INDUSTRIAL SUMMER

TRAINING REPORT

PRASAR BHARTI
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA
SILCHAR

SUBMITTED BY-
ANANYA BHATTACHARJEE(31360034)
PARVEEN SULTANA MAZUMDER(31360047)
SUDHAKAR GUPTA(31360052)
VIKAS KUMAR(31360054)
DIBYOJYOTI DAS(31320187)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We kindly express our sincere gratitude to the officials of Doordarshan

Kendra,Silchar specially to Assistant Engineer Mr.R.K.Aditya, Junior Assistant
Engineer MrS.Singha, Mr.D.Chakraborty and all the other members of Program
Controlling Room (P.C.R),Editing Room,and the technical section of D.D.K
Silchar.We are thankful to them for providing us an industrial interface to our
branch of study and assisting us to know how the television broadcasting industry
in India works.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION OF DOORDARSHAN
2. DOORDARSHAN KENDRA SILCHAR
3. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF DOORDARSHAN SILCHAR KENDRA
4. STUDIO CENTRE
4.1. STUDIO FLOOR
4.2. PCR
4.3. EDITING
4.4. VFL TRANSMITTER
5.POWER GRID
6. OUTDOORS
7. TRANSMITTER
8. FUTURE SCOPE
9. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO DOORDARSHAN

1.1 INTRODUCTION

TYPE Broadcast television network.

COUNTRY : India.

AVAILABILITY : National.

OWNER : PrasarBharati.

LAUNCH DATE : 1959.

PAST NAME All India Radio.

WEBSITE http://www.ddindia.gov.in

Doordarshan is a public broadcast terrestrial television channel run by PrasarBharati ,a board

nominated by the Government of india.it is one of the largest broadcasting organization in this
world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters recently it has also started
terrestrial transmitters.

Beginning

Doordarshan had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast stating in Delhi in
September 1959 with a small transmitter and a make shift studio. The regular daily transmission
started in 1965 as a part of all India radio. The television service was extended to Mumbai(then
Bombay) and Amritsar in 1972 till 1975 seven India cities had television service and
Doordarshan remained the only television channel in India. Television services were separated
from radio in 1976.Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the
management of two separate director generals in NewDelhi. FinallyDoordarshan as a national
Broadcaster came in to existence. Doordarshan Silchar hasuplinking frequency 6.0565GHZ and
downlinking frequency 3.8315GHZ.The location of INSAT-4B is 93.5° east
1.2 SATELLITE UPLINKING AND DOWNLINKING FREQUENCIES

TABLE-1.1

BANDS DOWNLOAD FREQ(GHz) UPLINK FREQ (GHz)

S 2.555 to 2.635 5.855 to 5.935
C(Lower) 3.4 to 3.7 5.725 to 5.925
C(Upper) 4.5 to 4.8 6.425 to 7.075
KU 10.7 to 13.25 12.75 to 14.25
KA 18.3 to 22.20 27.0 to 31.00

1.3 TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION

BAND-(I) (40 to 68MHZ)

TABLE-1.2

CHANNEL RANGE VISION FREQ. AURAL FREQ.

1 ` 41.25 46.75
2 47-54 48.25 53.75
3 54-61 55.25 60.75
4 61-68 62.25 67.75

BAND-(II) 88MHZ to 108MH (FOR FM)

108MHZ to 174MHZ (Other Telecommunication)

BAND-(III) T.V TRANSMISSION.(174MHZ to 230MHZ)

 TABLE-1.3

CHANNEL RANGE VISION FREQ. AURAL FREQ.

