Ria Ellaine C.
Lachica  Logic
Grade 1- Galileo
Reviewer for 1st Quarter assessment in
Introduction to the Philosophy
“doctrina ignorantia”- to know that you do not know
John Paul Sartre (American philosopher) “Ignorance is a choice.”
“Human Existence” anchor of Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
Human-Philosophical
Person-Biological
Philosophy
 Comes from the greek word Philosophia,which means
love of wisdom.
 Study of knowledge or wisdom
 Deals about thingssuch as reality/truth, existence,
knowledge and reasoning
 ”The unexamined life is not worth living”- Socrates
 Seeking wisdom by examining people’s lives.
Branches of Philosophy
 Metaphysics
- Study of reality and being
- Meta (beyond), Physics (Physical)
- Pillars of philosophy
- Explaining phenomenon from what is perceive by the
senses
- Concernedwith what exists in the world and reality
- Deals with mystery such as is there free will or
questions like God exists?
 Epistemology
- Scientific study of knowledge
- Knowledge is to enlighten people
- Concerned about what we know in this world or what
we can know about the world and how can we know
it.
- Study of knowledge.
 Ethics
- Study of the human actions
- Retribution (founder of ethics) “Good thing should be
rewarded and bad thingsshould be punished.”
- Concerned with what we should do and what would
be best to do.
- Deals with how humans should live
- Study of reason
- Concerned with rules/principles of reasoning
 Aesthetic
- Study of beauty
- Deal with what beauty is or the idea of beauty.
Philosophy
 Derived from the Greek word “Philo” (Love), “Sophia”
(wisdom)
 The love or gift of wisdom – action
 The love for wisdom – act of keeping – curiosity.
 Search for meaning
 Philosophy is a manner of thinking about the most basic
questions & problems faced by human beings.
 Philosophy is the science and art of the ultimate reasons,
causes and principlesof being.
 Encourages mental masturbation – eagerness to think.
 Academic discipline
 Set of belief(s) and world view.
 Study of inquiry
TYPES OF REFLECTION
Partial Point of View/Primary reflection
 Descriptive analysis of an experience
 It breaks the unity of the experience
 When you recognize a problem to be solved
 If we commit to analytic process
 Perspective that is based on one of the components parts
of a whole
 E. Q. When one researcher conducts an inquiry on the
reason why Filipinos’ celebrate fiesta based on the
religious aspect of it, the POV is partial since it only
considered one factor and did not include other possible
factors like sociological, political and historical
Holistic PerspectiveSecondary Reflection
 When you know that there is a problem and ask yourself
why is that problem arising
 A mystery (not everyone can see howyou precedes the
reality
 Synthetic Process
 Talks about transcendence
 Holism comes from the greek word “Holos” which literally
means all, entire, totally.
 This kind of system aims to determine and explain the
whole or totality of a given system by examining
thebehaviors and activities of certain component pats.
  E. Q. To understand why Filipinos celebrate fiesta, the
researcher has to consider the history of the Filipino 3. Idinayale
people, religion, tradition, aesthetics, and even the  Goddess of harvest/labor, good deeds
political aspect of it. 4. Dumangan
 god of harvest
Reflections- To illuminate  husband of Idinayale
5. Anitun Tabu
Allegory of the Cave –Part of the book written by Plato “The  Godess of wind and rain
Republic”
 Gave birth to Balangaw
6. Balangaw
Glaucon and Socrates are talking to each other.
 god of rainbow
Glaucon- Plato’s older brother 7. Dimakulem
 god of mountain
Socrates- Plato’s Teacher  One of the most worshipped god
8. Agni
 Shadows – The illusion of reality, prisoner’s reality.  god of fire
 Cave – Ignorance. 9. Sidapa
 Prisoners- subject who perceives reality  god of underworld, death
 Fire- limit of knowledge.  fell in love with Libulan
10. Amihan
Divided line
 goddess of wind
11. Apolaki
 god of sun
12. Analogy
 god of the lost things

Philosophy Transcending and

Aiming for Life of Abundance
Abundance- Overflow, non-stop(latin word
The World of forms (ideas) The worlds of objects (reality) abundare) Should not concern quantity

