weigh as much
as 45 bananas?
A. 40 C. 10
B. 30 D. 27
210. What percent of P340.00 is P30.60?
A. 5% C. 8%
B. 9% D. 1%
211. What do you call the arrangement of a number of objects in a definite order and arrangement?
A. Permutation C. Factorial
B. Probability D. Combination
212. Mrs. Ambito borrowed from a friend P50,000.00 at 5% interest per month. She contracted the loan in
December 2015. How much will she pay after a year?
A. P150,000.00 C. P80,000.00
B. P90,000.00 D. P130,000.00
213. The average number of four numbers is 28. If there of the four numbers are 18, 28, and 36, what is the
fourth number?
A. 30 C. 40
B. 48 D. 35
214. A certain number is doubled and increased by 10 is 14. What is the number?
A. 2 C. 10
B. 5 D. 4
215. In a university, the ratio of female professors to the male professors is 8:5. If there are 75 male
professors, how many are female professors?
A. 180 C. 250
B. 120 D. 200
216. A rectangle has sides of 10 and 12 units. How can the area of a square be computed if it has the same
perimeter as the rectangle?
A. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, then divide by 7
B. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then square the quotient
C. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then multiply by 7
D. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then multiply by 4
217.What number subtracted from each 71 and 58 will result in two perfect squares?
A. 3 C. 35
B. 22 D. 45
218. The grades in English of the students in Section B are as follows: 80, 75, 60, 95, 100. What is the range
of their group?
A. 75-80 C. 60-100
B. 76-89 D. 85-98
219. What is the cube root of (32 x 3)?
A. 3x3 C. 3
B. 9 D. 12
220. To find perimeter (P) of a rectangle that has a length of 16 inches and width of 12 inches, which of the
following equation can be used?
A. P=(16)+(12)
B. P=2(16+12)
C. P=2(16)+(12)
D. P=2(16)(12)
SITUATION: The class was asked to design an experiment to test the effect of detergent on fish. One
group came up with his experiment design. For detergent they got Ariel, Surf, and Tide. For fish they had
tilapia, goldfish and janitor fish contained in different sizes and shapes of bottles. To the tilapia they put 1
tbsp of Ariel. To the goldfish, they put 1 tbsp of Surf and to the janitor fish, 1 tbsp of Tide.
221. How can the experimental design be improved?
I. Make use of the same type and size of fish
II. Increase the number of fish and reduce the number of detergent brands involved
III. Focus on one independent at a time, e.g brand of detergent
A. I only C II only
B. I and II D. I and III
222. What is defective with the experimental deign?
A. There are a lot of biases involved
B. It is very complicated
C. There is no testable hypothesis
D. There are so many independent variables the effect of which tested
223. What is the dependent variable?
A. The amount of detergent
B. The brand of detergent
C. The amount of water
D. The effect of detergent on fish
224. What is the control group?
A. Cannot be determined
B. The tilapia with 1 tbsp of Ariel
C. The goldfish with 1 tbsp of surf
D. The janitor fish with 1 tbsp of Tide
225. What is the connective tissue that is made up of tough fibers that are strong enough to connect a
bone to another bone in our body?
A. Cartilage
B. Joints
C. Ligament
D. Tendon
226. Which disease affects the air sacs of the lungs and is common among cigarette smokers?
A. Tracheal disorder
B. Asthma
C. emphysema
D. Tuberculosis
227. In each cardiac cycle, the heart goes through a system contraction. What is this phase called?
A. Systole arc C. Diastole
B. Diastole arc D. Systole
228. Which of the following environment conditions has been blamed for the usual occurrence of Fish
Kills?
A. Atmospheric pollution
B. Silting of lakes
C. eutrophication
D. Acid rain
229. Why do farmers and gardeners often treat the soil with ammonium sulfate?
A. It acts as a pesticide
B. It increases the nitrogen content of the soil
C. It reduces the acidity of the soil
D. IT increases the oxygen and content of the soil
230. The Benevolent Assimilation proclamation on December 21, 1879 was the first official indication of
American policy regarding the Philippines, it expressly indicated the intention of the United States
to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right of sovereignty over the Filipinos. Who was the
American president who issued this “Benevolent Assimilation” policy?
A. McKinley
B. Roosevelt
C. Eisenhower
D. Wilson
231. A young girl left her baby at the household of a monastery. The child grew up without knowing her
mother and father. What right is deprives of the child?
A. Denial trait
B. Self-assertion
C. Survival trait
D. Self defense
232. Which type of justice implies the duty of one individual to give another what he is due?
A. International Justice
B. Distributive justice
C. Social Justice
D. Commutative justice
233. The Philippine currency and its stability is protected and supervised by:
A. Bureau of Treasury
B. Boy scout of the Philippines (BSP)
C. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
D. NEDA
234. Which is the greatest value according to the teaching of Karl Marx?
A. Absolute equality
B. Health
C. Pleasure
D. Elimination of selfish desires
235. Voting is a privilege in a democracy. Those who are deprived their votes are normally:
A. Exiled
B. Execute
C. Disenfranchised
D. Franchised
236. Who is the president who is known for his “Filipino-First” Policy and Austerity Program?
A. Ramon Magsaysay
B. Manuel Roxas
C. Carlos P. Garcia
D. Diosdado Macapagal
237. During their discussion of the Noli Me Tangere, the students debated on the identity of the Filipino.
During much of the Spanish occupation, how were the natives of the Philippines called?
A. Peninsulares
B. Principalia
C. Indios
D. Insulares
238. Ang Gintong Panahon ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas ay and panahon ng:
A. Amerikano
B. Kastila
C. Kontemporaryo
D. Hapones
239. Ano ang salin ng “Bring Home the Bacon”?
A. Mag-uwi ng panalo
B. Dalhin ang bacon
C. Mag-uwi ng bacon
D. Bumili ng Bacon
240. In which kingdom should mold be classified?
A. Plantae
B. Animalia
C. Fungi
D. Protista
241. Fishermen are advises not to drink ocean water because it can cause:
A. Poisoning of the cells
B. Increase in cell pressure
C. Bursting of the cells
D. Dehydration of the cell
242. In a double stranded DNA, which of the following are complimentary to each other?
A. Thymine and cytosine
B. Ribose and organic base
C. Adenine and guanine
D. Members of a base pair
243.Which of the following means development of egg without fertilization?
A. Oogenesis
B. Spermatogenesis
C. Parthenogenesis
D. Meiosis
244. Which among of the following are duplicated during the process of mitosis?
A. Centromeres
B. Centrosomes
C. Chloroplasts
D. Chromosomes
245. What is the common cause of the temporary wilting of plants at noon?
A. Rapid respiration
B. Increased condensation
C. Rapid transpiration
D. Increased oxidation
246. When a molecule of ink turns glassful of water into blue, what process has occurred?
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Absorption
D. Solution
247. What nutrients can be absorbed in our body without undergoing digestion?
A. Vitamins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Fats
D. Proteins
248. Which of the following does not belong to life science?
A. Physics
B. Cytology
C. Genetics
D. Botany
249. Classes in science follow the scientific procedure. What step in experiments follows the definition of
the problems?
A. Draw conclusions
B. State generalization
C. Gather relevant hypothesis
D. Formulate hypothesis
250. If p is a positive integer in the equation 12p = q, then q must be a:
A. Negative even integer
B. Positive odd integer
C. Positive even integer
D. Negative odd
Activities: Research the Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
at www.google.com
Twelve Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning
(Source: Tiberius & Tipping, 'Twelve Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning For Which
There Is Substantial Empirical Support, University of Toronto, 1990 ©)
(As with the "Faculty Inventory", you can use these twelve principles to help identify your areas
of strength and areas for improvement.)
These twelve principles are intended as guidelines to faculty and administrators interested in
the improvement of teaching and learning. The list is derived, in part, from a study co-sponsored by the
American Association for Higher Education and the Education Commission of the States (AAHE
Bulletin, March 1987). That study reported seven principles of good practice and six powerful forces in
higher education which has been extracted from fifty years of research on teaching and learning in
higher education. The study was conducted by a team of prominent educators, including Alexander W.
Astin, Howard Bowen, Carol H Boyer, K Patricia Cross, Kenneth Eble, Russel Edgerton, Jerry Gaff,
Joseph Katz, C. Robert Pace, Marvin W. Peterson, and Richard C. Richardson Jr.
We have added five principles, based on our review of the literature (including review articles
such as T.M. Shermin et.al. "The quest for excellence in university teaching" in the Journal of Higher
Education, Vol 58, No 1, 1987, pp.66-84; and John Centra et. Al. "A guide to evaluating teaching for
promotion and tenure", 1987, a publication of Syracuse University).
1. Teachers' knowledge of the subject matter is essential to the implementation of important