5 174-181 175.25 179.75
6 181-188 182.25 187.75
7 188-195 189.25 194.75
8 195-202 196.25 201.75
9 202-209 203.25 208.75
10 209-216 210.25 215.75
11 216-223 217.25 222.75
12 223-230 224.25 229.75

BAND- (IV) (470MHZ to582MHZ) CHANNEL (21-27)

BAND- (V) (582MHZ to 790MHZ) CHANNEL (28-60) FOR U.H.F

BAND-(VI) (11.7GHZ to 12.5GHZ) FOR KU BAND

DOORDARSHAN KENDRA : SILCHAR

The Doordarshan Kendra in Silchar was established on 4th December ,1984 starting with the
relaying of Delhi programmes using low power transmitter. High power Transmitter came into
operation in 26th September, 1987 .Studio was commissioned in March ,1992. Locally produced
programmes started on air from 1993. Live transmission of programmes started from April
2000. Vaccum tube BEL transmitter was replaced by solid state MOSFET NEC made transmitter
on 15th August,2000.Live phone-in programmes started w.e.f March 2006.Previous local
transmission time was from 17:30 hours to 20:00 hours .Now the transmission time has been
modified to 15:00 hours to 18:30 hours.The terrestrial transmission is done in Srikona which is
about 9 kms from the Doordarshan Kendra, Silchar. A Terrestrial Transmitter is situated there
totally cleared from any kind of Air traffic and Aviation problems.
TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF DOORDARSHAN SILCHAR
DDK Silchar has the following main departments which manage the production,
storage transmission and maintenance of the two DD National channels and the
DD Silchar channel.
1. STUDIO
2. PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (P.C.R)
3. VIDEO STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION ROOM(V.T.R)
4. MAIN SWITCHING ROOM(M.S.R)
5. DIGITAL EARTH LINK STATION
6. TRANSMITTER
Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to the relevant
engineering aspects. The studio has
- Camera and lights and other equipment required for production of a
feed.
- Camera control unit or CCU

It is in the studio that all aspects related to the production of a video takes place.The DDK has
two large studios and a small studio for news production.
The PCR is where the post production activities like minor editing and management of feed
during a live program takes place. The production manager sits in the PCR and directs the
camera men and selects the angles sound parameters etc during the production stage in the PCR.
It is in the PCR that we can control all the studio lights and all the microphones and other
aspects. The PCR has a vision mixer and an audio mixer. Its working and other aspects are
discussed in detail inthefollowing pages. The PCR is where the phone in console and other
systems are also kept.
The VTR is the next section where copies of all programs are stored. All the programs shot in the
camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also the VTR plays back all the videos as and
when required. Videos of pre-recorded events are queued up in the VTR and are played back
without a break. Videos of famous people and important events are stored in the central film
pool.
The MSR stores all the circuitry of the DDK. All the camera base units, all the
vision mixer base units and all the audio processor base units are kept in MSR. The
audio chain and video chain of MSR is explained in detail. The monitoring and
control of all activities takes place in MSR. It is the MSR which decides what is to
go in air. The MSR also performs some additional functions like logo addition etc.
The next station is the earth station which has an simulcast transmitters, audio processors video
processors, up converters, modulators etc. The earth station is in fully digital domain.
The last stage is the transmitter which has the antenna and facilities for terrestrial
transmission.
STUDIO CENTRE

The studio centre at Silchar generates some regional programmes. It generally produces
programmes covering developmental news, documentaries, serials, news, current affairs etc. It
houses the studio floor, production control room, other required equipments for producing
programmes and transmitting them to the terrestrial transmitter. Additionally it houses the
production and administrative staff.
4.1-STUDIO FLOOR
The main elements of studio floor are –