Principles of abundance

1. Abundance is not what we gather but what we scatter

FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY
2. Abundance is not what we keep but what we give away
3. Abundance is not what we hold but what we share
1. Kababaang loob/kagandahang loob
4. Abundance is a choice – it’s your choice/decision of what
2. Filipino time life gives you. It’s up to you on how you will live your life.
3. Bahala na
“To be happy, man must live a virtous life.” –Socrates
4. Utang na loob
5. Bayanihan (when we seek goodness in others)

5. Abundance is to evolve into higher being

Filipino Deities
1. Bathala
 Most powerful god
 Ceator
2. Dian Masalanta
 Undestructable, unconquerable
 Goddess of love
The Divine Comedy-Dante Alighieri
Florence- old name of Italy (comes from the word “Italus” ,which
means Boots)
History
 Scientific study of the past
 Angle of vision of the past
 Williard Libby- carbon-14 dating
Dante Alighieri
 Born in May 1265
 Age of exploration to Medieval times –
Fundamental of economy
 Son of a noble class man and burgeosie
 Studied in typical school
 At the age of 12, he was bethrothed (family
affairs) with Gemma Donati.
 He had 2 sons and 1 dauther
 Studied in the University of Bologna (prime
school, academic institution, where he met
Brunetto latini (Scientist and philosopher,
Anchor of university,known by Dante,
mentor/adviser))
 Martin Luther King J.R. – Father of
Protestantism
 Marriage of assurance for the future
 Panghimuyat – dowry, large amount of money to
the person na “nagpuyat” with him/her sa pag-
aalaga.
 At 9-10 yrs. Old, he meta 9-year old Beatrice
Portaniri
1. Quintenessence – highest form of a human being
1289 – Dante’s public life began
Political parties in Florence
a. Guelphs
 Dante is part of this political party
 Pro for separation of church and state
 The rules in the church should not meddle with
the rules of the state
 Dante was hated because his vision is correct
b. Ghibbelins
 (simbolize the Inferno)
 He was exiled from Florence and start to wrote
“The Divine Comedy”(finished in 1320)
Greek government
 Capital punishment
 Corporal
 Ostracism- practice to get people exiled if a person is a
threat,excommunication
 Ostracon- Bpot (palayok)in Roman, it is made by metals
Inferno- vivid, base from human experience
Purgatorio- living in pain
Paradise- Book 3
Acheron –gates of hell
9 Circles of Hell
1. LIMBO
 Self-destructive
 Virtous, unbaptized, non-christian (righteous
people but do not choose any kind of religion
 Guards the seven gates( seven virtues)
 Homer (philosopher, Classical writer)
 Socrates (Greek Philosopher)
 Aristotle (Father of Biology)
 Cicero (Roman consul)
 Hypocrates (Father of Medicine
 Julius Caesar
2. LUST
 Menarche ( First menstruation)
 Spermache (First ejaculation of a man)
 Restless
 Original sin commited by Adan and Eve
 Cleopatra (mistress of Marcus Aurelius)
 Symbol of power
 Starts fro attraction (love) or desire (sin)
 Mas malala at mas makasalanan ang mga
nandito kasi they share their si with others
 Punished by being blown violently back and forth
by strong winds symbolizes restlessness of a
person who is led by desire for fleshy pleasure
3. GLUTTONY
 Brother of greed
 Most evident and most obvious
 Manifested in the human body
 Cerberus(Gate of 3rd Circle)
 Claceco ( Who said that Guelphs will win over
guibellins)
 They act individually-selfishness
4. GREED
 Desire to own everything - when you achieve
success on other people’s hardship
 Destroys human economy – money is human
instrument
Divided into 2 Groups  Each is named after an individual who personifies
the sin
1. Those who hoarded Possession Round 1: Caina ( killed his brother Abel)
2. Those who lavishly spend it- jousting Round 2: Antenora ( named after Anthenor of Troy
2 groups are guarded by Pluto (probably ancient greek who was Priam’s counsellor during the Trojan War)
ruler of the Underworld) Round 3: Ptolomaea (after Ptolemy, son of Abubus)
use great weights as a weapon, pushing it with their chest Round 4: Judecca (after Judas, the apostlewho
which symbolizes their selfish drive for fortune during betrayed Jesus eith a kiss)
lifetime

