The Experimental Study of Compressive Property of M30 Concrete Using Sugarcane Bagasse

Ash and Rice Husk Ash as A Partial Replacement of Cement

DISSERTATION REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
MALAY MITRA CHABEY
Enroll No: 0228CE15MT22

Under the Guidance of

PROF. CHARAN SINGH THAKUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHRI RAM GROUP OF INSTITUTION, JABALPUR (M.P.)
RAJEEV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)
 SHRI RAM GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
(University Of Technology of Madhya Pradesh)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “The Experimental Study of Compressive
Property of M30 Concrete Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash as A
Partial Replacement of Cement” being submitted by MALAY MITRA CHAUBEY(Enroll
No-0228CE15MT22) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY” in “STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING”. from Shri Ram Group of
Institution, Jabalpur (M.P.) is a record of work done by him under my guidance.

Prof. Prof. Charan Prof. Charan Singh Thakur Dr. Avinash Gour
Singh Thakur Head Principal
Guide Dept. of Civil Engineering SRGI, SRGI, Jabalpur
Dept. of Civil Engineering Jabalpur
SRGI, Jabalpur
 SHRI RAM GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
(University Of Technology of Madhya Pradesh)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in dissertation, entitled “The
Experimental Study of Compressive Property of M30 Concrete Using Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash and Rice Husk Ash as A Partial Replacement of Cement” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of “MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY” in
“STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING”.
submitted in the department of DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Jabalpur
(M.P). is an authentic record of my own work carried under the guidance of PROF. CHARAN
SINGH THAKUR Assistant Professor department of DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING Jabalpur (M.P). The matter embodied in this dissertation work has not been
submitted earlier for award of any other degree to the best of my knowledge and belief.
I also declare that’ “A check for Plagiarism has been carried out on the thesis project
report dissertation and is found within the acceptable limit and report of which is enclosed
herewith”.

Date: MALAY MITRA CHAUBEY

Place: En. Roll: 0228CE15MT22

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct the best of our
knowledge.

Prof. Prof. CHARAN SINGH Prof. CHARAN SINGH THAKUR Dr. AVINASH
THAKUR Head GOUR
Guide Dept. of Civil Engineering Principal
Dept. of Civil Engineering SRGI, SRGI, Jabalpur SRGI, Jabalpur
Jabalpur
 SHRI RAM GROUP OF INSTITUTION
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
(University Of Technology of Madhya Pradesh)

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

This dissertation work entitled “The Experimental Study of Compressive Property of M30

Concrete Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash as A Partial Replacement of

Cement” submitted by MALAY MITRA CHAUBEY (0228CE15MT22) is approved for the

award of degree of Master of Technology in DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

Jabalpur (M.P).

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude, I take this opportunity to express my sense of
indebtedness to Prof. CHARAN SINGH THAKUR Department. Computer Science &
Engineering., SRGI, Jabalpur, and Prof. CHARAN SINGH THAKUR HEAD. Dept. of Civil
Engineering SRGI, Jabalpur SRGI, Jabalpur for his erudite guidance, affectionate
encouragement and whole hearted involvement in my dissertation, without which it would have
been difficult for me to complete this work.

I express my thanks to all the faculty members and the staff of the Department of CIVIL
Engineering for providing me with the necessary facilities for completing my dissertation
work.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my friends and also to each and every individual who was
associated with my dissertation work, including those whom I may have inadvertently failed
to mention.

Finally, I am highly obliged to all my family members for their support and blessings.

MALAY MITRA CHAUBEY

(0228CE15MT22)

ABSTRACT
In this thesis the study of compressive strength of concrete has been studied
incorporating Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Rice husk ash as partial replacement
of cement (Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade)with varying percentage of
Sugarcane Bagasse ash and Rice husk ash; appear that the ratio are designed for
target strength and result in increased compressive strength.
The thesis was conducted with M30 grade concrete .the compressive strength
test was performed on 90 number of concrete cube of size 150 mm × 150 mm
× 150 mm. The study is done with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash 0%,10% ,
20% ,and 30% Rice husk ash 0%,10%,20% and 30% For each replacement
percent of cement total 09 number of cube were tested 03 numbers of cube for 07
days ,03 number of cube for 14 days and 03 numbers of cube for 28 days .
The test of compressive strength of concrete has been done and result are show
in graph between the compressive strength and percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash and Rice husk ash.
This research has show that the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Rice husk ash.have
potential to produce high performance of concrete and it will also improve the
properties fresh and hardened concrete.

KEY WORDS: - Rice husk ash(RHA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), cement
replacement, concrete, Compressive strength, Workability.