a) Acoustics
b) Lighting
c) Air conditioning

ACOUSTICS
The term acoustics has been derived from the Greek word ‘akoustos’, meaning “hearing”. It is
the area of science devoted to the study of production, transmission, reception, and effect of
sound. In the field of broadcasting, auditoriums and broadcast live or recorded for future use.
Hence proper care should be taken in their designing and construction. Therefore certain special
treatment called Acoustic Treatment are needed to be given to the broadcast studios and
auditoriums to preserve the originality of the sound. While designing and constructing a
broadcast-studio the following aspects should be incorporated:
1) Reverberation Time(R/T): The acoustic design of studios, auditoriums, etc., depends upon its
utilization. The Reverberation Time for a studio should be low. For achieving proper R/T, the
absorption of the studio should be satisfactorily with walls and ceilings covered with proper
absorbents like perforated boards, felts, asbestos etc. The floor should have matting and carpets,
furthermore the absorbing material should not be concentrated in one area but should be placed
in random but not near the speaker and the performer.
2) Sound insulation: Insulation means preventing unwanted sound, originating from other place,
from entering the studio. This is done by using proper absorbing and sound insulating materials.
Unwanted sound in a studio may originates due to various reasons. The unwanted sound caused
due to the presence of airport, busy road or railway traffic in the nearby vicinityof the studio can
be minimized by providing sufficient set-back distance between the studio and the noise source.
The unwanted sound caused due to airflow in AC set-up, noise from fluorescent lights, cooling
fans etc, can be prevented by using ballast chokes mounted separately outside the studio. Besides
AC plants and diesel generator can transfer structural borne noise as well as air borne noise to
the studios which is avoided by locating them in separate blocks with a structural isolation gap of
75mm filled with damping materials such as asphalt.
LIGHTING

The scene to be televised must be well illuminated to produce clear and noise free picture. The
lighting should also give the depth, the correct contrast and artistic display of various shades
without multiple shadows.
The lighting arrangements in a TV studio have to be very elaborate. A large number of lights are
used to meet needs of ‘key’, ‘fill’, and ‘back’ lights etc. Lights are classified as spot and soft
lights. These are suspended from motorized hoists and telescopes. The switchingon and off lights
at a required time and dimming is controlled from the light control panel inside a lighting
control room using SCR dimmer controls. These remotely control various lights are inside the
studios.
There are basic three types of luminaries:
a) A soft-edged spotlight-Hard source(Fresnel spotlight)-This is a focussed light source in which
the position of the light source in which the position of the light source relative to the lens can be
increased or decreased to ‘SPOT’ or ‘FLOOD’. Normally it is used in the fully flooded condition
to give the widest and most uniform illumination. The beam has a soft edge which gives the
name to the luminaries as soft edge spot light and the lens is used is a Fresnel lens.
b) A hard-edged spotlight-Hard source(Effects spotlight)-This is a focussed light source in which
the existing circular aperture of the light housing is projected by a lens system to give a disc of
light with a hard edge to it.
c) Soft source-Usually a large area diffused source of light, producing as few shadows as
possible. These light sources are not usually focussed, so often they are fitted with louvers to
reduce the sideways spill of light. Barn doors are fitted to these lights to restrict these
illumination to specific areas.
Basic Three Point Lighting

Key Light: This is the principal light source of illumination. It gives shape and modelling by
casting shadows. It is treated like "sun" in the sky and it should cast only one shadow. Normally
it is a hard source.
Fill Light: Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in
the eyes. Normally it is a soft source.
Back Light: Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject and reveals
texture. Normally it is hard source.
Background Light: Separates the person from the background, reveals background interest and
shape. Normally it is a hard source. In three point lighting the ratio of 3/2/1 (Back/Key/Fill) for
mono and 3/2/2 for colour provides good portrait lighting.
There are different types of incandescent lamps used as light sources in TV studios. The most
common are-a) Tungsten halogen lamps: Halogen is a general term for a family of very reactive
elements like F, Cl, Br, and I. Each of these combine with tungsten in a reversible reaction which
is controlled by temperature.
b) CSI lamp: It is a gas discharge light source. It produces white light at higher efficiency than
halogens.
c) HMI lamp: H stands for mercury, M for medium and I for halide. They use mercury vapour as
the basic gas but the spectrum is largely determined by the rare earth metals like dysprosium and
holmium in halide form.
Position of the artist-At least 4’, preferably 6’ away from the background to avoid artist’s shadow
on the background and to ensure that the back light will not be too steep. To ensure control of
background lighting, whenever possible barn doors are used to keep key light off background.
Similarly avoid background light catching artist. In colour, plain background are often taken to
ensure that on the monochrome picture there is a difference in total value between the face and
the background.

AC CONDITIONING
The AC plant is for controlling temperature inside the studio floor. Additionally it is used for
cooling of the various equipments present inside the studio.
The AC plant consists of:
a) Compressor
b) Evaporator
c) Filter
d) Ducts

The AC plant is controlled by the microprocessor control system.

