PHYSICS 149: Lecture 8

• Chapter 3

– 3.1 Position and Displacement

– 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 1

 ILQ 1
Find W2?
N NOTE: because of
T
ideal pulley and cord
W2 = T
θ
A) W sinθ
W B)) W cosθ
C) N sinθ
W2
D) N cosθ
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 2
 Motion in One Dimension

-x 0 +x
The variables are time and distance
t = 0 start of observations at a point x0
t = t end of the observations at a point xf
Objects are in motion and velocity is
(change in distance)/time
V l i can change
Velocity h => acceleration
l i
(change in velocity)/time
All quantities except time are vectors but the vector “nature”
nature
is contained in whether the quantity is positive or negative
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 3
 Position Vector
• To describe position, we need
object
– a reference point (origin), at (x,y)
– a distance from the origin, and
– a direction from the origin.

• Position Vector (or Position)

– A vector
t quantity
tit that
th t consists
i t off the
th distance
di t and
d
direction
– An arrow starting at the “origin”
origin and ending with the
arrowhead on the object
– Position vector is usually denoted by r.
• The x-, y-, and z- component of r are usually written simply
as x, y, and z (instead of rx, ry, and rz).
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 4
 Position
• A vector quantity describing where you are relative
to an “origin”
– Point A is located at x=3, y=1 or (3,1)
– Point B is located at (-1,-2)
y
• The vector rA indicating
the position of A starts 3
att the
th origin
i i andd tterminates
i t
A
with arrowhead A
• Same for rB and B
-3 3 x
B

-3
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 5
 Distance vs. Displacement
• Distance (scalar)
– Total length
g of ppath traveled
– The path of an object does matter
• Displacement (vector)
– The change of the position vector (∆r), that is, the final
position vector (rf) minus the initial position vector (ri)
= rf + (–ri)
– An arrow starting at the initial position (the tip of the initial
position vector) and ending with the arrowhead at the final
position (the tip of the final position vector)
– The path of an object does not matter. The displacement
d
dependsd onlyl on th
the starting
t ti and d ending
di points.
i t

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 6

 Displacement (m)
• A vector quantity describing a change in position
∆r = rf - ri
– The displacement from A to B is
• We can determine the components y
– x-direction:
xf - xi = -1 – 3 = -4 3
– y-direction:
di ti
yf - yi = -2 – 1 = -3 A
– ∆r = ((-4,, -3)
3)
– |∆r| = sqrt(42 + 32) = 5 x
-3 3
• NOTE: The displacement
p
B
is not the distance traveled -3
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 7
 Displacement

Given the train’s initial position and its final position

what
h t is
i th
the ttotal
t l di
displacement
l t off th
the ttrain?
i ?

A)) -26 km D)) -23 km

B) -29 km E) +23 km
C) +2929 km

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 8

 Vector Displacement

Given that an object starts at A and arrives at B what

i it’
is it’s di
displacement?
l t?
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 9
 ILQ 2
• Ben leaves his home and walks to the bank,
then to the park.

What is the distance that Ben has walked

walked,
and, what is his displacement?
A)) 3 blocks,, 3 blocks east,, respectively
p y
B) 3 blocks, 7 blocks east, respectively
C) 7 blocks, 3 blocks east, respectively
D) 7 blocks, 7 blocks east, respectively
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 10
 ILQ: Displacement 1D
• You travel 60 miles north (toward Chicago), then
turn around and drive 10 miles back towards WL
WL.
What is the magnitude of your net displacement?
A) 50 miles B) 60 miles C) 70 miles

60 miles N
50 miles N 10 miles
il S
Net displacement is 50 miles north!
Note: this is different from the distance traveled!
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 11
 ILQ: Displacement 2D
• You travel 40 miles north (toward Chicago), then turn
east and drive 30 miles east. What is the magnitude of
your nett displacement?
di l t?
A) 10 miles B) 50 miles C) 70 miles

(30miles ) 2
+ (40miles ) = 2500miles = 50miles
2 2

30 miles E

40 miles N
Net displacement is 50 miles
NE, again this is different from
distance traveled!
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 12
ILQ: Displacement and Distance
• You and your dog go for a walk to a nearby park.
On the way,
way your dog takes many short side trips
to chase squirrels, examine fire hydrants, and so
on. When yyou arrive at the park,
p , do you
y and your
y
dog have the same displacement? Have you
traveled the same distance?
A) Same distance and same displacement
B)) Different displacement,
p , same distance
C) Different displacement, different distance
D) Same displacement,
displacement different distance