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
There has been alarming rate of increase in the price of building materials in the
recent past. This has necessitated government, private and individuals to go in
research for locally sourced materials to supplement (replace-fully or partially)
the conventional materials. The increasing demand for cement and concrete is
met by the partial replacement of cement. The whole concept of this idea is to
ensure that an average working class citizen of India will be able to own a house.
Concrete is a composite material which consists eccentrically of a binding
medium. Concrete is no longer made of aggregate Portland cement and water
only. Often but not always it has to incorporate at least one of the additional
ingredients such as admixture or cementations material to enhance its strength
and durability. Within which are embedded particles or fragments of relative inert
filler in Portland cement concrete. The binder is a mixture of Portland cement.
The filler may be any of a wide variety of natural or artificial. Fine and coarse
aggregate; and in some instances an admixture. Concrete is presently one of the
most popular materials used in building construction and other civil engineering
works. When reinforced with steel, it has a higher capacity for carrying loads.
Concrete being a heterogeneous material. The quality of the constituents and the
proportions in which they are mixed, determine its strength and other properties.

1.1 Environmental Effects

How does concrete fit into this complex world scenario of the construction
industry? The answers are simple but wide-ranging. Whatever be its limitations,
concrete as a construction material is still rightly perceived and identified as the
provider of a nation's infrastructure and indirectly, to its economic progress and
stability, and indeed, to the quality of life. It is so easily and readily prepared and
fabricated into all sorts of conceivable shapes and structural systems in the realms
of infrastructure, habitation, transportation, work and play. Its great simplicity
lies in that its constituents are most readily available anywhere in the world; the
great beauty of concrete, and probably the major cause of its poor performance,
on the other hand, is the fact that both the choice of the constituents, and the
proportioning of its constituents are entirely in the hands of the engineer and the
technologist. The most outstanding quality of the material is its inherent
alkalinity, providing a passivating mechanism and a safe, non-corroding
environment for the steel reinforcement embedded in it. Long experience and a
good understanding of its material properties have confirmed this view, and
shown us that concrete can be a reliable and durable construction material when
it is built in sheltered conditions, or not exposed to aggressive environments or
agents. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that even when exposed to
moderately aggressive environments, concrete can be designed to give long
trouble-free service life provided care and control are exercised at every stage of
its production and fabrication, and this is followed by well-planned inspection
and maintenance schemes.
construction industry - with choice of materials, design, Construction,
maintenance, repair and rehabilitation.

1.2 Need of the Study

Throughout the world, the waste disposal costs have escalated greatly. At the
same time, the concrete construction industry has realized that the waste materials
are inexpensive and widely available by-product that can be used for partial
cement replacement to achieve excellent workability in fresh concrete mixtures.
It offers a holistic solution to the problem of meeting increasing demands for
concrete in the future in a sustainable manner and at a reduced or no additional
cost. By this study we can reduce the environmental impacts that are vital to
economic development. The need of this study also offers the technology of Rice
husk ash(RHA), and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), concrete,which are needed
for infrastructure and housing in a cost effective and ecological manner. There is
a direct link between durability and resource productivity. The use of waste
materials like Rice husk ash(RHA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), will help to
enhance the sustainability of the concrete industry. There is an importance to
preserve the environment in the present day world. agriculture waste materials
like Rice husk ash(RHA), and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), are creating
serious environmental threat and ways are being thought of to dispose them.
These materials are actually a super pozzolan since they are rich in Silica.
Therefore we can use more and more non-conventional materials in construction
and consume the natural resources as well. Rice husk ash(RHA) and Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash (SBA)are such a non-conventional materials which are found easily
and can be used in concrete industry to provide good strength at lower cost.
 CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Research Backgroud

The following details of all the research work done on paper waste used in
concrete mix all around the world, with thorough study of these research papers
I was able to carry on my research work more conveniently and effortlessly.

Shukeri Ritzawaty binti Mohamad and Ghani A.Naser Abdul, (2008) [1].
“Concrete Mix With Waste” Compressive strength, Concrete mix, This research
is aim to evaluate the addition of paper waste to concrete mix, to study the effect
of paper waste on the strength of concrete, and to develop mixture proportions
for concrete containing waste, In general, each group of concrete mixes
containing paper waste, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength of concrete decreased with the increase of the amount of paper waste.
Concrete mix with 5% paper waste showed higher tensile strength and flexural
strength than control mix. Good relationship was observed in compressive,
tensile, and flexural strength of concrete mixes containing paper waste

Ahmad Sajad, Malik M. Iqbal, Wani Muzaffar Bashir, Ahmad Rafiq, (2013)
[2]. “Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Paper Sludge Ash as Partial
Replacement of Cement”, Compressive strength, Durability, split tensile strength,
Waste Paper Sludge Ash Concrete, Workability. This work examines the
possibility of using waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement for
new concrete.5% replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash showed 10%
increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 15% increase in compressive
strength at 28 days. With increase in waste paper sludge ash content, percentage
water absorption increases. Splitting tensile strength decreases with increase in
waste paper sludge ash content and is more than reference concrete at 5%
replacement.

