Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and

Biomolecular Spectroscopy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf

extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity
K. Elumalai a, S. Velmurugan b,⇑, S. Ravi b, V. Kathiravan a, S. Ashokkumar a

D
a
Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
b
Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India

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h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

 ZnO nanoparticles were prepared

M.oleifera Leaves
from M. oleifera leaf extract.
 Particle sizes and structure were
determined by XRD analysis.
 FT-IR study determined functional
Zn2
groups of nanoparticles. Zn2
Zn2
AC
2
 FE-SEM and EDX revealed that the Zn
ZnO NPs Zn2
topographical and chemical Antimicrobial activity
compositions.
 Microbial activity of ZnO NPs has
more susceptible against S. aureus
than the other micro organisms.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
R

Article history: The development of semiconductor materials made a considerable progress of catalytic technologies. In
Received 1 October 2014 the present study, a simple and eco-friendly chemical direction for the synthesis of zinc oxide
Received in revised form 10 December 2014 nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using leaf extract of Moringa oleifera has been used. The prepared ZnO NPs were
Accepted 4 February 2015
characterized various techniques such as UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field
Available online 12 February 2015
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emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD analysis
Keywords:
revealed the wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs. FT-IR confirmed the presence of functional groups
ZnO NPs
Moringa oleifera
of both leaf extract and ZnO NPs. The particles size, morphology and topography determined from
XRD FE-SEM. The intense and narrow width of zinc and oxygen have high purity and crystalline were iden-
FE-SEM tified using EDX. UV–Vis absorption showed the characteristic absorption peak of ZnO NPs. The results
Antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial activities revealed that maximum zones of inhibition was observed Gram (+ve) positive
bacteria and followed by the Gram (ve) negative bacteria and fungal at concentration of 200 lg/mL of
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ZnO NPs.
Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Introduction affect the areas of physics, chemical science, electronics, optics,

The area of Nanotechnology is one of the most dynamic fields
in advanced material science [1]. Nanoparticles exhibit complete-
ly improved properties based on specific characteristics such as
size, distribution and morphology [2]. Nanomaterials significantly
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9952469943.
E-mail address: drvelmurganphy@gmail.com (S. Velmurugan).
materials science and biomedical science [3]. There are several
methods reported for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, which
include chemical vapor deposition, gas-phase method, spray pyr-
olysis, hydrothermal synthesis, micro emulsion, electrochemical
method, pulsed laser deposition, microwave synthesis and the
sol gel method [4]. The green synthesis are more advantageous
over chemical and physical method as it is cost efficient and
eco-friendly [5]. The synthesis of nanoparticles using plant

