Name: Nur Aysah Abbas

Class: XII-D/ Class code (32)

Assignment 4.2b

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Concepts of Time and Time-Related Variables - This Unit will present information
on Fundamental Dimensions of time variables in engineering calculations.
Read:
Engineering Fundamentals – An Introduction to Engineering
5th Edition – Saeed Moaveni
Chapter 8 Time and Time- Related Variables in Engineering (Pages 236-265)

As you read this chapter, keep in mind the Learning Objectives:

 Time as a fundamental dimension
 Measurement of time
 Periods and frequencies
 Common application - Flow of traffic
Complete:
All reviews at the end of each Learning Objective
 “Before you go on” - pages 244, 248, 258
Go to Assignment LO 4.2-b and answer the following problems. Provide
complete answers showing all work.
 Problem 8.1
 Problem 8.10
 Problem 8.12
 Problem 8.18
 Problem 8.24
For extra credit:
 Problem 8.18

8.1. Create a calendar showing the beginning and the end of daylight saving time for the years 2009–
2016.

Year Daylight Saving Time Daylight Saving Ends

Begins at 2:00 a.m. at 2:00 a.m.
2009 March 8 November 1
2010 March 14 November 7
2011 March 13 November 6
2012 March 11 November 4
2013 March 10 November 3
2014 March 9 November 2
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6

My answer:

Determine the starting date for daylight saving time means that the clock is set one hour early. With
doing that, it is already saving more energy since people will spend more time for doing their
outdoor activity. When the date turns to the daylight saving ends, it means that we already go one
hour ahead so we can reset the clock to the standard.

8.10. Convert the following speed limits from miles per hour (mph) to kilometers per hour (km/h)
and from feet per second (ft/s) to meters per second (m/s). Think about the relative magnitude of
values as you go from mph to ft/s and as you go from km/h to m/s. You may use Microsoft Excel to
solve this problem.

My answer:

Given/knowing:

Miles = 1,60934 kilometers

Miles = 5280 feet

Feet = 0.3048 meter

Km = 1000 meter

Hour = 3600 second

Asking:

Convert

1. miles per hour (mph) to kilometers per hour (km/h)

2. feet per second (ft/s) to meters per second (m/s).
3. mph to ft/s
4. km/h to m/s

Step
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1,60934 km
× = 1,60934 km/hour
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 0.3048 m
× = 0.3048 m/s
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 5280 feet ℎ
× × = 1.466 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 3600𝑠
1 𝑘𝑚 1000 m ℎ
× × = 0.277 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠

8.12. Calculate the speed of sound for the U.S. standard atmosphere using, , 𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 where c
represents the speed of sound in m/s,k is the specific heat ratio for air (k = 1.4), and R is the gas
constant for the air (R = 286.9 J/kg . K) and T represents the temperature of the air in Kelvin. The
speed of sound in atmosphere is the speed at which sound propagates through the air. You may use
Excel to solve this problem.
 Altitude Air Temperature Speed of sounds (m/s) Speed of sounds
(m) (K) (km/h)
500 284.9 𝑚 1217.8044𝑘𝑚/ℎ
338.279
𝑠
1000 281.7 𝑚 1210.946𝑘𝑚/ℎ
336.374
𝑠
2000 275.2 𝑚 1196.892𝑘𝑚/ℎ
332.470
𝑠
5000 255.7 320.475 𝑚/𝑠 1153.71𝑘𝑚/ℎ
10000 223.3 𝑚 1196.892𝑘𝑚/ℎ
332.470
𝑠
15000 216.7 𝑚 1062.086𝑘𝑚/ℎ
295.024
𝑠
20000 216.7 𝑚 1062.086𝑘𝑚/ℎ
295.024
𝑠
40000 250.4 𝑚 1141.691𝑘𝑚/ℎ
317.136
𝑠
50000 270.7 𝑚 1187.067𝑘𝑚/ℎ
329.741
𝑠

My answer

Given

Formula of speed sound for the U.S standard atmosphere using, c = √𝑘𝑅𝑇

With c is the speed of sound in m/s

k is specific heat ratio for air k=1.4

R is gas constant for the air (R = 286.9 J/kg . K)

T is the temperature of the air in Kelvin

Asking:

Calculate and fill the speed of sound based on formula

Steps:

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 284.9 K = 338.279 ≫ 338.279 × × = 1217.8044𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 281.7 K = 336.374 ≫ 336.374 × × = 1210.946𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 275.2 K = 332.470 ≫ 332.470 × × = 1196.892𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 255.7 K = 320.475 ≫ 320.475 × × = 1153.71𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 223.3 K = 332.470 ≫ 332.470 × × = 1196.892𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 216.7 K = 295.024 ≫ 295.024 × × = 1062.086𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ
 J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 216.7 K = 295.024 ≫ 295.024 × × = 1062.086𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 250.4 K = 317.136 ≫ 317.136 × × = 1141.691𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

J 𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 = √1.4 × 286.9 . K × 270.7 K = 329.741 ≫ 329.741 × × = 1187.067𝑘𝑚/ℎ
kg 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ

8.18. Determine the speed of a point on the earth’s surface in ft/s, m/s, mph, km/h. State your
assumptions

My answer:

Given:

We know that radius of earth is 6378 km

𝜔 = 7.292 × 10−5 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠

Linear velocity of surface = r.𝜔

Asking:

How much is the speed of a point on the earth’s surface in ft/s, m/s, mph, km/h?

Steps:
1000𝑚
Linear velocity of earth’s surface= 6378 km× × 7.292 × 10−5 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠 = 465.08 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑘𝑚

465.08 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 465.08𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑚 3.2808 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
465.08 × = 1525.834 ⁄𝑠
𝑠 𝑚

𝑚 0.000621𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 3600𝑠
465.08 × × = 1039.732 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠⁄ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑠 𝑚 ℎ
𝑚 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
465.08 × × = 1674.28 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ
𝑠 1000𝑚 ℎ
The speed at earth surface is also influenced by the degree of latitude.

8.24. A conveyer belt runs on 3-in. drums that are driven by a motor. If it takes 6 s for the belt to go
from zero to the speed of 3 ft/s, calculate the final angular speed of the drum and its angular
acceleration. Assume constant acceleration.

My answer:

Given/knowing:

Diameter of drums= 3 in
Initial velocity = 0 ft/s

Final velocity = 3 ft/s

∆𝑇𝑣2 −𝑣1 = 6𝑠

Asking:

How much final angular speed and angular acceleration?

Steps:

𝜔 =𝑣 ×𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑠
V is linear speed m/s

R is radius m

Final angular speed =

3𝑓𝑡 0.3048 m
× = 0.9144 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 𝑓𝑡
3 in X 0.0254 m/ in = 0.0762 m
𝑣 𝑚
𝜔= ≫ 𝜔 = 0.9144 ÷ 0.0762 𝑚 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑟 𝑠
Angular acceleration=

𝜔𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠 − 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠
Angular acceleration= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 6𝑠
= 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2