Balwaik Sumit A, Raut S P, (2013) [3]. “Utilization of Waste Paper Pulp by

Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete”, Compressive Strength; Flexural
Strength; Paper Pulp Concrete; Split Tensile Strength. The use of paper-mill pulp
in concrete formulations was investigated as an alternative to landfill disposal.
The cement has been replaced by waste paper sludge accordingly in the range of
5% to 20% by weight for M-20 and M-30 mix. Generally, the compressive,
splitting tensile and flexural strength increased up to 10% addition of waste paper
pulp and further increased in waste paper pulp reduces the strengths gradually.
Use of waste paper pulp in concrete can save the pulp and paper industry disposal
costs and produce a ‘greener’ concrete for construction. The most suitable mix
proportion is the 5 to 10 % replacement of waste paper pulp to cement.

Pitroda Prof. Jayeshkumar, Zala Dr. L.B., Umrigar Dr.F.S., (2013) [4].
“Innovative use of paper industry waste (hypo sludge) in design mix concrete”,
Compressive Strength, Split Strength, hypo sludge (supplementary cementitious
material), hypo sludge Concrete. The cement has been replaced by waste paper
sludge accordingly in the range of 0% (without Hypo sludge), 10%, 20%, 30% &
40% by weight for M-25 and M-40 mix. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested
and compared in terms of strength with the conventional concrete. Compressive
strength reduces when cement replaced hypo sludge. As hypo sludge percentage
increases compressive strength and split strength decreases. Compressive
strength reduces when cement replaced hypo sludge. As hypo sludge Percentage
increases compressive strength and split strength decreases.

Monte M.C., Fuente E., Blanco A. and Negro C., (2009)[ 5]. “Waste
management from Pulp and Paper Production in the European Union”, Paper
industry wastes, pulp and paper sludge, solid waste generation, waste recovery,
waste minimization. The European paper industry generates about 11 million
tonnes of waste, 70% of which originates from recycled paper production. The
waste is very diverse in composition and consists of rejects, different types of
sludges and, in case of on-site incineration, ashes. The production of pulp and
paper from virgin pulp generates less waste and the waste has the same properties
as deinking waste, although with less inorganic content. Within the European
Union several already issued and other, foreseen directives have great influence
on the waste management strategy of paper producing companies. Through
legislation, the landfill option is restricted, although it has not phased out on-site
landfills.

Pitroda Jayeshkumar, Zala L.B., Umrigar F S, (2013) [6]. “Durability of

concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Paper Industry Waste (Hypo
Sludge)”, Durability, capillary suction, sorptivity, water absorption, hypo sludge
concrete. Based on limited experimental investigation concerning the water
absorption and sorptivity of concrete, the following observations are made
regarding the resistance of partially replaced Paper Industry Waste (Hypo Sludge)
for M25 and M40 grade concrete. The water absorption and sorptivity of Paper
Industry Waste (Hypo Sludge) concrete shows lower water absorption and
sorptivity at 10% replacement with Paper Industry Waste (Hypo Sludge) for M25
and M40 grade concrete. There after the water absorption and sorptivity shows
an increasing trend. The water absorption and sorptivity of Paper Industry Waste
(Hypo Sludge) concrete shows higher water ab-sorption and sorptivity than
traditional concrete. The water absorption and sorptivity of M25 Paper Industry
Waste (Hypo Sludge) concrete is higher than water absorption and sorptivity M40
grade concrete.
Likon Marko and Trebše Polonca, (2012) [7]. “Recent Advances in Paper Mill
Sludge Management”, Paper Mill Plant, This paper examined the geotechnical
properties of lateritic soils modified with coconut shell and husk ash with a view
to obtaining a cheaper and effective road stabilizer. The modern sustainable
management of production processes should be based on the industrial ecology
approach, of which an essential element is the eco-symbiosis theory. Pulp and
paper industry producing enormous quantities of solid waste what presents huge
environmental burden. Appropriate managing with such a waste is most crucial
task for modern pulp and paper industry. Many innovative approaches for
conversion of the PMS into useful materials have been done in past two decades,
but for many of them the markets demands have been too small for successful
diverting of PMS from the landfill disposal.

Das K. C. and Tollner E.W., (1998)[ 8]. “Composition Pulp and paper Industry
Solid Waste: Process Design and Product Evaluation”, Pulp and paper Industry
Solid Wastes, Improving handling characteristics of sludges and ash. Reducing
weight, moisture content and volume, and removing nuisance due to odors. The
best mix from a Degradation stand point was 57% (dry weight basis) sludge, 25%
grit, 6% bark and 12% ash. The mix (-) had an initial moisture content of 54%
and a UN ratio of 412.7. From a degradation standpoint the ammonium nitrate
amended mixes result in greater amount of pulp mill solids being processed
within a given time period. From a product quality standpoint, chicken litter
amended compost was superior. It provided higher and a wider Variety of
nutrients.