5. ANGER
 Wrathful and sullen people Methods of Philosophizing
 People killing one another or hurting each other
badly
 Wrathful fighting each other on the surface of
the river styx;sullen gurgling beneath the surface
of the water
1. Phenomenology
 Filippo Argenti- prominent Florence politician
 Reflective study of how things appears to our
who confiscated Dante’s property after his
conscious awareness
expulsion in Florence
 Reflecting a phenomenon that concerns you as a
6. HERESY human being
 Condemned to eternity in flaming tombs  Analyzing phenomenon and learn from it
 Mere denial of the Christian dogma  Focusing on a phenomenon and how does it drive
 Fortinata degli Uberti and Cavalcante de’ human being
Cavalcanti are the Florentines  Subpart of metaphysics (soul)
 Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick II
 Pope Anastasius II Types of Phenomenology

7. VIOLENCE  Pure Phenomenology- ideal

 Son of Angers a. Static
 Destroy someone/something -it observes how wolrd appears in terms of their static
 River boiling blood and fire unchanging perceptual properties
Outer Ring
- Murderers b. Genetic
- Violent to other people & property
- Guy de Montfort  Existential Phenomenology
- Alexander the Great - Stresses out the importance of human existence +
- Dionysus phenomenology
- Centaurus - Observe the phenomenon & manipulate it through
existence
Middle Ring
- Demands action & practical resolution
- Suicides (fed upon by harpies)
- Profligates (chased and torn to pieces by dogs)
Inner Ring
- Blasphemers
- Sodomites
2. Existentialism
- Residing in a desert of burning sand and rain falling  it connotes the relationship of the individual to the world
from the sky  the world exist because of our existence
8. FRAUD
 Form of tricks Soren Kierkegaard
 Lead by seducers & flatterers
 authentic self is the personally chosen self
 Making yourself happy by confusing others
 you have the right to choose who you will become
9. TREACHERY
 Frozen in an icy lake Jean Paul Sartre
 Betrayal
 “existence precedes essence”
  Most of the time the world affects the human identitybut  You have to sa y what you mean and mean what you
amidst this discrimination you need to anchor yourself to say.
God. 4. Composition
 Not true to one is not true to all
Saint Augustine 5. Division
 Not true to all is not true to one
 You have to see the spiritual nature of self 6. Against the Person
 You should also consider spiritual self  Happens when your no longer attaking the reason
 If you cannot be a friend, be a human atleast but attacking the person
7. Appeal to Force
 Doesn’t mean that you are superior in something
means that you are powerful
3. Post Modernism 8. Appeal to People
 Using the name of someone to win the approval
 Based on modernity but the methods are basis of when in fact you need self approval
traditional
 We don’t please the people, we please the
 Shows the limits reason and objectivism supreme being
 Less of a philosophy but more on a pattern 9. Post Hoc

 Present situation to defend a reason
Considering the past esult to conclude the present
results
10. Hasty Generalization
 How you see life
 When we see a part of the truth, we tend to
4. Analytical Tradition believethat as the whole truth
 Also known as analytical philosophy  People usually tend to assume the truth

 The person who get the most attention has the We can know the person because he/she permits
us to sehim/her that
sound & substance
11. Begging Questions
 Sound is the key to understand language  Answering a question indirectly because you’re
protecting something
Ludwig Wittgenstein  You defend yourself by questioning the question
 Not for the sake of clarity but for the sake of
 Language is socially constructedso as the truth answer
12. Argumentum ad vericondiam
 Using the name/ idea of a person by threathening
your claim

FALLACIES HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT

 Faulty arguments  Body is the container of your real self
 Soul (intangible)