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.011
1386-1425/Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164
extracts are often termed as green synthesis method that reduces
or eliminates the generation of hazardous substances [6]. The
Mechanism of biosynthesis of nanoparticles in plants may be
associated with the phytoremediation concept [7]. Metal oxide
nanoparticles (NPs) are viewed as a potential next generation
or disinfecting agents, which are finding applicable in the field
of clinical concern, consumer products and in other industrial
applications [8]. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) also have
considerable attention to their unique antibacterial, antifungal,
UV filtering properties, high catalytic and photochemical activity
[9]. However, most ZnO NPs are produced synthetically and has
the advantage of low cost and white appearance over the silver
nanoparticles [10].
Moringa oleifera (L.) belongs to the single genus of family Mor-
ingaceae. It is a small fast-growing ornamental tree widespread
over the tropical regions of Africa and Asia [11]. The young leaf,
flowers, and green pods are commonly used as vegetables in the
Filipino diet. The medicinal value of the seeds and the different
parts of the plant has long been recognized in folklore medicine
[12,13]. Moringa leaf have been reported to be a rich source of b-
carotene, protein, vitamin C, calcium and potassium and act as a
good source of natural antioxidants; and thus enhance the shelf-
life of fat containing foods due to the presence of various types
of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, pheno-
lics and carotenoids. [14].
In recent decades M. oleifera leaf, flowers, gums, roots and
seeds were extensively used for treatment of many diseases
including inflammation, cardiovascular and liver diseases and for
AC
immune boosting agent and regulator for blood sugar and choles-
terol [15,16]. In various parts of the world M. oleifera termed as
miracle tree that used in medicine because it is rich in amino
acids, K, Ca, Fe, ascorbate, and growth regulating hormones like
zeatin which will promotes cell division, cell elongation and also
copious antioxidant properties [17]. The bark extract has been
shown to possess antifungal, antitubercular activity and the
ethanolic extract (50%) of M. oleifera (whole plant excluding roots)
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were also showed anticancer activity in mice [18]. In recent
decades, the extracts of leaf, seeds and roots of M. oleifera have
been broadly studied for many potential uses including wound
healing antihepatotoxic, antifertility, hypotensive and analgesic
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activity [19]. In this regard, ZnO NPs are effective as they exhibit
antibacterial activity under visible light illumination [20].
The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs were investigated and
developed as antibacterial agents against a wide range of micro-
organisms to control and prevent the spreading and persistence
of bacterial infections [21].
Antibacterial activity of ZnO was tested and the effect was more
pronounced with the Gram-positive than the Gram-negative bac-
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teria and also ZnO NPs exhibited a preferential ability to kill
cancerous HL60 cells as compared with normal peripheral blood
mononuclear cells [22]. The most likely mechanism of antibacterial
activity of ZnO NPs is attributable to photochemical property of
ZnO NPs. The photoinduced charge carriers (electrons and holes)
interact with oxygen and H2O molecules that are adsorbed on
the surface of ZnO NPs to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)
like, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, etc, [23,20,24]. These reactive
oxygen species might trigger membrane lipid peroxidation and
cause antibacterial effect [25]. In addition, dissolution of zinc ions
from ZnO NPs as Zn2+ or as complex hydroxide anions of Zn in the
culture medium has been attributed to enhanced antibacterial
activity of ZnO NPs [26,27]. In the present study we aimed to inves-
tigate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of ZnO NPs syn-
thesized from M. oleifera leaf via green method, which consider
being the low cost, simple procedure and eco–friendly to the
environment.
159
Materials and methods
Materials
M. oleifera leaves were collected during the month of January
2014 from the Annamalai university campus, Annamalai Nagar,
India. The leaf were identified and authenticated by an herbalist,
Department of Botany, Annamalai University. Chemicals and glass-
ware were procured from Sigma Aldrich, Pondicherry, India. The
Clinical isolates of bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis,
Escherichia coli and fungi strains such as Candida albicans and
Candida tropicalis were obtained from the Department of Micro-
biology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar slant at 4 °C. Twenty-four hours old
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culture of selected bacteria was mixed with physiological saline
and turbidity, and was adjusted by adding sterile physiological
saline until a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard 108 colony forming
units (CFU) per mL was obtained.
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Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using M. oleifera leaf extract
The collected Moringa oleifera were washed with tap water and
after that followed with distilled water for removing the unwanted
impurities such as scum, dust and other materials. The leaf sample
was allowed to dry in room temperature (32 °C) and 20 g was tak-
en for synthesis purpose. The weighed of 20 g leaf were boiled with
100 mL of double distilled water for 20 min at 60 °C. During the
procedure of boiling, a light yellow colored solution was formed
and which was cool at room temperature. After that, the yellow
colored extract was filtered with filter paper (Whatman No. 1)
and stored at refrigerator.
Further, 20 mL of M. oleifera leaf aqueous extract was taken
from the stock solution (stored at refrigerator) and boiled at 60–
80 °C by using magnetic stirrer. When the temperature of the solu-
tion was reached at 60 °C, 2 g of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn
(NO3)26H2O) was added. Then the mixture was boiled until it
becomes deep yellow colored paste. Then, it transferred to a
ceramic crucible cup and heated in furnace at 400 °C for 2 h. Final-
ly, obtained light yellow colored powder. This powdered product
(ZnO NPs) was used for the further studies. The flowchart used
for the preparation of ZnO NPs is shown in Fig. 1.
Antimicrobial assay
In the present study in vitro antimicrobial activity were carried
out by the using of disc-diffusion method (Bauer, 1966) [28]. This
method followed the following procedure: First of all, Petri plates
were prepared with 20 mL of sterile Muller Hinton Agar for bacte-
ria and Sabourdad Dextrose Agar for fungi. The standard inoculums
using bacterial suspension containing 108 (CFU) per mL, yeast sus-
pension containing 104 (CFU) per mL were swabbed on the top of
the solidified media and allowed to dry for 10 min. Previously, pre-
pared ZnO NPs impregnated discs at the concentrations of 200 lg/mL
for bacteria and fungi were placed aseptically on sensitivity plates
with appropriate controls. The tests were conducted with 20 per
disc with three replicates. The loaded discs were placed on the
surface of the medium and left for 30 min at room temperature
for compound diffusion. Negative control was prepared using
10% DMSO. Methicillin (5 lg/disc) for S. aureus, Ciprofloxacin
(10 lg/disc) for bacteria was used as positive control and
Amphotercin-B (100 units/discs) was used as positive control for
Candida. All the plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C for
bacteria and 28–35 °C for Candida respectively. The sensitivity
160 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164

20 g M. olifera+100 ml 2g Zn (NO3)2.6H2O+20ml M.olifera leaf

double distilled water extract

M.olifera leaves ∆ At 400 oC Final product

∆ At 60 oC for ∆ at 60-80 oC

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for 2h
20 min

Fig. 1. Flowchart for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs.