9. BRE Dr. Andrew M Dunster, (2007) [9]. “Paper sludge and paper sludge ash
in Portland cement manufacture”, Paper sludge, Paper sludge ash, Portland
cement. This case study describes the potential use of mill paper sludge and its
derivatives, as ingredients in Portland cement manufacture. The study includes
the use of the fly ash from combined heat & power (CHP) combustion of paper
sludge (as a cement clinker input material) and the sludge itself (as an alternative
liquid fuel). Paper sludge and paper sludge ash are potentially useful products in
the manufacture of cement and in blended cement. There is a large supply of
paper sludge ash available from industrial CHP plants. A quality protocol for the
ash material is being considered as part of the Quality Protocols programme.

Pitroda Jayeshkumar R, Umrigar Dr F S, (2013) [10]. “Evaluation of

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by
Thermal Industry Waste (Fly Ash) and Paper Industry Waste (Hypo Sludge)”,
Fly Ash, Hypo Sludge, Modulus of Elasticity, Supplementary Cementitious
Material (SCMs). The cement has been replaced by hypo sludge and fly ash
accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume for M-25
and M-40 Mix. Modulus of elasticity decreases with % replacement of fly ash
and hypo sludge. Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal
costs and produces a „greener‟ concrete for construction. For M40 grade 10%
replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as
M40 grade traditional concrete. This research concludes that fly ash and hypo
sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is required.
 CHAPTER – 3
MATERIAL USED

3.3 Testing of Materials:

3.3.1 Cement:
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade confirming to IS: 8112-1989 was
used in the investigation.

Cement in general can be defined as a material which possesses very good

adhesive and cohesive properties which makes it possible to bond with other
materials to form compact mass.

Table No. 1: Chemical Composition of OPC

OXIDE PERCENTAGE CONTENT
CAO 60-67
SO2 17-25
AL2O3 3.0-8.0
FE2O3 0.5-6.0
MGO 0.1-4.0
ALKALIES (K20M, NA20) 0.4-1.3
SO3 1.0-3.0
Source: by ML Gambhir
 Table No. 2: Physical Properties of Cement
SERIAL CHART REQUIREMENTS AS
PROPERTIES
NO RESULTS PER IS:8112-1989
1. Specific gravity 3.15 -
2. Finness (specific 301m2/kg Should not be less Than
gravity) 225m2/kg
3. Normal consistency 30% -
4. Setting time in min.
1. Initial setting time 130 Should not be less than
2. Final setting time 197 30min
Should not be exceed
600min.
5. Soundness Test:
By 1. Le Chatelier 0.5mm Should not exceed 10mm
2. Auto clave method. 0.0935% Should not exceed 0.8%
6. Compressive strength
1. 3 – days 34.5N/mm² Should not less than
2. 7 – days 45.50N/mm² 27N/mm²
3. 28 -days 65.00N/mm² Should not be less than
37N/mm²
Should not be less than
53N/mm²
7. Temperature during 27 ˚c Min 25 ˚c and Max 29˚c
testing
3.3.2 BAGASSE ASH
1) Making of Floor and wall tiles 2) Making the bricks 3) As a mineral admixture
4) In the Lightweight concrete 5) For silica sources XI. ADVANTAGES 1) To
improve quality and reduce the cost of construction materials such as mortar,
concrete pavers, concrete roof tiles and soil cement interlocking block. 2) It is
High silica content: 87 %( Cement’s silica content: 22%). 3) Low specific gravity:
1.80 (Cement’s specific gravity: 3.15). 4) Percent passing 45 μm: 95% (Cement
percent passing 45 μm: 82%). 5) Bagasse ash is a valuable pozzolanic material
and it can potentially be sold at a price similar to that of slag and fly ash. 6) It
reduces negative environmental effect and landfill volume, which is required for
eliminating the waste of ash. 7) Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases
workability of fresh concrete. 8) Low weight concrete produced in the society
with waste materials (SCBA). 9) It will increase the compressive strength, tensile
strength and also flexure by the replacement of 10 % of SCBA at 28 days.
10)Bagasse ash is very light material. 11)It is clear that presence of oxides and
carbon in the ash will make it suitable for refectory and ceramic products such as
insulation, membrane filters and structural ceramics. 12)With fine particle size
characteristics, implies that, bagasse ash can be used as facing sand moulding
during casting operations. 13)The ash is used on the farms as a fertilizer in the
sugarcane harvests.

