CNC Programming 06-11-2017

Computer Numerical
Control Programming
N. Vijaya Kumar
November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

Points to be Covered
 Axes designation
 Part programming fundamentals

Part program writing
 Word address format
 Part programming manual (actual
machine tool and control)

Word address format
N035 G01 X120.5 Y55.0 Z-12.0 F150 M03;
 N035 refers to the block number 35
 G01 refers to a preparatory code 1 for linear
interpolation
 X120.5 refers to X coordinate value 120.5 units
 Y55.0 refers to Y coordinate value 55.0 units
 Z-12.0 refers to Z coordinate value -12.0 units
 F150 refers to a feed rate of 150 units/min
 M03 refers to a miscellaneous code value of 3 that
starts the spindle in the clockwise direction
 ; refers to the end of block
Word address format
 A Angular dimension around X axis
 B Angular dimension around Y axis
 C Angular dimension around Z axis
 D Angular dimension around special axis or
third feed function
 E Angular dimension around special axis or
second feed function
 F Feed function
 G Preparatory function
Word address format
 H Unassigned
 I Distance to arc centre or thread lead
parallel to X
 J Distance to arc centre or thread lead
parallel to Y
 K Distance to arc centre or thread lead
parallel to Z

Word address format
 M Miscellaneous function
 N Sequence number
 O Reference rewind stop
 P Third rapid traverse dimension or tertiary
motion dimension parallel to X
 Q Second rapid traverse dimension or
tertiary motion dimension parallel to Y
 R First rapid traverse dimension or tertiary
motion dimension parallel to Z

Word address format
 S Spindle speed function
 T Tool function
 U Secondary motion dimension parallel to X
 V Secondary motion dimension parallel to Y
 W Secondary motion dimension parallel to Z
 X Primary X motion dimension
 Y Primary Y motion dimension
 Z Primary Z motion dimension

Word address format
 N5 G2 X53 Y53 Z53 U..V..W..I..J..
K..F5 S4 T4 M2 ;

Coordinate Function
 The various word addresses used for
specifying coordinates are X, Y, Z, U, V, W, I,
J, K, A, B, C, etc.
 They can be specified using a direct decimal
format.
 N025 T01 M03 S1000 ;
 N030 G01 X15.450 Y35.540 Z-2.0 F120 ;
 N035 X-25.500 Y55.545 ;
 N045 X15.450 Y35.540 ;

Feed Function
 Generally the feed rate is specified with F
word address and specified in mm per
minute.
 The value specified normally is the speed
with which the spindle moves along the
specified path.
 For example, F120 in the above statement
means that the feed rate is specified as 120
mm per minute (assuming metric units are
used in the program).
Feed Function
 It is also possible to specify feed using
the mm per revolution units, with a
special preparatory function.
 The feed rate specified in any block
remains modal.
 It is possible to change programmed
feed by the use of feed rate over switch
on the machine tool control panel.

Speed Function
 The spindle speed can be set using the S
word address.
 The number after the S is the speed of the
spindle specified directly in revolutions per
minute.
 For example, S1000 in the above statement
means that the spindle speed is specified as
1000 revolutions per minute.

Speed Function
 Though this is the normal usage, it is
also possible to specify the spindle
speed in cutting speed units as meters
per minute using a special preparatory
function.

Tool Function
 The tool to be used for an operation is
to be identified by the T word address.
 For example, T01 in the above
statement means that the tool number
1 is to be placed in the spindle.
 The tool number is considered as the
tool magazine position in the case of
machines with automatic tool changers.

Tool Function
 In some cases the tool number may
also have to be combined with the tool
offset register number, which is
described later.

Preparatory functions
 The preparatory functions are denoted
by the word address 'G'.
 This function principally controls the
geometric functions of the controller.
 It generally has two digits, e.g. G01,
G42, and G90 as per ISO specifications.
 Many of the current day controllers
have extended this to 3 or 4 digits.

 Most of the G codes are modal in nature, so
that they need not be repeated in every
block.
 Another point to be noted with these codes is
that the G codes are divided into various
groups depending upon their functionality.
 It is expected that only one code from each
of the group should be given in any given
block.
 It is generally possible to include more than
one G address in one block, provided these
functions are not mutually exclusive.
 In GE-Fanuc controls upto 5 G codes can be
given in one block.
 Some other controls have different limits, but
generally upto 3 codes in a single block will
be permissible.