 4.2 PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR)
A major objective of TV program control facilities is to maintain a smooth continuousflow of
program material. The overall control of program is donein production controlroom by the
producer with the help of a productionassistant, a CCU engineer and an engineer at vision mixer.
They have infront of them, the switching panel of the vision mixer console and a stack
ofmonitors for the individual cameras, preview monitors of VTRs and transmission monitor for
displaying the switched output, with the aid of which the program is edited.

The equipment and working of the PCR can be explained with the help of the following two
chains:

1. VIDEO CHAIN
2. AUDIO CHAIN

VIDEO CHAIN

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A VIDEO CHAIN

From the block diagram it can be observed that the CAR is the nodal data. Now let us follow the
CAM – signal. CAM –I first goes to a camera electronics in CAR via a multi core cable, the
signal is then matched / adjusted for quality in CCU and then like any sources it goes to video
switcher via PP (Patch Panel) and respective VDAs ( Video Distribution Amplifiers) and
optional Hum compensator / Cable equalizers.

The television cameras which include camera head with its optical focusing lens, pan and tilt
head, video signal pre –amplifier view finder and other associated electronic circuitry are
mounted on cameras trolley and operate inside the studios. The output of camera is pre –
amplifier in the head and then connected to the camera control unit (CCU) through long multi –
core cable (35 to 40 cores), or triad cable.

All the camera control voltages are fed from the CCU to the camera head over the multi-core
camera cable. The view –finder signal is also sent over the camera cable to the camera head
view- finder for helping the camera in proper focusing, adjusting composing the shots.

The video signal obtain is amplifier the corrected, equalized for cable decays , D C clamped
horizontal and vertical blanking pulses added to it the peak white levee is also clipped a video
overloading on the following stage and avoiding over modulation in the transistor. The
composite sync signals are then added and these video signal are fed to a distribution amplifier,
which normally give multiple outputs for monitoring etc.

Character Generator provides titles and credit captions during production in Roman script. It
provides high resolution characters, different color for colorizing characters, background, edge
etc. At present bilingual band triangular C.G are also being used by Doordarshan.

Unlike films , television media allow switching between different source simultaneously at the
video switcher in production control room operator by the vision Mixer on the various cameras
through inters com and the vision mixer (also called VM engineer switcher shots form they
selected camas/cameras with split second accuracy in close corporation , superimposed , cross
faded , in or fadeout electronically either actual being done during the vertical intervals between
the picture the frames. Electronics effects are used now days as a transition between in the two
sources
 AUDIO CHAIN

As a rule, in television, sound accompanies the picture. Severalmicrophones are generally

required for production of complextelevision programs besides other audio sources also
calledmarred sound from telexing, VTR, and audio tape/disc replays. Allthese audio sources are
connected to the sound control console. The sounds from different sources are controlled and
mixed in accordance with the requirement of the program. Split secondaccuracy is required for
providing the correct audio source insynchronisation with the picture thus requiring lot of skill
from theengineer. Even the level of sound sometimes is varied inaccordance with the shot
composition called prospective.
An audio mixing console, with a number of inputs, say about 32inputs is provided in major
studio. This includes special facilitiessuch as equalisation, PFL, phase reversal, echo
send/receive anddigital reverberation units at some places Meltron console taperecorders and
EMI 938 disc reproducers are provided for playingback/creating audio effects as independent
sources to the switcher. Microphone is a vital component of the audio chain. A microphone is an
acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into electrical signal. A microphone
may be passive or active. The electrical power output of a passive microphone is derived solely
from the acoustic power it absorbs, while an active microphone contains an external source of
power.
Some of the types of microphones are:
1. Condenser microphone: In a condenser microphone also called a capacitor microphone or
electrostatic microphone, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations
produce changes in the distance between the plates.

2.Electret microphone: An electret microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone

invented at Bell laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West. An electret is a
ferroelectric material that has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name
comes from electrostatic and magnet; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment of
the static charges in the material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the magnetic
domains in a piece of iron.