3.3.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

India has a major agribusiness sector which has achieved remarkable successes
over the last three and a half decades. Agricultural waste or residue is produced
up of organic compounds from organic sources such as rice straw, oil palm empty
fruit bunch, sugar cane bagasse, coconut shell, and others. Rice husk from paddy
is one model of alternative material that delivers a big potential. Rice husk a major
byproduct of the rice milling industry is one of the most commonly available
lingo cellulosic materials that can be converted to different types of fuels and
chemical feedstocks through a sort of thermo chemical conversion processes.
Rice straw is an agricultural residue abundantly available in rice growing
countries. Rice husk was incorporated in concrete as a lightweight material. The
husk surrounds the paddy grain. During milling of paddy about 78 % of weight
is received as rice, broken rice and bran. Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is
received as a straw. This straw is used as fuel in the rice mills to get steam in the
parboiling process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter and the
balance 25 % of the weightiness of this husk is converted into ash during the
dismissal process, is known as rice husk ash. This RHA in turn holds back not
less than 70% amorphous silica. The moisture content ranged from 8·68 to
10·44%, and the bulk density ranged from 86 to 114 kg/ m3.
Construction industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. Rapid
construction activity and rising need of houses has led to the shortage of
traditional building materials. India is a major rice producing country, and the
husk generated during milling is mostly employed as a fuel in the boilers for
processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion and / or by
gasification. Around 20 million tones of RHA are produced each year. This RHA
is a big environmental threat causing damage to the body politic and the
surrounding area in which it is dumped. Tons of ways are being thought of for
disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA.
 Given data from concrete technology M.L.GAMBHIR book

3.3.4 Fine Aggregate (FA):

The Aggregate which is passing through 4.75mm sieve is known as fine
aggregate. Locally available river sand which is free from organic impurities is
used. Sand passing through 4.75mm sieve and retained on 150micron IS sieve is
used in this investigation.

The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and

strivings this may be achieved by dryings at room temperature or by heating at a
temperature of 100˚c to 110˚c, the air dry sample shall be weighted and sieved
successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be
taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use. The test were conducted as
per IS: 2386 – 1975 and result of sieve analysis and physical properties of fine
aggregate are shown below:
 CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.1 Aim:
The aim of this experimental investigation is to study the variation in
strength characteristics of concrete structural elements, for the proportion of M30
grade. In each mixes containing different percentages of Rice husk ash (RHA)
and sugarcane bagasse Ash (SBA) is replaced by means of cement starting from
0% as normal concrete, i.e. controlled concrete 10%, 20%, and 30%, .The
number of specimens casted for each case is as follows.
1. Workability of concrete test like slump cone test and compaction factor
test.
2. Mechanical properties like Compressive strength,

4.2 Experimental View

Table No. 3: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 0% Rice
husk ash and 0% sugarcane bagasse Ash.

Curing
Sl. Particular Mix No. of period
Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M1 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm
 Table No. 4: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 10%
Rice husk ash and 0% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M2 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No.5: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 20% Rice
husk ash and 0% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M3 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No. 6: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 30%
Rice husk ash and 0% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M4 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm
Table No. 7: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 0% Rice
husk ash and 10% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M5 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No. 8: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 0% Rice
husk ash and 20% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M6 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No. 9: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 0% Rice
husk ash and 30% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M7 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm
Table No. 10: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 5%
Rice husk ash and 5% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M8 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No. 11: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 10%
Rice husk ash and 10% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M9 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm

Table No. 12: Casting and Curing of M30 Grade of Concrete with 15%
Rice husk ash and 15% sugarcane bagasse Ash.
Curing
Sl. Mix No. of period
Particular Code Remark
No. Design Specimen in
Days
Cube size
1 Cube M30 M10 9 no’s 7, 14,28 150x150x
150mm
 Table No. 13: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
Cumulat
Cumul Cumulat
Weigh ive
IS Corre ative ive
SR. t Corre percenta
SIEVE cted weight percenta
NO retaine ction ge
SIZE weight retaine ge
d (gm) weight
d passing
retained
1. 10mm - - - - - -
2. 4.75m 25 +0.5 25.5 25.5 2.55 97.45
m
3. 2.36m 29 +0.58 29.58 55.08 5.508 94.50
m
4. 1.18m 209 +4.18 213.18 268.26 26.826 73.18
m
5. 600µ 317 +6.34 323.34 591.60 59.16 40.84
6. 300µ 350 +7.0 357 948.60 94.86 5.16
7. 150µ 50 +1.0 51.0 999.6 99.96 0.04