 It should also be noted that some of the G
codes remain in force when the control is
started or reset.
 These are termed as default or turn on codes.
 Though it is a prudent practice, to specify all
the necessary G codes while writing the
programs, some times it may be possible by
the experienced programmers to take
advantage of these default codes and reduce
the length of the program.
Preparatory functions (Motion
group )
 *G00 Rapid Positioning

 G01 Linear Interpolation
 G02 Circular interpolation Clockwise
 G03 Circular interpolation Counter
clockwise
* Generally specified as default code

Preparatory functions (Active
plane selection group )
 *G17 XY Plane selection

 G18 XZ Plane selection
 G19 YZ Plane selection

Units group
 *G70 Inch units
 G71 Metric units
Co-ordinate system group

 *G90 Absolute co-ordinate system
 G91 Incremental co-ordinate system

Co-ordinate system group,
G90 and G91
 The coordinate data can be input into the
program either in the absolute or in the
incremental system.
 The absolute coordinate system is indicated
by the preparatory function G90.
 In absolute system, the dimensions are given
with respect to a common datum established
by the programmer.

Co-ordinate system group,
G90 and G91
Fig from P N Rao – CAD/CAM Principles and

Applications, Tata McGrawHill
Absolute Programming
 Suppose the route to be 0-A-B-C in absolute
programming system
 N010 G90 G01 X15.0 Y15.0 F200; Point A
 N015 X25.0; Point B. Notice no change in Y-axis
 N020 X45.0 Y10.0; Point C
 G90 code is modal and will remain in force till it is cancelled
by another code from the same group, i.e., G91 for
incremental programming.

Absolute Programming
 Suppose the route to be 0-A-C-B then:
 N010 G90 G01 X15.0 Y15.0 F200; Point A
 N015 X45.0 Y10.0; Point C
 N020 X25.0 Y15.0; Point B.

Incremental Programming
 In the case of incremental
programming the G-code used is G91.
 In incremental programming, the
actual distance moved by the tool from
the current position is programmed.
 Unlike with G90, the programmed data
changes only if the route of the move
is altered.

 The program for route 0-A-B-C would be:
 N010 G91 G01 X15.0 Y15.0 F200; Point A
 N015 X10.0; Point B. Notice no change in Y-axis
 N020 X20.0 Y-5.0; Point C

 When route is changed to 0-A-C-B, then the
program will be:
 N010 G91 G01 X15.0 Y15.0 F200; Point A
 N015 X30.0 Y-5.0; Point C
 N020 X-20.0 Y5.0; Point B.

Absolute and Incremental
Programming
 While writing NC program in incremental
mode, care has to be taken to designate
the actual movement of the tool in the
positive or negative axis direction.
 This is true even when the movement of
the tool is in the first quadrant, still some of
the movements have been identified as
negative because the tool is moving in the
negative axis direction.

Absolute and Incremental Programming
 It is generally suggested that a fresh

programmer may stick to programming in
absolute system in the beginning.
 This will help in reducing the possible
mistakes in specifying the coordinates.
 Any error in coordinates in absolute
programming will result in only an error in
that part, while in the case of incremental
programming the error will continue further
down in all subsequent blocks.
Units group, G70, G71
 The CNC part programs can use either inch
units or metric units.
 The choice will have to be specified in the
beginning of the program.
 The codes used are G70 for inch
programming and G71 for mm
programming.
 The program units cannot be changed in
between.

Units group, G70, G71
 In GE-Fanuc controls normally G20 and
G21 are used for the units in place of
G70 and G71.
 This can be changed optionally to G70
and G71 using the programmable
functions of the control system.

Active plane selection group,
G17, G18, G19
 Some of the functions in NC control can
only work in a plane rather than in all
the 3 possible co-ordinate axes.
 This therefore requires the selection of
active plane.
 This can be done by using these codes
G17, G18, G19 .

XY plane selection for vertical axis milling
machines

XY plane selection for Horizontal axis
milling machines

XZ plane selection for vertical axis milling
machines

YZ plane selection for vertical axis milling
machines

Absolute Preset, G92
 As described earlier, each of the machine tool
has a separate machine reference point.
However, this point is not very convenient to
use as a co-ordinate datum for the part.
 Most of the NC machine tools allow for a
'Floating Datum' to be fixed anywhere in the
machining envelope of the machine tool.

Absolute Preset, G92
 As a result, the programmer can choose
a convenient position on the part as
datum, which may be referred to as
'Program Zero Point'.
 The same will have to be communicated
to the NC controller as datum.
N015 G92 X2.0 Y1.0 Z1.0 ;

Work piece datums
 G53 to G56 are the other codes used for
setting the programmable datum positions.
 These would allow for a fixing a number of
positions on the machine table whose co-
ordinates can be entered into the controller
as a permanent memory.
 When required their positions can be simply
called by giving the particular G code in the
program.
Work piece datums
 This would also be useful for machining
a batch of components all of which are
located on the machine table each at
the positions indicated by G53, G54,
etc.

Motion group, G00, G01, G02,
G03
 This is the most important group of

codes used in part programming.
 Most of the common motions are
specified using this set of codes.
 G00 is normally the turn on code from
this list.

