ABBREVIATION

A.R. - Aspect Ratio

B - Wing Span (m)
C - Chord of the Airfoil (m)
C root - Chord at Root (m)
C tip - Chord at Tip (m)
C - Mean Aerodynamic Chord (m)
Cd - Drag Co-efficient
Cd,0 - Zero Lift Drag Co-efficient
Cp - Specific fuel consumption (lbs/hp/hr)
CL - Lift Co-efficient
D - Drag (N)
E - Oswald efficiency
L - Lift (N)
(L/D)loiter - Lift-to-drag ratio at loiter
(L/D)cruise - Lift-to-drag ratio at cruise
M - Mach number of aircraft
Mff - Mission fuel fraction
R - Range (km)
Re - Reynolds Number
S - Wing Area (m²)
Sref - Reference surface area
Swet - Wetted surface area
Sa - Approach distance (m)
Sf - Flare Distance (m)
Sfr - Free roll Distance (m)
Sg - Ground roll Distance (m)
T - Thrust (N)
Tcruise - Thrust at cruise (N)
Ttake-off - Thrust at take-off (N)
(T/W)loiter - Thrust-to-weight ratio at loiter
(T/W)cruise - Thrust-to-weight ratio at cruise
(T/W)take-off - Thrust-to-weight ratio at take-off
Vcruise - Velocity at cruise (m/s)
Vstall - Velocity at stall (m/s)
Wcrew - Crew weight (kg)
Wempty - Empty weight of aircraft (kg)
Wfuel - Weight of fuel (kg)
Wpayload - Payload of aircraft (kg)
W0 - Overall weight of aircraft (kg)
W/S - Wing loading (kg/m²)
ρ - Density of air (kg/m³)
µ - Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m²)
λ - Tapered ratio
R/C - Rate of Climb(m/s)
 ABSTRACT

Aircraft design project-2 is a continuation of Aircraft design project-1. As

mentioned in our earlier project, aviation is a means of transporation is of prime
importance to every country and with this in mind we have embarked on this
project of trying to design a 180 tonne bomber aircraft.In our aircraft design
project-1, we have performed a Rudimentary analysis.

Aircraft design project-2 deals with a more in depth study and analysis of aircraft
performance and structural characteristics.The flight envelop of our aircraft has
also been by constructing the V-N diagram then the combined gust load and V-N
diagram, schrenks curve, by load estimation on wing shear force and bending
moment diagram are also drawn and determined.

By determining the various loads on the aircraft the lift force of the aircraft can be
calculated and thus the shear force and the bending moment of the aircraft. By
knowing the bending moment and the shear force the structural stability of the
aircraft can be determined. The v-n diagram and gust load the structural stability
and the limits within the aircraft can be determined
 AIM OF THR PROJECT

The aim of this project is to continue the project from aircraft

design project-I and to further develop the project based on the structural
stability and loads acting on the wings and the various types of forces
and moments acting on the aircraft.
In this projects the upcoming design level calculations and selections
are made and are listed below

 Preliminary design of an aircraft wing – Shrenck‟s curve,

structural load distribution, shear force, bending moment and
torque diagrams
 Detailed design of an aircraft wing – Design of spars and stringers,
bending stress and shear flow calculations – buckling analysis of
wing panels
 Preliminary design of an aircraft fuselage – load distribution on an
aircraft fuselage
 Detailed design of an aircraft fuselage – design of bulkheads and
longerons – bending stress and shear flow calculations – buckling
analysis of fuselage panels
 Design of control surfaces - balancing and maneuvering loads on
the tail plane and aileron, rudder loads
 Design of wing-root attachment
 Landing gear design
 Preparation of a detailed design report with CAD drawings
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION
2 V-N DIAGRAM
3 GUST LOAD DIAGRAM
4 COMBINED GUST & V-N DIAGRAM
5 SCHRENK'S CURVE
6 LOAD ESTIMATION ON WING
7 SFD & BMD CALCULATION
8 MATERIAL, SPAR, STRINGER SELECTION
9 DETAILED STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
10 FUSELAGE CONFIGURATION
11 LANDING GEAR & TAIL CONFIGURATION
12 3 VIEW DIAGRAM
13 CONCLUSION
14 BIBLIOGRAPHY