teaching tasks
Teachers who know their subject matter thoroughly can be more effective and efficient at
organizing the subject matter, connecting the subject with the students' previous knowledge,
finding useful analogies and examples, presenting current thinking on the subject, and establishing
appropriate emphases.
2. Active involvement of the learner enhances learning
Learning is an active process which requires that the learner work with and apply new material
to past knowledge and to everyday life. Some of the methods that encourage active learning in the
classroom are: discussion, practice sessions, structured exercises, team projects, and research projects. In
the words of William James:
Teaching without an accompanying experience is like filling a lamp with water. Something has
been poured in, but the result is not illuminating.
3. Interaction between teachers and students is the most important factor in student motivation and
involvement
Interaction between students and faculty, particularly informal interaction, is one of the most
important factors in student motivation for learning. The opportunity to know a few faculty well often
enhances students' intellectual commitment and provides valuable role model.
4. Students benefit from taking responsibility for their learning
Students are more motivated when they take control of their own learning. This is the belief
which has stimulated active interest in self-directed learning.
5. There are many roads to learning
Students learn in different ways and vary in their abilities to perform certain tasks.
Understanding that each student has unique strengths and weaknesses related to the ways in which
they approach learning is an important component of effective education. Providing a variety of
learning activities for a class enables individual students to choose the activity which is the most
effective for them at the moment.
6. Expect more and you will achieve more
Simply stated, if an educator conveys to students that he or she believes in their ability to
succeed learning is enhanced.
7. Learning is enhanced in an atmosphere of cooperation
Learning is enhanced when it is perceived as a collaborative and cooperative effort between