3. Wireless microphone: A wireless microphone system

consists of a microphone connected to a miniature radio
transmitter, and a receiver designed to receive only that signal. Some are fixed tuned which use a
quartz crystal for determination of the operating channel.
 A wireless microphone with a body pack transmitter
There are other types of microphones which are used for various other purposes like the
dynamic, ribbon microphones. Microphones are characterized on the basis of sensitivity,
frequency response, SNR and directivity. In studio program, audio from studio microphones is
directly fed to the “AUDIO CONSOLE” place in PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different
sources and maintain its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with video signal in
VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to another audio console placed in
PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.

.4.3EDITING

After recording a raw material using video tape recorders(VTR) different types of correction is
done using edit suit like as cutting unwanted video & audio, making suitable timing for Broad
casting, program name , actor name, director name etc. and also edit new audio & different types
of video pattern, new images , new pictures.

There are unit time for any program, therefore we need editing thus we can see continuous
picture in our television.

There are two types of editing:

1. LINEAR EDITING

2. NON LINEAR EDITING

1. LINEAR EDITING

It is simple type of editing. In this type we can use only one or two players & recorders .Different
video clips that we want to add or join with main program are played into cassettes players, and
graphics that we want to add is selected to record on the tape. On recorder the starting time and
ending time is selected in between which, mixing is done .Linear editing have disadvantage like
it takes more time. We can only add clip of length that we have space on tape, means to add long
clip, we can’t move video on tape, so overlapping occurs at that time. We can’t place more
images & pictures. Using linear editing we can interchange audio & video only.In early days
Linear editing was the only way to edit video tapes. Then, in 1990s, non-linear came into being
and available. In 21st century non-linear editing is considered to be obsolete, or at least
primitive.

MONITOR

VTR VTR

EDIT CONTROL

Block diagram of linear editing

Advantages:
i. It is simple and inexpensive. There are very few complications with formats, hardware
conflicts, etc.
ii. For some jobs linear editing is better. For example, if all you want to add two sections of video
together, it is a lot quicker and easier to edit tape-to-tape than to capture and edit on a hard drive.

iii. Linear editing is the base of learning editing.

2.NON LINEAR EDITING

A non-linear editing system (NLE) is a video – (NLVE) or audio editing (NLAE) digital audio
workstation (DAW) system which can perform non-destructive editing on the source material.

i. Metadata- When ingesting audio or video feeds , metadata are attached to the clip . Those
metadata can be attached automatically (time, localization, name of the clip) or manually
(players’ names, characters etc.).

ii. Direct Access- With historical video tape linear editing systems. It is now possible to access
any frame by entering directly the time code or the descriptive metadata. Computer technology is
harnessed in random access, computation and manipulation capability ,multiple copies
SOURCE
,Intelligent search, sophisticates projects and media management tools, standard interfaces, and
powerful display

DIGITAL SIGNAL STORE PLACED IN

EDITING MAKING EDITING IN DRAG IN TIME
BINARY
MATERIAL MOVIE TIME LINE LINE

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NLE

NLE SOFTWARE
Advantages of NLE:
i. In NLE, the original source files are not lost or modified during editing.
ii. In NLE the decision is recorded in an edit decision list (EDL) which can be interchanged with
other editing tools.
4.4 VIDEO FIXED LINK TRANSMITTER
The VFL Transmitter is used for transmitting studio programmes to the terrestrial transmitter. It
takes one video and four audio inputs and provides FM output. It uses 70 MHz modulated IF.

The IF is first up-converted to 800 MHz and then to final frequency. The VFL transmitter is
powered by AC supply or 24 DC.

SPECIFICATIONS:
 1. Operating frequency: 6720 MHz
2. Power: 1 W

Band: 6.6-7.1 GHz

POWER GRID
The power supply system of the Silchar Doordarshan Kendra is a network of electrical
components used to supply transmit and use electric power.It supplies power required for the
various arenas of the station.