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 13

 Velocity (m/s)
• The average velocity is the change in position
(vector) divided by the change in time.
x(t)
Δr x f − x0
v= = Δx
Δt t f − t0 Δt
t
• Instantaneous velocity is the limit of average velocity
as ∆t gets small. It is the slope of the x(t) plot.
G x(t)
(t)
G Δr
v = lim
Δt →0 Δt
t
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 14
Average Speed vs. Average Velocity
• Average Speed (scalar)
distance
average speed =
elapsed
p time

– Average speed is a measure of how fast an object can

actually travel during a time interval.
• Average Velocity (vector)
displacement
=
elapsed time
– Average velocity is a measure of how fast, and in what
direction, an object can move during a time interval.
– The x- and y-components of the average velocity are:

– Typical units for speed and velocity’s magnitude are m/s, km/s,
miles/hr (mph), and so on.
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 15
 Velocity
The following plots are x vs t
x x x x

t t t t

• Which plot represents an object at rest?

• Which plot represents an object with a uniform
velocity in the -x direction?

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 16

 Velocity
Find the velocity
for the object
during the period
t=5 and t=6
seconds

x f − xo
1m − 6m 5m
v= = =− = −5m/sec
t f − to 6sec− 5sec 1sec
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 17
 ILQ 3
• Ben leaves his home and walks to the bank,
then to the park. It takes 1 hour.

What is the average speed of Ben and what is

his average velocity?
A)) 3 blocks/hour,, 3 blocks/hour east,, respectively
p y
B) 3 blocks/hour, 7 blocks/hour east, respectively
C) 7 blocks/hour, 3 blocks/hour east, respectively
D) 7 blocks/hour, 7 blocks/hour east, respectively
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 18
 Instantaneous Velocity
• Instantaneous velocity is the average
velocity we measure when the time
i t
interval
l iis iinfinitesimally
fi it i ll short.
h t

– The direction of the instantaneous velocity

is the direction of motion and tangent to
the actual path through space.
• The x- and y-components of the
instantaneous velocity are:

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 19

 Graph of Position x vs. Time t
• Graph of A vs. B = Graph of A(B)
Î A for vertical axis and B for horizontal axis

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 20

 ILQ
• The graph of position vs. time is given for a
train. What can you say about the train's
motion
ti from
f time
ti t1 to
t time
ti t 2?

a) It is moving with constant velocity.

b) It is not moving.
c) It is moving with a constant negative velocity.
d) It is accelerating.
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 21
 ILQ: Average Velocity
A stone is thrown upward and reaches a height y.
Consider an elapsed time t, measured from the
time the stone was first thrown to the time the
stone has fallen back down to the ground. The
magnitude
it d off the
th average velocity
l it off the
th stone
t
during this time is:
A) 0 C) y/t
B) 2y/t D) y/2t

Displacement = 0
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 22
 ILQ: Velocity
If an object is traveling at a constant velocity,
is it necessarily traveling in a straight line?

A) Yes
B) No

Velocity is a vector!!!
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 23
 ILQ: Velocity
If the average velocity of a car during a trip along a straight
road is positive, is it possible for the instantaneous velocity at
some time during the trip to be negative?
A) Yes B) No
The car might
Th i ht have
h reversed
d along
l the
th ttrip
i creating
ti a
negative instantaneous velocity at the point.
If the overall displacement of the car is positive for
that interval than the average velocity is positive as
well.
well
x(t) B C G ΔAD
D v=
A Δt
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149
t 24
 How determine v from x=x(t)
v is the slope of the curve x versus t.
A) Positive Zero Negative
B) Positive Zero Negative
C) Positive Zero Negative
D) Positive Zero Negative

x(t)

A
B C D t
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 25
 How to determine v from v(x)
• Lets us determine the
instantaneous velocityy
at t=0 and t=1

t=0, v slope at t=0

3.5 − 1.5 m
v= = 2m / s
1 s
t 1 v slope
t=1, l att tt=1
1
5−2 m
v≈ = 1.5
1 5m / s
2 s
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 26
 How to determine ∆x from v(t)
• The total displacement ∆x during and time ∆t is
the area under the graph v(t)
• Assume 1D, and v constant:
v
Δx v1x
vx = vav , x =
Δt Δx

Δx = v1x Δt
t1 t2 t

Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 27

 ILQ
• A jogger is exercising along a straight road that
runs north-south. She starts out heading g north.
What is the displacement of the jogger for the
entire 30.0 min?
A) 2400 m, north
B) 3840 m, north
C) 2400 m, south
D) 3120 m, south

A = (1/2)(1m/s)(120s) + (1m/s)(120s) + (1/2)(2m/s)(240s) + (1m/s)(240s) +

(3m/s)(120s) + (1/2)(1m/s)(120s) + (3m/s)(120s) + (4m/s)(360s) -
(2m/s)(360s) + (1/2)(2m/s)(240s) = 2400m
Lecture 8 Purdue University, Physics 149 28