1. Argumentum ad misericordiam
a. Lao Tzu/ Lao Tze
 Appeal to pity  Taoteaching (“The Way”)
2. Argumentum ad ignorantiam (Galileo’s argument)  Taoism
 Ask permission to supreme being before you
 Appeal to ignorance make decisions
 If you don’t know something, it doesn’t mean that you are b. Herodotus
less capable.  Father of History
 If you know something, it doesn’t mean that you are always  Resorts to God
correct
 Peloopponesian war
c. Thucydides
3. Equivocational
 Used scientific method
 Use of vague & ambiguous language
 Use of jargons
 Not because that a person is academically good
INTO THE WOODS:HOW MAN SURVIVED Man as an Embodied Spirit
ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS FOR 25
YEARS a. Hinduism
 Originated from India
Christopher Thomas Knight  Not only a religion but also an ideology
 The rest of south east Asia
 Was only 20 years old when he walked away  Polytheistic (have many gods)
 Action can be done without thinking  Believed that god first created the sound –refers
 Disappeared for 27 years to the word
 Secluded himself from the society  You can be with the world if you cansilence your
body and mind
Paradigm Shift  Silence ( most beautiful sound)
 Aum- Sacred sound, sound of nature, origin of
 Cocept of Thomas Khun everything
 Everything that changes drastically for a period of time  Not included in abrahamic religion (1. Judaism,
2. Christianism, 3. Islam)
e.q Copernicus (heliocentric) and Ptolemy (Geocentric)  Introduces reincarnation
- Way of chances, giving another chance
Dharma- Law of salvation - Our soul continued to assume a form because it was
not able to perform our purpose in our past life
- All of us met from the past
- Things had happened before (dejavu)
Human Beings are Social Beings  Principle of Metempsychosis
- If you didn’t rightfully you assume your for in next
life
 Economic Theory
b. Hinduism
- Human beings can’t suffice all their needs without
 Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
other people
 Want us to know the real essence of time and life
- No man is an island
- We do everything for our future, we lose the essence
 Instinctive Theory
of time
- Through instincts wherein humans have this feeling
- We do everything in present, we lose the essence of
that if they do not socialize with one another, they will
future
be eaten by animals
 Religion that introduces dharma (law of
- Socialization makes our essence nowadays
salvation) the moment we denounce our desires
 Moderation
- Practice of Roman people
-
-
Balance between the extremes
You can only know your essence when you live in 4 noble truth
moderation
1. Life is full of sufferings
- When you keep on dreaming of the things you can’t
have
a. Confucius 2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires,lust &
- “human being is naturally good.” cravings
b. Thales of Miletus 3. Only as these (desires) are obliterated, suffering will
- “Water is the symbol of life” cease
4. Suffering will eradicate by following 8 fold paths
Solitude (Done by yourself) vs. Isolation (Done by people against
you)

Moral lessons
8 fold paths
 When you isolate yourself, you communion with yourself 1. Right beliefs – not all beliefs ae right
 Nothing will make sense except your essence 2. Right aspiration – if your dreams are too high to
achieve/pursue
 Stay who you are
3. Right speech – how you handle your tone
 In 27 years, he was able to see the real essence of existence
4. Right conduct
in solitude
 5. Right mens of livelihood b. The existential life and the confusion that often
6. Right endeavour accompanies it can be unpleasant, to say the least.
7. Right mindfulness c. Consciousness manifests itself through human being.
8. Right meditation Conscious is infinite which means that the options for
manifestations of human consciousness are infinite. The
Reviewer for 2nd Quarter Assessment in feature of having of having an infinite. Amount of options
to the manifestation of one’s consciousness is what
Introduction to the Philosophy Sartre calls freedom.
d. No matter what the situation is, a human being can
Topic 5: Freedom of the Human Person always choose to act and his action will define his being.

Human living or what does it mean to be human in society and

oriented towards death.

I – Truth you know about yourself. Self-knowledge. Total Determination

a. A child who lives in a situation where he constantly sees
Me – Truth that others know about you. violence everyday will turn-out to be a violent person
someday.
b. Man can be conditioned to act in a particular way (eg. Halo
Allain Badiou
effect, Situations that can be created for him to decide
“ Man is nothing but what he makes himself.”
according to what economists want, etc. ).
c. Adolf Hitler’s anger against Jews. – Etnocentrism.
a. Well-known French existentialist Philosopher.
d. Daily traffic woes bring out the worst in us.
b. He argues that freedom is absolute. Freedom is the very
essence of the Human Person. He ceases to be human if
he is deprived of his freedom. For it is in Freedom that he
realizes the fullness of his humanity. “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.” – Hammurabi
c. Let us now explore human freedom in the light of our
human experience.