4.3 Properties of Fine Aggregate:

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = cumulative percentage weight
retained/100
Fineness modulus = 288.864/100
= 2.88
Specific gravity = 2.68
Water absorption = 0.86%
Silt or clay content = 0.5%
Bulk density = 1520kg/m3
Grading = well graded (zone II).
4.4 Coarse Aggregate:
The coarse aggregate used in this investigation in 20mm downsize crushed
aggregate and angular in shape as per Indian Standard specifications IS: 383 –
1970 [16]. Its physical properties and sieve analysis results are shown in table as
follows
Table No. 14: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
Cumulative
Is Weight Cumulative Cumulative
Sr. percentage
sieve retained weight percentage
No weight
size (gm) retained passing.
retained
1. 63.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
2. 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
3. 20.00 2000 2000 20.00 80.00
4. 12.50 7580 9580 95.80 4.20
5. 10.00 220.0 9800 98.00 2.00
6. 8.00 120.0 9920 99.20 0.80
7. 6.30 40.00 9960 99.60 0.40
8. 4.75 20.00 9980 99.80 0.20
9. Pan 20.00 10,000 - 0.00

4.5 Properties of Coarse Aggregate:

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregates = cumulative percentage weight
retained/100
Fineness Modulus = 512.40/100
= 5.12
Specific gravity = 2.7
Water absorption = 1.12%
Impact value = 11.76%
Bulk density = 1440kg/m³.

4.6 Water [IS: 456-2000]:

Water used for both mixing and curing should be free from injurious
amount of deleterious materials such as acids, alkalies, salts, organic materials
etc. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing
concrete. In present work potable tap water was used.

4.7 Fresh Concrete Properties:

Fresh concrete properties such as slump, unit weight, temperature and Air-
content, compaction factor were determined according to Indian Standard
Specification IS: 1199-1959.

4.8 Slump Cone Test:

This is a test used extensively in site work all over the work. The slump
test does not measure the workability of concrete although ACI 116R – 90
describes it as a measure of consistency, but the test is very useful in detecting
variations in the uniformity of a mix of given nominal proportions. The slump
test is prescribed by IS: 456 (2000), ASTM C 143 90A and BS 1881 Part
102:1983. The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300mm (12inch)
high. It is placed on a smooth surface with the smaller opening at the top and
filled with concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times with a standard
16mm (5inch) diameter steel rod, rounded at the end, and the top surface struck
off by means of a sawing and rolling its base during the entire operation, this is
facilitated by handles or foot rests brazed to the mould.

Immediately after filling, the cone is slowly lifted, and the unsupported
concrete will now slump hence the name of the test. The decrease in the height
of the slumped concrete is called slump and is measured to the nearest 5mm (1/4
inch). The decrease is measured to the highest point according to IS: 456-2000
b5 1881: Part 102: 1983, but to the displaced original center according to ASTMC
143-90a. In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface
friction, the inside of the mould and its base should be moistened at the beginning
of every test, and prior to lifting of the mould the area immediately around the
base of the cone should be cleaned of concrete which may have dropped
accidentally.

Instead of slumping evenly all rounds as in true slum figure one of the cone slides
down an inclined plane, a shear slump is said to have taken place, and the test should
be repeated. If shear slump persists, as may be the case with harsh mixes, this is an
indication of lack of cohesion in the mix.

Table No. 15: Description of workability and magnitude of slump

Description of workability Slump in mm
No slump 0
Very low 5 – 10
Low 15 – 30

Medium 35 – 75
High 80 – 155
Very high 160 to collapse
Source: IS code 10262(2009)
Table No. 16: Workability of various concrete mixes design for slump cone
test is as follows
Mix design codes Slump cone test in mm.
M1-MIX (normal concrete) 38
M2-MIX (10% RHA) 42
M3-MIX (20% RHA) 43
M4-MIX (30% RHA) 45
M8-MIX (5% SCA AND 5% RHA) 47
M10-MIX (15% SCA AND 15% RHA) 48

GRAPH - WORKABILITY (SLUMP CONE TEST IN mm)

60

50

40

SLUMP CONE
30
TEST IN MM.

20

10

0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M8 M10
MIX DESIGN CODES

Graph No: 1: Workability (Slump Cone Test in mm)

4.9 Compaction Factor Test:
The degree of compaction, called the compaction factor, is measured by
the density ratio i.e. the ratio of the density actually achieved in the test to the
density of the same concrete fully compacted. The test, known as the compacting
factor test, is described in BS 1881: Part 103: 1993 and in ACI 211.3-75 (Revised
1987) (reproved 1992), and appropriate for concrete with a maximum size of
aggregate up to 40mm. The apparatus consists essentially of two hoppers, 2 each
in the shape of a frustum of cone, and one cylinder, the three being above one
another. The hoppers have hinged doors at the bottom, as shown in figure. All
inside surfaces are polished to reduce friction.
The upper hopper is filled with concrete, this being placed gently so that at
this stage no work is done on the concrete to produce compaction. The bottom
door of the hopper is then released and the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
This is smaller than the upper one and is, therefore, filled to overflowing, and
thus always contains approximately the same amount of concrete in a standard
state; this reduces the influence of the personal factor in filling the top hopper.
The bottom door of the lower hopper is then released and the concrete falls into
the cylinder. Excess concrete is cut by two floats slid across the top of the mould.
The density of the concrete in cylinder is now calculated, and this density
divided by the density of the fully compacted concrete is defined as the
compacting factor. The letter density can be obtained by actually filling the
cylinder with concrete in four layers; each tamped or vibrated, or alternatively
calculated from the absolute volumes of the mix ingredients. The compacting
factor can also be calculated from the reduction in volume that occurs when a
defined volume of partially compacted concrete (by passing through the hoppers)
to fully compacted.
The compacting factor = weight of partially compacted
Concrete/Weight of fully compacted concrete.
 Table No. 17: Workability of various concrete mix design for compaction
factor test
Serial No. Mix Design Code Compaction Factor
1 M1 0.81
2 M2 0.82
3 M3 0.84
4 M4 0.85
5 M8 0.87
6 M10 0.90
GRAPH - WORKABILITY (GRAPH-COMPACTION FACTOR)
COMPACTION
FACTOR
0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86