students. The opportunity to share ideas without threat of ridicule and the freedom to respond to the
ideas of others increases complexity of thinking and deepens understanding.
8. Material must be meaningful
If new material is presented in a pattern or framework that the learner can perceive, it is more
readily learned and retained. New material will be more easily learned if the learner is helped to see its
relationship to what s/he already knows. Material which is seen by the learner as relevant to his or her
own problems and experiences will be more readily learned.
9. Both teaching and learning are enhanced by descriptive feedback
Without feedback neither learner nor teacher can improve because they will not know what they
need to know or to what extent they are fulfilling their goals. The learners' behavior will more quickly
reach the objectives if they are informed (or given feedback) frequently about the correctness of their
responses. Correct responses should be immediately reinforced to increase the "permanence" of learning.
A positive reinforcer is anything that will increase the probability that the desired behavior will be
repeated. A smile or comment to let the learner know he or she has successfully completed the task is
especially good because awareness of successful completion is, in itself, the most effective of all
reinforces.
Feedback about progress is helpful because learning is facilitated when the learner is aware that
he or she is progressing towards the goals.
10. Critical feedback is only useful if the learner has alternatives to pursue
There is no use giving teachers or students feedback about their performances unless they can do
something about it, that is, unless they have some alternative course of action or behaviour.
11. Time plus energy equals learning
Lectures or seminars that are canceled will not help the learner. Conversely, teachers who arrive
at their lecture or small group setting a little before the scheduled time and stay around for a few
minutes afterward provide opportunities for valuable interaction between students and teachers. Office
hours also help students to arrange time to talk with teachers. Students must learn how to organize their
time so that they can find time to study. And the curriculum must be organized to allow students time to
study.
12. Experience usually improves teaching
Experience is associated with increasing teacher effectiveness for some teachers, probably for
those teachers who obtain feedback about their teaching and who are flexible enough to modify their
methods in response to the feedback.
THEORISTS / PHILOSOPHERS
Principle of Teaching and Learning
STUDENTS AS LEARNERS
LEV VYGOTSKY –
{http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/andersmd/VYG/VYG.HTML}
Importance of CULTURE - humans use of tools and symbols to learn – culture dictates what we learn
and how.
o Higher and Lower mental functions – elementary (or lower) functions gradually
transform to HMF through culture
o Central ROLE OF LANGUAGE: Language is made possible because of our culture (tools
and symbols). The learning of language (or signs) is brought about by social processes,
and language or signs ultimately make thought possible.
Three stages in the development of speech