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was recorded by measuring the light zone of growth inhibition of
agar surface around the discs in millimeter. The assay in this
experiment was repeated three times.

Analytical methods

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns was recorded with a Siemens

D5005 diffractometer using Cu Ka (k = 0.151 418 nm) radiation.
AC
Maximum peak positions were compared with the standard files
to identify the crystalline phase. Functional group of the compound
was examined by using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy
(SHIMADZU, INDIA). Morphology, Topography and size of the sam-
ple were characterized by using field emission scanning electron
microscope (FE-SEM JSM 6701F-6701, JPEG, INDIA). Chemical com-
position of the sample was analysis using energy dispersive spec-
trum (BRUKER INDIA). UV measurements were conducted using a
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Hitachi–U–2001 spectrometer.

Results and discussion

Fig. 2. UV–Vis spectrum of ZnO NPs at room temperature.

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UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy analysis

Fig. 2 shows the absorption spectrum of the green synthesized

ZnO NPs with the absorption peak around 370 nm. It indicates that
ZnO NPs exhibit exciton absorption (at 370 nm) due to their large
exciton binding energy at room temperature. Absorption in the
wavelength of 370 nm further confirms that the absorption spec-
trum is slightly blue-shifted with respect to the bulk value
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(377 nm) of the ZnO NPs. This blue shift in the absorption edge is
due to the quantum confinement effect among the individual
nanoparticles.