0.84

0.82

0.8

M1 M2 M3 M4 M8 M10
MIX DESIGN CODES

Graph No. 2: Workability (Graph Compaction Factor

Details of Specimens Used:

1. 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cube specimens for
Compressive strength.
Figure 1: Mixing of materials and casting
Figure 2: Freshly Placed Specimen
Figure 3: Cubes, ready for curing
 Figure 4: Curing of Specimens

4.10 Test For Compressive Strength of Concrete (IS: 516-1959):

The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important
Properties of concrete in most structural application concrete is implied primarily
to resist compressive stress.
In the investigation, conventional concrete Rice husk ash(RHA),
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), composite, concrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm
x 150mm sizes were used for testing the compressive strength. The cubes are
tested in a compression-testing machine of capacity 2000kn. The load has been
applied at a rate of 315kn/mm. The load applied in such a way that the two
opposite sides of the cubes are compressed. The load at which the control
specimen ultimately fail is noted. The average of three cubes is taken as
compressive strength.
 Compressive strength is calculated by dividing load by area of Specimen.

Fc = p/a.
Where,
fc = cube compressive strength in N/mm²
P = cube compressive causing failure in N.
A = cross-sectional area of cube
Numbers of cubes tested for different proportions with conventional
concrete and at different percentage of Rice husk ash(RHA), Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash (SBA)concrete as shown in table and graph.

Figure 5: Set Up For Compressive Strength

 Table No: 18: Compressive Strength of Grade M30 as M1, M2, M3, M4,
M5, M6,M7,M8,M9,M10
Mix M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10

Rice
husk
ash( 0 10 20 30 00 00
RHA 0 5 10 15

) (%)

Suga
rcane
Baga
sse 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 5 10 15
Ash
(SBA
) (%)
Test
age 3-3 SAMPLES
(days COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm²)
)
22.0 23.3 23.7 25.3 24.8 24.0
22.6 27.9 24.9 24.5
22.5 23.2 23.8 25.5 24.0 23.1
22.5 28.0 26.5 24.4
7 22.0 23.4 23.9 25.1 24.4 25.2
22.6 27.8 26.3 25.2
Av=22. Av= Av=2 Av=25 Av=24. Av=24.
Av=22.5 Av=27.9 Av=25.9 Av=24.7
1 23.3 3.8 .3 4 1
25.0 26.7 27.7 28.4 29.0 29.2 29.6 32.8 32.2 29.5
25.0 26.8 27.8 28.3 31.8 30.5 28.0 32.9 31.0 30.7

14 25.6 26.9 27.9 28.5 30.4 28.5 28.8 32.7 30.4 28.6
Av=25. Av=26.8 Av= Av=2 Av=30 Av=29. Av=28. Av=32.8 Av=31.2 Av=29.6
2 27.8 8.4 .4 2 8
29.5 30.0 32.2 32 36.5 35.0 34.5 37.0 37.0 34.5
28 29.0 31.0 32.3 31.5 34.5 33.0 32.5 36.5 38.0 33.5
29.5 32.0 32.4 33 35.5 34.0 33.5 36.0 37.5 35.5
 Av=29. Av=31 Av= Av=3 Av=35 Av=34 Av=33. Av=36.5 Av=37.5 Av=34.5
3 32.3 2.1 .5 5

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VERSUS AGE.

Normal concrete (m1)

10% Rice husk ash (m2)

20% Rice husk ashr(m3)

30% Rice husk ash(m4)

10% sugarcane baasse ash(m5)

20% sugarcane baasse ashh(m6)

40

35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/MM2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
7 14 28

AGE (DAYS).

Graph No 3: Showing the variation of compressive strength with age for

various Rice huak Ash and Sugarcane bagasse Ash percentages of M30
grade
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VERSUS RICE HUSK ASH
AND SUGARCANE PERCENTAGE.