a. Social speech – speech to control the behavior of others
b. Egocentric speech – three to seven year olds – talking to themselves to learn
c. Inner speech – soundless speech – thinking in our head
• ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: The discrepancy between a child's mental age

[indicated by the static test] and the level he reaches in solving problems with assistance is the
zone of his proximal development
JEROME BRUNER -
(http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.ht ml)
Principles: learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based
upon their current/past knowledge –
DISCOVERY and INQUIRY LEARNING
 Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student
willing and able to learn (readiness).
 Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral
organization).
 Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going
beyond the information given).
JOHN DEWEY -
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/e t-dewey.htm
 Education must engage with and enlarge experience

 Exploration of thinking and reflection - and the associated role of educators
 Concern with interaction and environments for learning
 Passion for democracy, for educating so that all may share in a common life
 COOPERATIVE LEARNING
ABRAHAM MASLOW
{http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html}
HEIRARCY OF NEEDS
 Physiological needs
 Safety needs
 Belonging needs
 Esteem needs
 Self-actualization
HOWARD GARDNER -
http://www.thomasarmstrong.com/multiple_intelligences.htm
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES - traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too
limited.
 Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"): - use words in learning

 Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart") – use numbers or logic in
learning
 Spatial intelligence ("picture smart") – use pictures in learning
 Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart") – use movement or physical experience
 Musical intelligence ("music smart") – use music
 Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart") – use of self-reflection
 Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart") - use a social experience
 Naturalist intelligence ("nature smart") – use an experience in the natural world
Please do and understand: Encode your activities and will submit at the secretariat
after you accomplished them.
1. Knowing each theorist’s major ideas and being able to compare and contrast one
theory with another comprises basic professional knowledge for teachers.
2. What are the major differences between Jerome Bruner’s and Jean Piaget’s theories
of cognitive development in young children?
3. How might a teacher apply some of Lev Vygotsky’s ideas about scaffolding and
direct instruction in the classroom? What does Gardner’s work on multiple
intelligences suggest about planning instruction?
4. What does Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggest about motivation for
learning in the classroom?
ALBERT BANDURA
– http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html
Modeling – “Observation LEARNING” (“Bobo Doll” studies) – (Learning = acquisition of knowledge)
Steps in Modeling process:
 Attention – to learn you must pay attention –the more colorful, dramatic, attractive,
prestigious the more people pay attention.
 Retention – ability to remember what you have paid attention to.
 Reproduction - translate the images or descriptions into actual behavior.
 Motivation. – must be motivated to imitate.
 Self-regulation -- controlling our own
BEHAVIOR –
 Self-concept (Behavior = performance based on knowledge)