Total determinism Human Freedom – It’s the human capacity to act or not
“We are nothing but the product of our human situation.” to act as we choose or prefer without any compulsion or
restrain.
a. Harvard Psychologist Burrhus F. Skinner was the most
famous proponent of Behavioral Science. Cogito Ergo Sum (latin term for “ I think therefore, I am”) –
b. According to him, freedom is just an illusion for in reality, Rene Descartes
man is only conditioned to act or behave in a certain
manner according to his environment. - Freedom is what defines the person
c. In this sense, human behaviour can be controlled through - Seperates us from the rest
positive and negative reinforcements. - Will to be responsible of ourselves
d. Man is basically defined by his sorroundings to change - Who we are today because we practice freedom
him, we must change his environment. - Ang tunay na Malaya ay may kakayahang tumulong
- Freedom depends on the motivation
Freedom – Having choice or option. - An expression of freedom
3 manifestation
Burrhus F. Skinner – Freedom is an illusion. ( nakakulong sa 1. Actions
sitwasyon). Opperant conditioning (dog). 2. Words
3. Letters
Ivan Pavlov (Ifan Paflof) – Rat. - According to Isiah Belin:
2 Types of freedom
Not choosing is also a choice/ decision. Environment does not
1. Positive – Freedom of the will
control you.
2. Negative – Freedom of the action
Freedom allows us to decide who we are and what we do.
The Human acts and acts of man.
“People are condemned to be free” – Jean Paul Sartre.

a. Existence without a creator would be a curse.

 4. We are rational beings
Absolute freedom
a. This kind of freedom does not mean that for man to be
free, he must be able to do anything that he wishes.
b. This is not so because in many situations in life, man finds
Thales of Miletus
himself powerless in the face of unchangeable realities in
life. He could not choose his past, his presents for a. Biography
instance. He could not choose his painful and traumatic i. Referred as the “Father of Western Philosophy”.
experiences. ii. Pre – Socratic Philosopher, mathematician and
c. However, there is this kind of freedom wherein he could astronomer.
create his own values and meanings in the face of things iii. Born in Miletus in Greek Ionia (Turkey).
he could not really change. iv. 624 – 546 B.C.
d. This is the freedom that embraces what he could not
change, and in doing so, he creates his own meaning that
enables him to transcend beyond his limiting situation.
e. Sartre explains the freedom in the following manner. b. Background
1. Being – in – itself (En – soi) refers to what is static i. Member of the Seven Sages of Greece.
and self – contained. It represents human facticity. ii. Founder of the Milesian School of Natural
2. Being – for – itself (pour – soi) is the ability of human Philosophy.
to express the fullness of his freedom by way of iii. The Teacher of Anaximander.
transcendence. It refers to his possibility and iv. Also the first to define general principles and
transcendence. develop hyphotheses.
f. This is the kind of freedom wherein man refuses to be v. Source: “Lives and opinions of Eminent
defined by his limiting situations (Gandhi, Mandela, Philosophers” by Diogenes Laertius (c. 3rd
Martin Luther King Jr, Jesus, Prophet Mohammed) century BCE)
g. Man has the power to decide, to decide wether he is
going to allow others to run his life, to decide to return
love to violence, to be free despite being imprisoned for
the cause of justice, etc.)
c. Early Life
h. Victor Frankl’s Man’s Search for meaning. i. According to the 3rd century AD historian
Diogenes Laertus:
Aristotle in freedom ii. Thales’ parents are Examyes and Cleobuline of
the noble Milesian family of Thelidae.
 He believes that either the human will do the iii. Some says he had a son named Cybisthus.
right thing or wrong thing
 He believes that human beings have the
capability to choose
 Believed in the power of volition power to d. Influence for his Philosophies
choose, option, will. Should cancel the idea of i. Materialism holds that the only thing that can
determinism, predestination be truly proven to exist is matter.
 Not because we are on the same situation
doesn’t mean we have the same solutions Thus, acc. To materialism, all things are
 We choose something for our personal composed of materialand all phenomena are
happiness result of material interactions, with no
accounting of spirit and consciousness.
Eutheria- liberty ii. Naturalism is te belief that nature is all that
exists, and that all things supernatural (including
Eudomonia- personal happiness gods, spirits, souls and non-natural values)
therefore do not exist.

