Basic of Public Health Science Assignment Regina Marsha (6411419098)

Health phenomena in 21st Century Rombel 1E IUP 2019

❏ The effects of social development in the 21st century have affected different
countries and different social groups differently. Poverty levels have increased,
cultural differences even among generations have been widened, and risk for
common mental illness among lower socioeconomic groups has increased. Mental
and substance use disorders have been the leading cause of years lived with
disability (YLDs) throughout the world and major depressive disorders have been
predicted to become the leading cause of global burden of disease in the future.
Depression, which was the fourth leading cause of the global disease burden in
2000, will be the second leading cause in 2020. Sociocultural factors rather than
hereditary factors may be responsible for such an increase in the prevalence of
unipolar depression.

❏ risk factors for ill health associated with poor quality diets are the main causes of the
global burden of disease. In 2010, dietary risk factors combined with physical
inactivity accounted for 10% of the global burden of disease. By 2015, six of the top
11 global risk factors were related to diet, including undernutrition, high body mass
index (BMI), and high cholesterol. The proportion of people defined as hungry over
the long term (usually termed “chronically undernourished”) fell from 18.6% globally
in 1990-2002 to under 11% in 2014-16. That was a decline of 211 million people
while the world’s population increased by 2 billion. Big gains were made in large
countries like China and in Brazil, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh. South America was
particularly successful, reducing undernourishment by over 50% in 25 years. Such
gains were made possible largely by rapid reduction of poverty, rising levels of
literacy, and health improvements that reduced preventable child mortality.

❏ The HIV/AIDS public health is bombshell struck because the enormity of the medical
challenge was compounded by fear of and outright disrespect for many of the
afflicted.HIV transmission grows in some populations, probably because of gaps in
education and health care. The virus is on a rampage in many nations, and the
health of those populations is in the hands of leadersn to provide science-based
prevention and treatment. There is no reason that HIV in the 21st century could not
go the way of smallpox in the 20th century. Such an accomplishment is eminently
feasible, but leaders here and abroad must put health, well-being, and respect for all
people as the highest goals.

❏ Tobacco is a deadly and addictive substance that accounts for nearly 1 in 5 deaths in
the United States, with a 50% risk of premature mortality in cigarette smokers who do
not successfully quit. This grim milestone was reached around 1987, and lung cancer
among women continues to climb. A special challenge is that the death and
destruction by tobacco are spread by corporations that put greed and profit above
health, ethics, and decency. Virtually unchecked by regulatory oversight, tobacco
companies continue to modify their products to make them even more addictive and
 attractive, often with allusions to health benefits through misleading labels such as
“light” and “low tar.”

An international treaty to control such practices entered into force in 2005 and has
been ratified by more than 130 nations. We should ratify the treaty and work to make
tobacco-related disease as rare as it was in the 19th century when doctors would
travel just to witness the rare cancer of the lung.

❏ The 21st Century Cures Act, signed into law over a year ago, has important
provisions that could significantly improve access and availability of health data.
Specifically, the provisions call for partnerships among health information exchange
networks, educational and research initiatives, and health information technology
certification requirements that encourage interoperability. The article reviews the
potential benefits and concerns regarding implementation of these provisions,
particularly the difficulty of aligning incentives and requirements for data sharing and
the question of whether currently proposed rules and guidance will support the goal
of improved patient access and health information exchange. Researchers, clinicians,
and patients have the power to advocate for improved patient access and
interoperability as policy development and implementation of the 21st Century Cures
Act continues.