SCHEMATIC OF A POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Here the power is distributed to studio centre, administrative block, the AC plant, outdoors, the
various SDBs, pump house.The power is supplied by the Assam State Electricity Board.11 kV
commercial supply is provided to the centre and in the Kendra 440 Volts Step Down transformer
is placed from which the supply is distributed in the studio, AC plant and the offices in the
Kendra.
 OUTDOORS OR ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING
ENG gather news from different outside locations.

Its components:

1. Camera

2. Tripods

3. Mikes

4. Lights

5. Camera battery

6. Camera charger

7. Camera adapter

8. Headphone

9. Camera cassette

The job of journalists is fulfilled only when their news reaches the viewers, this is why they long
for great challenge ± “ability to be present anywhere, anything´. This means faster news from
anywhere anytime to everywhere. Further there is a need to send news footages in the shortest
possible time and practically from any location. Technologically, Doordarshan has always been
far ahead of its competitors. When it came to remote newsgathering, Doordarshan has set
precedence by using innovative and cost effective methods.
EARTH STATION AND TRANSMITTER

All the TV transmitters have the same basicdesign. The of an exciter followed by power
amplifiers which boost the exciter power to the required level. In BEL mark transmitted three
valve stage 450 CX , BEL 4500 CX are seen vision transmitter chain and two BEL transmitter
50 aural transmitter chain in BEL make the transmitters only the wave stage ( BEL 4500 and
BEL - CX) and vision transmitter chain . Aural transmitter chain is fully solid stage in mark all
transmitter. But now a days use VHF TV Transmitter (NEC JAPAN).

1PCN-1610SSPH/1VHF TV TRANSMITTER

 It is a digital transmitter.

 Its power rating is 10KW.

 The main parts of the transmitter are :

(1) Exciter

(2) Amplifier.
In the transmission station at Srikona, there are basically five receiving antenna apart from the
local receiver from silchar, one is for channel #5 and channel #11 that is for doordarshan delhi
and the another is doordarshan news. Apart from this ,there are two other parabolic Ku band
antennas for receiving DD northeast from the uplink geo stationary satellite.

The digital earth station operates in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425 GHz
for transmission and 3.625 to 4.24 GHz for reception of signals. The whole system operates with
DVB/MPEG2 Standards. The base band processor subsystem and base band monitoring
subsystem operates in fully digital domain. An OFC carries digital base band signal from studio
to earth station site to minimize the noise and interference. It is controlled by a PC called NMS
PC. The compression segment has anMPEG encoder, digital multiplexer and digital modulator.
The monitoring and receiving segment comprises of two digital receivers for receiving and
decoding program. The output of modulator (70 MHz) is sent to an up converter. The up
converted signals are sent to an HPA. Then this signal is given to a PDA (parabolic dish antenna)
for up linking to satellite. The uplinked signal is received again by the same PDA for monitoring
purposes. The signal between earth station and satellite are given along line of sight which means
there must be a clear path from earth to satellite. The uplink signal is fed from the earth station
by a large PDA. The satellite is equipped with its own dish antenna which receives the uplink
signals and feeds them to a receiver. The signal is then amplified and changed to a different
frequency which is downlink frequency. This is done to prevent interference between uplink and
downlink signals. The down linked signal is then again sent to the transmitter which again
retransmits it. Each satellite has a transponder and a single antenna receives all signals and
another one transmits all signals back. A satellite transmits signals towards earth in pattern called
the satellite footprint of the satellite. The footprint is strongest at centre and the footprint is used
to see if the earth station will be suitable for the reception of the desired signal. Converts The
parts of the DES are Antenna subsystem including LNA Antenna control unit, beacon tracking
unit, beacon tracking receiver and up converter system high power amplifier and power system.
The system operates in 2 +1mode and is compliant with DVBMPEG 2standards. The base band
processor subsystem and base band monitoring system operates in digital domain. An OFC
contains the digital base band signal for studio to earth station to minimize noise interference The
network management system or NMS monitors and controls baseband equipments compression
equipments and test instruments like video audio generation and video audio analyzer. They are
provided to ensure quality of transmission and help trouble shoot.The base band segment
comprises of baseband subsystems at studio site and base band subsystem at earth station site.
This baseband segment processes two video Programmes. The base band segment is monitored
and controlled using a PC placed near the base band earth station equipments called base band
NMS PC. The compression segments comprises of Mpeg encoders in 2 +1 configuration for
providing redundancy. It also comprises of digital multiplexers and digital modulators in 1 +1
configuration. The compression segment is monitored and controlled by compression NMS PC.
The receive and monitoring segment consists of two digital receivers for receiving and decoding
of the video programs and one ASI to SDI decoder for decoding of the transport stream for
 monitoring video programs at the multiplexers output. RF NMS PC is placed near the receive
monitoring segment and video audio generator placed in the base band segment. For monitoring
of video programs professional video monitor, LCD video monitor and audio level monitor are
provided in the base band segment. An operator console has one 14” professional video monitor
a video audio monitor unit for quantitative monitor of video programs and a personal computer
for centralized merit and contention of earth station sub system.