FOUR ASPECTS OF THE SELf

If you are making decision, you must consider these four aspects e. Types of Naturalism
i. Methaphysical Naturalism is the belief that
1. We are physical beings nature is allthat exists, and all that thing
2. We are emotional beings supernatural, therefoe do not exist.
3. We are social beings
 1. Physicalism is the belief that everything
which exists is no more intensive than it’s
physical properties and that the only
existing substance is PHYSICAl.
2. Pluralismis the belief that the reality
consists of many different substances in
additi those fundamentally mindless
arrangements or interaction of matter.
ii. Methodological Naturalism holds that human
beings are best to control and understand the
world through use of the scientific method,
because concepts of spirituality, intuition and
methapysics can never progress beyond
personal opinion.
iii. Ethical Naturalism is the meta – ethical doctrine
that there are objective moral properties of
which we have empirical knowledge, but that
these are reducible to entirely non – ethical
properties of natural properties.
iv. Sociological Naturalism is the sociological
theory that the natural world and the social
world are roughly identical and governed by
similar principles.
f. Types of Materialism
i. Dialectical Materialism
-Philosophical basis of Marxism nd Communism
- refers to the notion of synthesis in George
Hegel’s theory of Dialectics concepts that any
idea or event – the thesis generates its
opposite – the antithesis leading to a
reconciliation of opposite, new and more
advanced synthsis.
ii. Historical Materialism
-“materialist conception of history”
-the Marxist methodological approach to the
study of society, economics and history.
Philosophical Works
1. Some theories of his works: “On the Solcite” and “On the
Equinox” (according to Diogenes)
2. Nautical Star – Guide (according to Simplicius)
3. Believed that everything comes out of water and that
Earth floats on water (according to Aristotle)
4. Used the flothing Earth theory to explain Earthquakes.
5. Rejected the Supernatural and mystical Theories
6. First to explain the world by unfying hypothesis.
7. Known for Predicting a solar elipse.
8. Believes that the World is spherical.
9. Recognize a single transcendental God (Monotheism),
who has neither beginning nor end, but who expresses
himself through other gods (Polytheism).
Other Works
1. Thales’ Theorem
Anaximander
a. Biography
Anaximander of Miletus (610-54 B.C.)
i. Born in the Greek City of Miletus in Ionia, son of
Praxiades.
ii. Studied in the Milesian School as the student of
Thales and succeeded him as the ”Master of the
School”.
iii. He then taught the third prominent figure in
school, Anaximenes, who is greatly influenced
by his works.
Take note: Miletus in Ionia (modern – day Turkey) – Some sites said
it was in the western coast of Anatolia instead. The
Milesian School is Founded by Thales.
b. Concept of Monism
i. Is the Metaphysical and Theological view that is
all is one, that there are no fundamental
divisions and that a unified set of laws underlie
all of nature.
ii. The universe is composed of one fundamental
thing and it is also the doctrine that only one
supreme being exists.
Take note: Contradicts the Dualism (made of two kinds) and
Pluralism (There are many kinds of substance). Thales (water),
Anaximenes (air), Heraclitus (fire).Based from the Concept “monad”
- came from the Greek word “monos” (single and no division).
Types of Monism
Ideal Monism ( Mentalistic)
 i. States that the mind is all that exists,
and that the external world is either
mantal itself or an illusion created by
mind.
Materialistic Monism (Materialism/Physicalism)
i. The doctrine holds that there is but
one reality, Matter, and that only the
physical is real thus the mental can be
reduced to physical.
TYPES OF MATERIALISTIC MONISM
1. Non – reductive Physicalism
a. Mental description ands and explanations
cannot be reduced to the language and lower –
level explanation of Physical Science.
i. Anomalous Monism – mental event
are identical with physical events, but
the mental is anomalous.
ii. Emergentism – involves a layered view
of nature, with the layers arrange in
terms of increasing complexity.
iii. Eliminatism –people’s common sense
understanding of the mind is flawed
and will be eliminated by an
alternative.
Take note: Anomalous Monism proposed by Donald Davidson, “All
mental things are physical but not all physical things are
necessarily mental” Latin verb Emergo – emergence or to rise up.
Eliminative Materialism.
2. Reductive Physicalism
a. All mental states will eventually be explained by
scientific accounts of physiological processes and
state.
i. Behaviourism – mantal states are just
descriptions of observable behaviour.
ii. Type Identity Theory – specific mental
states are identical to specific physical
internal states of the brain.
iii. Functionalism – mental states can be
characterized in terms.