 Self-observation. Know thyself! Make sure you have an accurate picture of your
behavior.
 Judgment. We compare what we see with a standard-- make sure your standards aren’t
set too high.
 Self-response. Use self-rewards, not self- punishments.
B.F. SKINNER
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/skinner.html
OPERANT CONDITIONING –our reaction to the world
 Reinforcing stimulus - a reinforcer - A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus

results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
 Operant -- the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer.
 Extinction - A behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a
decreased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
Schedules of reinforcement:
a. Continuous reinforcement
b. Fixed interval schedule
c. Variable schedules.
 Shaping, or “the method of successive approximations” - how we get to more complex
sorts of behaviors.
 Aversive stimulus is the opposite of a reinforcing stimulus, something we might find
unpleasant or painful.
 Negative reinforcement - remove an already active aversive stimulus - Behavior followed
by the removal of an aversive stimulus results in an increased probability of that
behavior occurring in the future.
 BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION - Extinguish an undesirable behavior (by removing the
reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement.
JEAN PIAGET –
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html
 Schemas – skills to explore the environment to gain knowledge

 Assimilation - assimilating a new object into an old schema
 Accommodation - accommodating an old schema to a new object.
 Adaptation - Piaget’s term for what most of us would call learning. Includes assimilation
and accommodation - biological process
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 The sensorimotor stage - birth to about two years old. – uses senses and motor abilities
to understand the world.
 The preoperational stage - two to about seven years old – symbols, creative play,
egocentric, center on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time.
 The concrete operations stage – about seven to about 11 - operations refers to logical
operations or principles we use when solving problems - Conservation refers to the
idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance; progressing
decentering; classification and seriation (putting things in order)
 The Formal Operations stage: around 12 on - hypothetical thinking (logical operations,
and using them in the abstract, rather than the concrete)
IMPORTANT TERMS
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Knowledge is constructed by the individual through his interactions with his environment.
TRANSFER
A phenomenon in which something that was previously learned facilitates (positive transfer) or
hinders (negative transfer) current learning; the influence of previously learned information on new
situations or tasks
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
The discrepancy between a child's mental age [indicated by the static test] and the level he
reaches in solving problems with assistance is the zone of his proximal development.
METACOGNITION
Consist of 3 elements:
 Developing a plan of action

 Maintaining/monitor ing the plan
 Evaluating the plan “Learning how to learn
SCAFFOLDING- structure
 Provides clear directions

 Clarifies purpose
 Keeps students on task
 Offers assessment to clarify expectations – (ie: rubrics)
 Identifies the best sources to find information
 Reduces surprise, disappointment, and uncertainty
 Delivers efficiency
 Creates momentum
Temporary learning aid designed to help the student grow in independence as a learner
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
"Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation to engage in an activity for its own sake. People who
are intrinsically motivated work on tasks because they find them enjoyable."
"Extrinsic motivation is motivation to engage in an activity as a means to an end. Individuals who

are extrinsically motivated work on tasks because they believe that participation will result in desirable
outcomes such as a reward, teacher praise, or avoidance of punishment."
READINESS –
Appropriate time for learning
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning
objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in
cognitive, affective and sensory domains.
SCHEMATA
An internal representation of the world; an organization of concepts and actions that can be revised by new
information about the world –
In cognitive learning, large, basic units for organizing information. Schemata serve as guides describing
what to expect in a given situation, how elements should fit together, the usual relationships among elements and so
on. A schema is like a model or stereotype.
after you accomplished the activities below.
1. What is scaffolding and why is it important