Components of the transmission are

 PDA(parabolic dish antenna)

 IRD(Integrator receiver decoder)

 Multiplexer

 Encoder

 FEED

 LNA(Low noise amplifier)/LNBC(low noise block converter)

 Waveguide

 HPA(TWTA, SSTA, Klystron)

 Up Converter

Digital Earth Station

Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for TV transmission. Earth station is
a purely digitization version. The signal is uplinked from the earth station and received by many
downlink centers in TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of satellite communication
system for broadcasting of signals. A ground-based receiving or transmitting/ receiving station in
a satellite communications system. The counterpart to the earth station is the satellite in orbit,
which is the "space station." Earth stations use dish-shaped antennas, the diameters of which can
be under two feet for satellite TV to as large as fifty feet for satellite operators. Antennas for
space exploration have diameters reaching a hundred feet.
 Multiplex, Modulate and Up convert

An earth station is generally made up of a multiplexor, a modem, up and down converters, a high
power amplifier (HPA) and a low noise amplifier (LNA). Almost all transmission to satellites is
digital, and the digital data streams are combined in a multiplexor and fed to a modem that
modulates a carrier frequency in the 50 to 180 MHz range. An up converter bumps the carrier
into the gigahertz range, which goes to the HPA and dish. Down convert,

Demodulate and Demultiplex

For receiving, the LNA boosts the signals to the down converter, which lowers the frequency and
sends it to the modem. The modem demodulates the carrier, and the digital output goes to the
demultiplexing device and then to its destinations.

Earth Station classification

 Analog Earth Station

 Digital Earth Station

 ASNG

 DSNG

 C-band or Ku-band

Problems of Analog

 One programme per channel/transponder

 Comparatively noisy

 Ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission

 Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium‡

 Fixed reception

Why Digital?

 More programmes per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.

 Noise-Free Reception.

 Ghost elimination.

 CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture.

 Reduced transmission power.

 Flexibility in service planning.

Process involved in transmission of signal

 Up-Conversion

 High power amplification

 Transmission

Reception Up-Converters

 The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C- band,
Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70 MHz (output
of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA. The up-conversion may be done in stages
or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into L ±band and then L band signal
raised to desired frequency band.

High power amplification

 The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal in C-
band/Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are:
1. Frequency range

2. Output power at flange

3. Bandwidth

4. Gain variation (1.0db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band)

5. 2.50db for full bandwidth.

The different types of HPAs are

1. KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier

2. TWTA -Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier

3. SSPA- Solid state Power Amplifier

TRANSMITTER ANTENNA SYSTEM

TV Antenna system is that part of the Broadcast the Network which accept RF energy from
transmitter and launches electromagnetic wave in space . The polarization of the radiation as
adopted by Doordashan is linear horizontal. The system is installed on a supporting tower and
consists of antenna panels, power dividers, blunts branch feeder cable lunation boxes and main
feeder cables. Dipole antenna elements in one of the other form are common at VHF
frequencies whereas slat antennae are mostly used at UHF frequency directional radiation
pattern is obtain by arranging the dipoles in the form of turnstile and exciting the same in
quadrature phase . Desired gain is obtain by stacking the dipoles in vertical plane . As a result of
stacking most of the RF energy is directed in the horizontal plane. Radiation in the vertical plane
is minimized. The installed antenna system should fulfill the following requirements :

 It should have required gain and provide desired field strength at the point of reception.