Take note: Also known as Type Physicalism. “Feeling tired even if
lying down all day, but once your friends call you to eat or
something, you get energized.”
Neutral Monism
a. This dual aspect theory maintains that existence consists
of one kind of primal substance is neither mental nor
physical, but is capable of having physical and mental
attributes
Reflexive Monism
a. This dual aspect theory that the one basic stuff which the
universe is composed of has the potential to manifest
both physically and mentally.
The Boundless
i. Anaximander believes that the origin of
everything is “Apeiro”, the “Boundless” or the
“Unlumited”.
ii. Some scholars relates the word apeiron not to
“peras” (boundary, limit) but to “perao” (to
experienced).
iii. Pythagoreans placed boundless in the negative
things and Aristotle, as well, perfection became
aligned with limit thus boundless, imperfection.
Take note: Arche – Origin or Principle.
Aristotle said:( (contradicts the concept)
a. The boundless has no origin, because it is itself the origin.
“Everything has an origin or is an origin. The boundless hs
no origin. For then it would have a limit. Moreover, it is
both unborn or immortal, being a kind of origin. For that
which has become has also,an end, and there is a
termination to every process of destruction.
b. The Origin Must be Boundless
“Only then Genesis and Decay will never stop, when that
from which is taken what been generated.”
c. The long since argument
“Some make this the Boundless, but not air and water, lest
the others should be destroyed by one of them, by being
boundless; for they are opposite. If any of them should be
boundless, it would long since have destroyed the others;
but now there is, they say, something other form which
they are all generated.
The Fragment
Simplicius said,” Whence things have their origin, thence also their
destruction happens. As is the order of things; For they execute the
sentence upon one another – The Condemnation for the Crime – In
conformity with the ordinance of time.”
The Origin of the Cosmos
“A germ, pregnant with hot and cold, was separated off from the
eternal, whereupon out of this germ a sphere a fire grew around
the vapours sorrounds the Earth, like a bark round a tree.”
Astronomy
a. Earth floats unsupported in Earth
i. Earth floats unsupported in the center of the
universe, unsupported by water, pillars, or
whatever.
 ii. Anximander believes that the Earth is cylindrical, Process of Rarefaction
like a scolumn.
Process of Rarefaction (heat) – expands air thinned – Fire
Why the Earth does not fall? Process of Condensation (cold) – contracts air Condensed
– wind – cloud – water – earth – stones.
Celestial bodies make Full circles
Everything is air at different degrees of density. Since air is
a. The idea that the celestial bodies, in their daily course, infinite and perpetually in motion, it can produce all
make full circles and thus pass also beneath the Earth – things without being actually produced by anything.
from Anaximander’s view point – is so self-evident to us
that it is hard to understand how daring its introduction
was. That the celestial bodies makes full circles is not
something he could have observed, but a conclusion he Philosophies
must have drawn.
Monism – Single source of all things.
Felting – Process that believed by Anaximenes to be
reason of different phases of matter.
“Air is God” – Infinite and Eternal.
Anaximenes of Miletus
a. Background
i. Son of Mnesarcus and Phytais Phytagoras
ii. Greek Philosopher of Nature
iii. Flourished in the th Century B.C.E. to 528 B.C.E.
a. Biography
iv. Third philosopher of the Milesian School of
i. 570 – 95 B.C.E.
Philosophy
ii. Samos, Greece
v. One of the 3 Thinkers of Miletus (traditionally
iii. Father of Phytagorean Numerology.
considered to be the first philosophers in The
iv. Founder of Phytagoreanism and Phytagorean
Western World).
Theorem.
vi. Lived in Miletus, Ionia (ancient Greece).
v. Pioneer of the school named Semi- circle.
vii. Son of Eurystratos
viii. An associate/ companion and a student of
Anaximander.
ix. “arche” or the first principle of the universe.
b. Works
x. Doctrine of Air: “Air is the source of all things”.
Phytagorean Soul- simply Reincarnation
xi. Air is everlastingly in motion suggests that he thought
Vegetarianism
it also possessed life.
Pythagorean Theorem
xii. Air is associated with the soul---- The Breath of Life.
Numerology
xiii. According to Anaximenes, Earth was formed from air
by a felting process. It began as a flat disk.
xiv. Lightning and thunder result from wind breaking out Six Vibration in Pythagorean
of clouds.
xv. Rainbows are the result of the rays of the sun falling 1. The Life Path number
on vlouds. 2. The Birthdate number
xvi. Earthquakes are caused by the cracking of the Earth 3. The First impression number
when it dries out after being moistened by rains. 4. The Inner Soul/Vowels number
xvii. Hail is made of frozen water. 5. The Character/Consonants number
6. The Expression number
Theory of Change