Photoluminescence spectral analysis

PL spectrum of ZnO NPs synthesized from the leaf extract of

M. oleifera is shown in Fig. 3. The presence of the peak at 399 nm
corresponds to the UV emission in ZnO NPs. The peak at 418 nm
corresponds to defect related ultraviolet emission, the peak at
483 nm to the strong blue–green band. In the PL spectra, the lumi-
nescent region between wavelength 418–483 nm results due to Fig. 3. PL spectrum of zinc oxide nanoparticles.
various defects such as interstitial Zn and the presence of the
acceptor and donor states in the region between the valence and
conduction bands. ZnO NPs show strong, visible emission due to Structural analysis
the comportment of a big number of open flaws. This is due to
the high surface to volume ratio of ZnO NPs as size decreases; as The XRD patterns shows the noticeable peaks of ZnO NPs at
a result, a large number of defects will be found on the surface. 31.73°, 34.43°, 36.21°, 47.55°, 56.56°, 62.82°, 66.30°, 67.92°,
 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164
Fig. 4. XRD pattern of ZnO NPs.
69.02°, 72.50° and 76.97° correspond to (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1),
(1 0 2), (1 1 0), (1 0 3), (2 0 0), (1 1 2), (2 0 1), (0 0 4), (2 0 2) planes of
wurtzite ZnO NPs as shown in Fig. 4. The planes values of XRD pat-
terns good agreement with JCPDS No: 89-7102 [29,30]. All record-
ed peak intensity profiles were characteristics of the hexagonal
wurtzite structure. The stiff and narrow diffraction peaks indicate
that the product has well crystalline structure. There is no remark-
able shift in the diffraction peaks and other crystalline impurities
are not observed. The relatively high intensity of the (1 0 1) peak
AC
is indicative of anisotropic growth and implies a preferred orienta-
tion of the crystallites. The size of the particles can be calculated by
using Scherrer’s formula
Kk
U¼ ð1Þ
b cos h
where, U is the crystalline size, k is the wavelength of X-ray used; K
is the shape factor, b is the full line width at the half-maximum
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elevation of the main intensity peak, and h is the Bragg angle. The
size of the particles was calculated using this equation found to
be 24 nm.
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Functional analysis
FT-IR measurement was carried out in the wave number range
from 400 to 4000 cm1 using the KBr method at room temperature
shown in Fig. 5(a and b) for green synthesis ZnO NPs and M. oleifera
leaf extract respectively. A peak appeared in the lower energy
region at 459 cm1 showing the ZnO bond bending vibration. The
region between (400 and 600) cm1 attributed to metal-oxygen
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[31]. The broad peak in higher energy region at (3431–
3344) cm1 is due to the stretching vibration of the OH group.
The CH stretching vibration band arises at around (2933–
2922) cm1 and depicts the presence of an alkanes group. The
peaks around (1633–1647) and (1506–1546) cm1 are due to the
amide I and amide II regions that are characteristic of proteins/en-
zymes. The intense bands observed at (1120–1060) cm1 C–O
stretching vibration depicts the presence of alcohols, carboxylic
acid groups. The FT–IR spectra confirm the structure of M. oleifera
with the absorption band at 3344, 2922, 1647, 1546, 1060 cm1
respectively as shown in Fig. 5b. These peaks occurred due to M.
oleifera which is enriched with phytochemical such as amino acids,
alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolics [14].
The overall observation proves the existence of some phenolic
compounds, terpenoids or proteins that are bound to the surface
of ZnO NPs. Changes observed in FT-IR spectra of green synthesis
ZnO NPs after bioreduction indicated the participation of polyols,
terpenoids, and proteins having functional groups of amines,
161
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Fig. 5. FT-IR spectra of (a) green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (b) leaf extract of M.
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oleifera. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acid in bioreduction reactions.
Terpenoids are poorly water-soluble and hence may not be among
prime moieties involved in the bioreduction reaction. However,
proteins seemed to exhibit little importance in biosynthesis of
nanoparticles as reported earlier [32].
Therefore, water-soluble phenolic acid and flavonoid com-
pounds are believed to play a major role in bioreduction reaction.
The reduction mechanism of tannin with silver nitrate may also
involve in the reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles
[33]. The possible mechanism for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs
involves reduction of zinc nitrate ions that can form intermediate
complexes with phenolic OH groups present in hydrolysable tan-
nins, which subsequently undergo oxidation to quinine forms with
consequent reduction of zinc to zinc oxide nanoparticle. The for-
mation of ZnO NPs can be related to the interactions between
reducing phenolic acids such as ascorbic, cardiac glycoside, gallic
acid and zinc ions [34]. The mechanism of ZnO NPs stabilization
from ascorbic acids of M. oleifera leaf extract as shown in the
Fig. 6. However the possible mechanism is still unclear and needs
further investigation.
SEM with EDX and FESEM
Later on the ratification of the XRD result the sample was fur-
ther analysis the SEM and FE-SEM studies. Fig. 7(a–c) shows the
SEM image of green synthesized ZnO NPs. The image has showed
individual ZnO NPs as well as number of aggregates. The image
reveals that the particles are of spherical and granular nanosized
in nature. The FE-SEM image clearly indicates the size and shape
of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs found in spherical shape with a group
of agglomerated particles [35]. The range of particle sizes 16–
20 nm as shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b) respectively. The EDX analysis
was confirmed the chemical composition of the ZnO NPs as shown
in the Table 1. The strong and weak peaks are observed from Zn
and O atom as shown in Fig. 7(d). The weak peaks are observed
form S, K, C, P, Ca element along with Zn and O element due to
the X-ray emission from the macromolecules such as alcohol or
phenolic compounds [36].
Antimicrobial activity
The present study to investigate antimicrobial activity of green
synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against various microorganism
162 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164

H H H H
H H O H O
O O
O O
HO HO
HO
HO O
HO OH OH
OH

O OH
HO
H
H H O
O O
O Zn 2
HO

D
O
OH

Fig. 6. Mechanism of ZnO NPs stabilization from ascorbic acids of M. oleifera leaf extract.

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A B
AC
R

C
D
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Fig. 7. Showing (a–c) SEM image with (6d) EDX spectrum.

such as S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, E. coli and
fungi strains such as C. albicans and C. tropicalis agar disc diffusion
method. Throughout the experiment only one concentration
(200 lg/mL) were used. The ZnO NPs exhibited different level of
activities depending on the particular bacteria and fungi strains.
The maximum zones of inhibition was observed in the ZnO NPs
against S. aureus (23.8 ± 0.76) and followed by the other microor-
ganism as shown in the Fig. 9(a–f). However, green synthesized
ZnO NPs were more potent than Bare ZnO (without leaf extract)
and leaf of M. oleifera. The changes in the zones diameter among
ZnO NPs, Bare ZnO, leaf, were statistically significant for the five
bacterial and two fungi strains that revealed by using One-way
ANOVA analysis as shown in the Table 2. When the different sub-
strate were assayed against the test bacterial and fungal by agar
disc diffusion assays, Methicillin (5 lg/disc) for S. aureus the mean
zones of inhibition obtained were between 8.3 mm. Ciprofloxacin
(10 lg/disc) antibacterial positive control produced the mean
zones of inhibition obtained were between 25.6 and 31.1 mm
and Amphotercin-B (100 units/discs) was used as positive control
for Candida the mean zones of inhibition ranged from 14.1 to
14.8 mm. The control did not produce any zones of inhibition.
The presence of inhibition zone clearly indicates that the
mechanism of the activities of ZnO nanoparticles, which involves
disruption of the membrane with high rate of multiplication of
 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164 163

A B

D
Fig. 8. (a and b) FE-SEM image of synthesized ZnO NPs.