 It should have desired horizontal radiation pattern and direction for saving the planned
area of interest. The radiation pattern should be one direction if the location of the
transmitting station is at the service area direction one , if the location is otherwise.

It should offer proper impendence top the main feeder cable and thereby to the transmitter so
that optimum RF energy is transferred into space . Impedance mismatch results into reflection
of power and formation of standing waves. The standard RF impedance at VHF/UHF is 50 ohms

DIGITAL SIDE BAND TRANSMISSION

Another feature of present day TV transmitter is vestigial side band transmission . If normal
amplitude modulation technique is used for picture transmission , the minimum transmission
channel bandwidth should be around 11 MHz taking into account the space for sound carrier
and a small guard band around of 0.25 MHz . Using such large transmission BW will limit the
no. of channels in the spectrum allotted for TV transmission . To accommodate large number of
channel in the allotted spectrum , reduction in transmission BW was considered necessary . The
BW could be reduced to around 5.75 MHz by using single side band ( SSB) AM in technique
because in principle one side of the double side band (DBB) AM could be suppressed, since the
two side band have the same signal content .

It was not considered feasible to suppress one complete side band in the case of TV signals
most of the energy obtained in lower frequency and these frequency unless obtained important
information of the picture. If these frequencies are removed ,it causes objectionable phase
distortional these frequencies which will affect picture quality .Thus as a compromise only part
of lower side band is suppress while taking full advantage of the fact that ;

 Visual disturbance due to phase energy and unacceptable where large picture are
concerned ( i.e., at LF ) but

 Phase errors becomes for see on small details ( i.e. in HF region) in thee picture .
Thus low modulating frequencies must minimize phase distortion where as high
frequencies are tolerant of phase distortions as they are very difficult to see.

The radiated signal thus contains full upper side band together with carrier and vestige
(remaining part) of the partially suppressed LSB . The lower side band contains frequencies up
to 0.75 MHz with a supper of 0.5 MHz so that the final cut off 1.25 MHz
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMISSION AT DDK SILCHAR(P.T.O)
CONTD. PART OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
SIMPLIFIED FORM OF TRANSMISSION

TERRESTRIAL TRANSMITTING ANTENNA

In this type of antenna line of sight communication is used ,there are actually two dibole
antennas ,one for channel #5 doordarshan channel and another is channel #11 doordarshan news,
For omnidirectional pattern,several dipoles are used so that the signal can be transmitted
terrestrially in all directions
 FUTURE SCOPE

The future of Prasar Bharti ,Doordarshan may become very flourishing broadcasting industry
with immense hard working manpower as well as the various engineering innovations in the field
of electronics,television broadcasting and a very detailed framework of the government to run
this public sector broadcasting industry.Today millions of people where there is no reach of other
channels depend on the doordarshan channels only and with the advancement in technology,the
the Doordarshan may get much more advanced and user friendly

Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It
is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Doordarshan is the first ISO certified
channel in India. The largest viewer of India ,watching Doordarshan. It has good future scope in
communication world. Because largest network covered by the doordarshan only.

 As now a days there is a huge competition and everything is getting digitized there is a wide
scope for electronics and communication engineers to show their skills and keep the technology
up to date.

 In Doordarshan, all the electronic devices used are to be operated by skilled engineers.

 It provides with good pay scales.

 The selection for the posts is through UPSC examinations.

CONLCUSION

Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting.

It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at Doordarshan
Kendra, muzaffarpur, I have gained useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in
future.

This training gave us an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of our field
of interest, Electronics and telecommunication.And the ability to learn how the broadcasting and
transmission network works through satellite communication,terrestrial communication etc and
how we get to see a show in our television while sitting at home
REFERENCES
 www.ddindia.gov.in
 www.scribd.com
 www.google.com
 www.googleimages.com
 Training material provided by the DDK silchar