7-DAYS 14-DAYS 28-DAYS

40

35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6

RICE HUSK ASH AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (PERCENTAGE)

Graph No. 4:: Showing the variation of compressive strength with age for
various Rice huak Ash and Sugarcane bagasse Ash percentages of M30
grade
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VERSUS AGE.

30% Sugarcane Bagasse Ash(M-7)

5% Rice husk Ash and 5% Sugarcane ash(M-8)

10% Rice husk Ash and 10% Sugarcane Ash ash(M-

9)

15% Rice husk Ash and 15% Sugarcane Ash (M-10)

40

35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/MM2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
7 14 28

AGE (DAYS).

Graph No 5: Showing the variation of compressive strength with age for

various Rice huak Ash and Sugarcane bagasse Ash percentages of M30
grade.
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VERSUS RICE
HUSK ASH AND SUGARCANE ASH
PERCENTAGE.
7-DAYS 14-DAYS 28-DAYS
40

35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10
RICE HUSK ASH AND SUGARCANE ASH (PERCENTAGE)

Graph No. 6:: Showing the variation of compressive strength with age for
various Rice huak Ash and Sugarcane bagasse Ash percentages of M30
grade
4.10 Cost Analysis
Concrete is a versatile material and largely used in construction. The raw
materials required for manufacture of the product are Portland cement and
aggregates which are available locally in every part of the country. when we
determine cost of a 1 m3. Here general cost of concrete is determined by simply
calculating aggregates and cement content by its present rate. One bag of the
cement which is of 50 kg is of approximately INR 315/- i.e. 1 kg of cement is of
INR 6.3/- if we replace 30% of the cement by any waste material, so
approximately 15kg of the cement is saved so that INR 94.5/- is saved on per bag
that means 30% of the cost is saved.
 CHAPTER – 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results and Discussion of Compressive Strength:

1.Compressive strength of concrete mixes made with and without rice husk ash
and sugarcane bagasse ash with different percentage were determined at 7, 14,
and 28 days of curing. The test results are given in table and shown in figure.
The maximum compressive strength was obtained for a mix having a 10% rice
husk ash of 10% sugarcane bagasse ash by weight and increase in strength over
plain concrete .
2.The 7 day compressive strength of rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash
concrete was found to be high as 27.9 Mpa. Which is more than ordinary concrete.
Similarly 28 day compressive strength was found to be about 37.5 Mpa which is
more than that of ordinary concrete.
3.The effect of replacement of cement with three percentages of Rice husk ash
and sugarcane bagasse ash on the compressive strength of concrete is shown
figure. It is clear that the replacement of cement with 30 % of Rice husk ash and
sugarcane bagasse ash reduced the compressive strength of concrete. And for a
particular percentage of Rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash there was a
decrease in compressive strength of concrete, as the percentage of rice husk ash
and sugarcane bagasse ash from 10% to 20%. However, this reduction in strength
with addition of Rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash continued to decrease
with an increase in the percentage of Rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash
content. Generally, presence of Rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash induces
porosity and reduces compressive strength depending upon Rice husk ash and
sugarcane bagasse ash content.
 CHAPTER – 6
FUTURE SCOPE

The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the suitability of

rice husk ash (RHA) produced by open burning as partial replacement for cement
in concrete. This investigation target to determine the optimum percentage (10,
20, 30%) of Rice husk ash(RHA),Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)as a partial
replacement of cement for M30 grade of concrete.

1. Use of high strength concrete for the combination of RHS and SBA.
2. To study the effect of different types of mineral admixtures like silica ,fly
ash ,RHA and SBA.
3. To study the effect of super plasticizers.
4. To study the use of RHA and SBA in ocean structures where concrete may
be in affected by sulphur and chloride paricles.
5. To study the strength behavior of RHA and SBA obtained from very old
structures which are very pervious and easily affected by chemical
reaction.
 CHAPTER – 7
CONCLUSION

The result of study shows that there are good prospects of using Rice husk Ash
(RHA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) as a pozzolana combination with ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) in the Concrete cube. M-30 grade concrete cube is casted
and its compressive strength and workability is determined. The combination of
10%, 20% and 30% cement replacement Mix is prepared by using agricultural
waste.
Workability of the concrete increased with the increased percentage of Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash in concrete and decreased with increased percentage of Rice husk.
It has been observed that Sugarcane Bagasse gives very good workability when
they replace cement in concrete.
Compressive Strength of concrete increased with increasing percentage mix give
good compressive strength. When Rice Husk Ash replace cement in concrete it
has been observed that its 10% and 20% mix gives good compressive strength.
Concrete is a versatile building material which is largely used in construction.
When cement is replaced by these waste material upto 30%. By using these waste
material INR 94.5/- can be saved on per bag of cement i.e. 30% of the cost.
From the study conducted, it was clearly shown that Rice husk ash (RHA),
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), are pozzolanic material and can contribute to the
sustainability to the construction material.

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