According to this history, there is only one substance,(air) 1- Origin of all things
from which all existing things are composed. Other 2 - Matter
materials are only modifications of the teal substance that 3 - Ideal number
is always and everywhere present. 4 - Seasons
Greek word: “Aer”- mist, vapour. 5 - Marriage
7-Sacred number
10 – Perfect number
 TRIPARTITE ONTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF DASEIN

1. Existence. Being is potentiality for being and projects itself

from various possibilities.
Martin Heidegger 2. Thrownness. Humans are thrown arbitrarily into the
world.
3. Fallenness. Failing to note the past and the future due to
a. Biography
curiosity and ambiguity.
i. Born on September 26,1889 in Messkrich,
Germany. Died on May 26,1976 in Freiburg, EXISTENTIALISM VS. ESSENTIALISM
Germany.
ii. Son of Friedrich and Johanna Heidegger. Existentialism- pinepercede mo ang essence mo by the experiences
iii. Author of the Book Sein and Zeit (Being and actions and desicions
Time), Published in 1927 and becomes his most
influencial work. Essentialism- hindi ka palang isinisilang, fixed na kung ano ka, kung
iv. Thaught Philosophical disciplines in Marburg magiging ano at sino ka at ang identity mo na nagdedefine sa iyo.
University and Freiburg University.
v. Greatly Influenced by Edmund Husserl’s Concepts of Heidegger’s book,entitled Sein and Zeit or Being and
time:
Heidegger’s Exegesis: 1. Das Sein – Being/existence.
2. Das Nichts – Nothing/inexistence.
1. Phenomenology
3. Das Gerede – Chatter.
2. Ontology
3. Existentialism

Phenomenology
Immanuel Kant
a. Edmund Husserl – The Principal Founder of
a. Biography
Phenomenology
i. Born on 22nd of April, 1724 in Konigsberg, East
b. Phenomenological Rreduction – a meditative practice that
Prussia ( present – day Kaliningrad, Russia)
is able to liberate oneself from the captivation in which
ii. Free education in Pietist School
one is held by all that one accepts as being the case.
iii. Took a variety of subject
c. Bracketing – describing an act of cancelling judgement
iv. Wrote “Universal Natural History” and The
about the natural world to instead focus on analysis of
Theory of the Heavens”
experience.
v. Death: 12th of February, 1804 (aged 79)

Exegesis: The Enlightenment era

i. Phenomenological Ontology:
Critique of Practical Reason
Phenomenology. The study of structures of
consciousness as experienced from the first – person
Principals:
point of view.
Ontology. From the greek word ontos which means 1. Objective
being. If every rational being considers them
The branch of metaphysics that is concern about the Imperative
nature of being. a. Hypothetical. Demands a course of action to
achieve a specified result.
b. Categorical. Demands a course of action under
Essence – a property or group of properties that makes an entity or
all possible circumstances.
substance what it fundamentally is.
2. Subjective
If one person considers them
Nihilism – is the philosophical view point that suggest the denial, or
lack of belief,the reputedly meaningfull aspects of life.
Self – consciousness
Absurd – the search for answers in an answerless world.
1. Inner sense
By which we are aware of alterations in our own state.
Authentic Existence – the mine – self where existence is justified by
Moods, feelings, pain, pleasure, sensation etc., are the
oneself.
proper subject matter of inner sense.
 2. Apperception
Capacity for the awareness of some state or modification
of one’s self as a state.

THE RATIONALIST –EMPIRICIST DISPUTE

According to Kant, all the knowledge begins with sense experience,

but not all knowledge arises out of sense experience .

There are 2 basic types of human Knowledge.

1. a posteriori
depends on sense experience
2. a priori
independent of sense experience

Analytical Judgement:

The predicate makes explicit (explicates) meanings that

are already implicit in the subject.(nasa connotation)

Synthetic judgement:

The predicate adds to our knowledge of the subject in a

way that logical analysis, by itself, cannot.(wala sa
connotation)

Categories of the Understanding

1. Of Quality
2. Of Quantity
3. Of Modality
4. Of Relation