for both teachers and students?
2. What is an example of schema and what
good is it?
3. Make sure you can recognize the differences between lower-order and higher-order
thinking in classroom activities, using Bloom’s taxonomy as a guide
4. What are some specific classroom-based examples of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators
for students?
5. Go beyond memorization of definitions; try to apply the terms to the theories behind
them and think of applications in the classroom.
ERIK ERICSON’S 8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Basic Important
Stage Ages Conflict Event Summary
Birth to 12 Trust vs. Feeding The infant must form a first loving, trusting
Oral- Sensory to 18 months Mistrust relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense
of mistrust.
Autonomy The child's energies are directed toward the
Muscular- 18 months vs. Shame/ Toilet development of physical skills, including walking,
Anal to 3years Doubt training grasping, and rectal
Sphincter control. The child learns control but may
3 to 6 Initiative vs. develop shame and doubt if not handled well. The
Locomotors Years Guilt child continues to become more assertive and to
take more initiative, but may be too forceful,
Independence leading to guilt feelings.
The child must deal with demands to learn new
6 to 12 Industry vs. skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure and
Latency years Inferiority School incompetence.
Young 19 to 40 Intimacy vs. Love The young adult must develop intimate
Adulthood years Isolation relationships relationships or suffer feelings of isolation.
When responding to case studies, you will be asked to perform the following kinds of tasks
related to the area of human development and the learning process: (A) identify strengths and
weaknesses in the instruction and appropriateness for age of students and (B) propose an instructional
strategy.
AREAS OF EXCEPTIONALITY IN STUDENT LEARNING
 Visual and hearing disorders: Only those whose senses remain
impaired after treatment and correction (eyeglasses, hearing aids) are
VISUAL AND termed visually or hearing handicapped.
PERCEPTUAL  Visually impaired: blind or low vision - must learn through other
DIFFICULTIES senses – Students with vision problems may have physical,
academic, and social needs. Special materials can be gathered to help
these students.
 Hearing disorders: deaf or hard-of-hearing – Difficulty in speech and
language development is one of the major educational problems
associated with hearing loss. Interpreters many accompany some
deaf
“Related to physical skills such as hand use, trunk control,
mobility….individuals with medical conditions that affect strength and
stamina.
SPECIAL  DISABILITIES: physical states or conditions that result in impairment
PHYSICAL of functioning (eg: loss of a leg)
OR SENSORY  HANDICAPS: disabilities become handicaps when they interfere
CHALLENGES with the individual’s ability to function in specific situations.
 Academic needs: Special services may be provided by adapted
physical education teachers or other motor specialists…Social
acceptance is another possible problem area
 A disorder in the ability to process information that can result in
attention, perception, or memory deficits; despite adequate hearing,
vision, and intelligence, learning disabled students experience
LEARNING difficulty in school learning.
DISABILITIES  Academic needs: struggle with listening, reading, spelling, writing,
etc….
ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A term used in
psychiatric classification systems to describe individuals who show poor
attention due to distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
 ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder
ADD / ADHD  Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing
• What is an example of the way cultural expectations from a particular geographical region or
ethnic group might affect how students learn or express what they know?
• What does the research reveal about gender differences and how they might affect learning?
APPROACHES FOR ACCOMMODATING VARIOUS LEARNING STYLES,