Rapid Positioning, G00
 This is used for moving the tool at a rapid
rate (normally the maximum available feed
rate such as 8,000 or 40,000 mm/min) along
the axes involved for achieving the position
programmed.
 It is not important for this code, the path
taken by the tool to reach the programmed
point.

 This is a modal (stays active till
cancelled by any other function of its
family, i.e., G01, G02, G03) function.
 It is also the 'turn on mode' (available
as soon as the system is switched on or
when a new program starts).
 Referring to Fig. 13-13, from position A,
it is required to achieve position B.


Linear or Straight line
Interpolation, G01
 This code is generally used when the

material is to be cut using a feed rate.
 When the motion is desired along a
straight line at a given feed rate, this
function is used.
 It is modal.

Circular Interpolation, G02 /
G03
 When an arc is to be traversed in a
plane, the function G02 or G03 is used
if the direction of the motion is
clockwise or anti-clockwise respectively,
looking in the negative direction of the
axis perpendicular to the plane.

Dwell, G04
 This is to give a delay in the program.
 When the G04 code is encountered, the
controller stops at that particular point for a
specified time mentioned in the block.
 After that time the controller continues to
execute the next block in the program.
 The delay time is normally mentioned in
seconds using the X word address.
 In some controls, other than X may also be
used.
Dwell, G04
 N045 G04 X3.0; This calls for a
stoppage of the control for a period of 3
seconds.
 N045 G04 P3000; This calls for a
stoppage of the control for a period of 3
seconds.

Miscellaneous Functions, M
 These functions actually operate some
controls on the machine tool and thus affect
the running of the machine.
 Generally only one-M code is supposed to be
given in a single block.
 However, some controllers allow for two or
more M codes to be given in a block,
provided these are not mutually exclusive,
e.g., coolant ON (M07) and OFF (M09)
cannot be given in one block.
Miscellaneous functions
 Less number of M codes have been
standardized by ISO compared to G
codes in view of the direct control
exercised by these on the machine tool.

 M00 Program Stop
 This would terminate the auto operation of
the machine after completing the instructions
in the block in which it has been
programmed.
 This is called 'Program stop' and if it is
required to continue with the rest of the
program, the 'start' button on the console is
to be pressed.
 M00 Program Stop
 This is useful for changing the clamp position
or to carry out inspection of a particular
dimension after a machining cut is taken.
 This being a pause function, and calls for the
attention of the operator, delays the
completion of the program and therefore
should be avoided as far as possible.

 M01 Optional stop
 This is 'Optional stop' and stops the
machine, as in the case of M00, only if
the "Optional stop" switch on the
controller console is 'ON'.
 This is useful when inspection is to be
carried out on some components and
not all in a given batch.

 M02 End of program
 This is 'End of program' and it causes
the stopping of the machine and
clearing of all the control registers.
 Another code M30 also does the same
function.

 M03 Spindle start – clockwise direction
 This miscellaneous function for machine
spindle control for clockwise rotation.
 This starts the spindle to move in the
clockwise direction at the speed set earlier
using the S word address.
 When it is given in a block would be the first
code to be executed before all the other
codes in a block are acted upon.

 M04 Spindle start – Counter clockwise
direction
 This miscellaneous function for machine
spindle control for counter clockwise rotation.
 This starts the spindle to move in the counter
 M05 Stop the machine spindle
 It is the miscellaneous function for
stopping the machine spindle.
 When it is given in a block would be the
last code to be executed after all the
other codes in a block are acted upon.

 M06 is for tool change.

 M07 is for 'Coolant 1 On'
 M08 is for 'Coolant 2 On'
 M09 is for 'Coolant Off'

 M13
 the miscellaneous function for machine
spindle control for clockwise rotation and the
starting of the coolant simultaneously.
 This starts the spindle to move in the
 M30 is similar to M02.
 It indicates 'End of tape' and 'tape rewind'.
 If a paper tape is used, the tape is rewind till
the % sign is encountered.
 For machines working with RAM, the active
program comes to the beginning. Many a
times M02 and M30 are synonymous in
operation in modern day controllers.

Program Number
 Program number is specified by O
word address, generally.
 It is not essential, but useful for
storage purposes.

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Computer Numerical

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

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 N035 X-25.500 Y55.545 ;

 N045 X15.450 Y35.540 ;

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 *G00 Rapid Positioning

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 *G17 XY Plane selection

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Co-ordinate system group

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Fig from P N Rao – CAD/CAM Principles and

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November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

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 It is generally suggested that a fresh

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

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 This is the most important group of

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 This code is generally used when the

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November 6, 2017 N. Vijaya Kumar

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 M06 is for tool change.

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