INTELLIGENCES, OR EXCEPTIONALITIES
1. Differentiated Instruction is based on the following beliefs:
a. Students differ in their learning profiles
DIFFERENTIATED
INSTRUCTION b. Classrooms in which students are active learners, decision
Makers and problem solvers are more natural and effective than those in
which students are served a “one-size-fit’s-all” curriculum and treated as
passive recipients of information.
c. “Covering information” takes a backseat to making
meaning out of important ideas.
2. Curriculum should be differentiated in three areas:
Content: Multiple options for taking in information
Process: Multiple options for making sense of the ideas
Product: Multiple options for expressing what they know
Alternative assessment is any type of assessment in which students
ALTERNATIVE create a response to a question or task. (In traditional assessments,
ASSESSMENT
students choose a response from a given list, such as multiple-choice,
true/false, or matching.)
Alternative assessments can include short-answer questions, essays,
performance assessment, oral presentations, demonstrations,
exhibitions, and portfolios.
Any special arrangements or modifications must be in accordance with
rules and procedures that protect test standardization procedures and
the validity of the assessment. Special arrangements or modifications
TESTING must never be used for score enhancement.
MODIFICATIONS
In determining appropriate testing modifications, a fundamental
principle is to follow the type of instructional modifications used in the
classroom. Modifications that are not routinely used during the
instructional day and during classroom testing are not appropriate
during state-mandated testing. A good guideline is to “test the way you
teach.” For example, students who habitually need extended time for
classroom assignments and tests will probably need extended time for
state-mandated tests. Students may receive multiple test modifications if
these modifications are part of routine instruction and testing for the
student. Modifications used during classroom instruction and state-
mandated testing should be documented.
STUDENT MOTIVATION AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Motivation Motivation
Hierarchy of needs Correlation and
See MASLOW Casual An internal source of
relationships motivation such as
curiosity or the desire Motivation created by
to learn; motivation external events or rewards
associated with outside the learning situation
activities that are their itself.
own reward.
Operant Conditioning
Learned Helplessness Self-Efficacy Reinforcement
A type of learning in
A sense that one is which voluntary
doomed to fail, based on An individuals belief behaviors are Using consequences to
past experiences. This about or perception of strengthened or strengthen behavior; a
sense can stifle motivation personal competence in weakened depending reinforcer is ANY
and prevent people from a given situation. upon their consequence that strengthens
attempting consequences or a behavior – negative or
new tasks. antecedents. positive.
Continuation: Student Motivation…
STUDENT MOTIVATION AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
Shaping Successive
Approximations
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement A behavior management

method for developing
an appropriate behavior in
The strengthening of a The strengthening of a which the teacher
behavior by the behavior by the removal of rewards responses that are Prevention
presentation of a desired an aversive stimulus. successively more
stimulus or reward after the For example, a child is similar to the ultimate
behavior. Some examples allowed to come out of desired response
are food, physical contact, the corner when he or is (successive Anticipating potential
and social praise. quiet approximations). In order problems and creating
to use this method, procedures to help prevent
teachers must break down these situations.
the desired
complex behavior into a
number of small steps.
Intermittent
Extinction Reinforcement
The gradual disappearance

of a learned response. In Continuous Reinforcement A schedule in which Punishment
operant conditioning, this correct responses
occurs when reinforcement A schedule in which every are reinforced frequently,
is withheld. In classical correct but not every time. This Anything that weakens or
conditioning, extinction will schedule is most effective suppresses behavior.
result when the conditioned in maintaining already
stimulus is presented acquired responses.
repeatedly without any
longer being paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.
1. Why is each of the above a good practice for teachers to cultivate and maintain in terms of its
effect on student learning? How can each help you to be a more effective teacher? What are the
characteristics of effective implementation of each of these practices? How can you structure
your instructional planning to include these?
2. What are the choices a teacher has in each of the last three listed above? What are the most
important considerations when making decisions about each one?
3. Pacing and structure of a lesson is a particularly challenging aspect of instruction. What factors
can change the pace and structure of a lesson as it unfolds? How can you prepare IN
ADVANCE for adjusting the pace and the structure of a lesson for each of these factors?
• What are some specific instructional goals in a particular content area that would be
associated with each of these cognitive processes?
• How are these cognitive processes connected with the developmental level of students?
• How are these processes different from each other?
• What are some ways that teachers can stimulate each of these cognitive processes in a lesson?
• What are the primary advantages of each of these strategies? In general terms, describe the
kinds of situations or the kinds of goals and objectives for which each of these strategies is
appropriate. What kinds of information about students’ learning styles and achievement levels
does each of these offer? When would you NOT use a particular instructional strategy?
PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, AND METHODS ASSOCIATED WITH

VARIOUS
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES, INCLUDING:
DIRECT INSTRUCTION
Everyone can learn given the right circumstances.
To instruct for mastery:

 Major objectives representing the purposes of the
MASTERY LEARNING course or unit.
 The substance is divided into smaller learning
units, each with their own objectives and assessment.
 Instructional strategies are identified: teaching,
modeling, practice, formative evaluation, re-teaching,
reinforcement, and summative evaluation.
 Each unit has a diagnostic test at the conclusion.
 The diagnostic tests are used to provide supplementary
instruction to help students with identified problems.
 No student proceeds to new material until basic
Prerequisite material is mastered.
DEMONSTRATIONS Provide modeling of what you want students to replicate in a
smaller,
Students take notes as the teacher instructs. Notes can be done as
an entire class with all using the same format or students can
NOTE-TAKING select what information they feel is most pertinent.
A teaching technique where the teacher outlines a lecture thus
OUTLINING enabling students to know where the instruction is going.
Anything you wish to remember must first be observed to
remember new pieces of information, associate them with
MNEMONICS
something you already know we think by using mental pictures
In order to meet all needs of students, visual aids could be
implemented to better instruct students who are visual learners.
Visual aids could include, photographs, drawings, art work,
USE OF VISUAL AIDS graphs, charts, slides, videos, etc…
Propose WHY questions to students
Engage in WHAT activities
4MAT CURRICULUM Encourage students to ask HOW
DEVELOPMENT MODEL – Answering the IF question
(BERNICE MCCARTHY) - Back to WHY…. Cyclical pattern
Uses all the learning styles and multiple intelligences
Cont.
Please do and understand: Encode your activities and will submit at the
secretariat after you accomplished the activities below.
• What are the characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of each of the above
formal and informal types of assessments?
• When might you use “holistic scoring?”
• Under what circumstances would “anecdotal notes” give a teacher important
assessment information?
• How might a teacher effectively use student self-evaluation?
• What are some examples of informal assessments of prior knowledge that a teacher
can easily use when a new topic is introduced?
• What kind of assessment information can a teacher gather from student journals?
• What is a structured observation in a classroom setting?
Annex A – Rubrics for Teaching Demo

Module 1 - Principle of Teaching

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Module 1 - Principle of Teaching

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PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING

Owned and Operated by:

“Partners for Improving Outcomes”..

THE SCHOOL CREDO:

This is who we are..

HAGGAI SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT

1. We offer review courses for the following specializations:

 Civil Service Exam

3. TESDA Trainers Methodology 1 (TM 1)

4. Certificate of Professional Course in Education (18 Units Professional Education Program)

Enrollment Start on June 8, 2019 for Limited Slots only

Requirements for 18 Units Professional Education Modular Program

“Partners for Improving Outcomes”..

Instruction: Answer the following in a sheet of yellow paper.

1. Teachers' knowledge of the subject matter is essential to the implementation of important

2. Active involvement of the learner enhances learning

4. Students benefit from taking responsibility for their learning

5. There are many roads to learning

6. Expect more and you will achieve more

7. Learning is enhanced in an atmosphere of cooperation

Learning is enhanced when it is perceived as a collaborative and cooperative effort between

8. Material must be meaningful

9. Both teaching and learning are enhanced by descriptive feedback

11. Time plus energy equals learning

12. Experience usually improves teaching

Three stages in the development of speech

• ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: The discrepancy between a child's mental age

DISCOVERY and INQUIRY LEARNING

 Education must engage with and enlarge experience

 Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"): - use words in learning

Modeling – “Observation LEARNING” (“Bobo Doll” studies) – (Learning = acquisition of knowledge)

Steps in Modeling process:

 Self-concept (Behavior = performance based on knowledge)

OPERANT CONDITIONING –our reaction to the world

 Reinforcing stimulus - a reinforcer - A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus

 Schemas – skills to explore the environment to gain knowledge

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

 Developing a plan of action

 Provides clear directions

INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

"Extrinsic motivation is motivation to engage in an activity as a means to an end. Individuals who

Appropriate time for learning

1. What is scaffolding and why is it important

ERIK ERICSON’S 8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

APPROACHES FOR ACCOMMODATING VARIOUS LEARNING STYLES,

STUDENT MOTIVATION AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Continuation: Student Motivation…

STUDENT MOTIVATION AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement A behavior management

The gradual disappearance

PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, AND METHODS ASSOCIATED WITH

To instruct for mastery:

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