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Table 1
shows the chemical composition of ZnO NPs.

Element Atomic number Series Unn.c [wt.%] Norm.c [wt.%] Atom.c [wt.%] Error (1 sigma) [wt.%]
O 8 K-series 28.10 29.57 56.93 4.35
Zn 30 K-series 54.82 57.69 27.17 1.39
C 6 K-series 2.86 2.86 7.73 1.09
AC
K 19 K-series 4.73 4.73 3.92 0.18
S 16 K-series 2.28 2.28 2.30 0.12
Ca 20 K-series 1.65 1.65 1.33 0.09
P 15 K-series 0.58 0.61 0.60 0.06
Total 95.03 100.00 100.00

1 1
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4 2
5 2 5 4 5
4 2
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3 3
3
(a)S. aureus (b)B.subtilis (c)P. aeruginosa

1 1 1
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4 5 4 5 2 4 5
2
2

3 3 3
(d)E. coli (e)P. mirabilis (f)C. albicans

1-Bare ZnO; 2-Leaf; 3-ZnO; 4-Control; 5-Antibiotic

Fig. 9. (a–f) shows zone of inhibition in mm was observed in the ZnO NPs against various human pathogenic microorganisms.

surface oxygen species and ultimately go to the death of patho-
gens. Interestingly, the size of the inhibition zone was different
according to the type of pathogens, synthesis method and the con-
centrations of ZnO nanoparticles. Raghupathi et al. [21] explained
that the antibacterial activities of the zinc oxide nanoparticles
were inversely proportional to the size of the nanoparticles in
S. aureus. Increasing the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in
wells and discs, the growth inhibition has also been increased
consistently because of proper diffusion of nanoparticles in the
agar medium [37].
164 K. Elumalai et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 143 (2015) 158–164
Table 2
The changes in the zone diameter among ZnO NPs, Bare ZnO, leaf extract, were statistically significant for the five bacterial and two fungi strains that revealed by using One-way
ANOVA analysis.
Concentration 200 lg/mL
Name of the organisms Bare ZnO (Without leaf) M. olifera leaf extract
Staphylococcus aureus 15.6 ± 0.76 19.1 ± 0.28
Bacillus subtilis 16.3 ± 0.57 16.5 ± 0.50
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14.3 ± 0.57 17.1 ± 0.28
E. coli 14.8 ± 0.76 18.1 ± 0.28
Proteus mirabilis 13.6 ± 0.76 16.3 ± 0.57
Candida albicans 10.1 ± 0.28 13.3 ± 0.57
Candida tropicalis 9.8 ± 0.76 12.6 ± 0.76
**
Mean, ± = standard deviation including disc (6 mm) diameter; S. aureus = Methicillin (5 lg/disc); bacteria = Ciprofloxacin (10 lg/disc); Candida = Amphotercin-B (100
units/disc).
The zinc oxide nanoparticles show that significant growth inhi-
bition in a size dependent manner under normal ambient lighting
conditions [38]. The A. hydrophila, E. coli, E. faecalis, C. albicans
showed the minimum inhibitory concentration at 1.2, 1.2, 1.5
and 0.9 lg/mL for the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles [39]. Jayasee-
lan et al. [35] reported Bacillus cereus as a bio-templating agent for
the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles with raspberry and plate-
like structures through a simple thermal decomposition of zinc
acetate by maintaining the original pH of the reaction mixtures.
Moreover, the antibacterial activities of the metal oxide
nanoparticles mostly appeared on the surface bind with the thiol
(–SH) groups of protein present in the cell wall. This interaction
decreases the cell permeability which leads to cell lyes [40].
AC
Reports indicate that ZnO nanoparticles rupture the outer and
inner wall of the cell, resulting in disorganization and leakage of
the cell membrane [41]. The prolonged lag phase observed in our
experiments can be explained by Zn2+ ion binding to the cell mem-
branes which results increased in generation times [42].
Conclusion
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FT-IR studies of aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract revealed that
the presence of phytoconstituents like amino acids, alkaloids, fla-
vonoids and phenolics which were the surface active molecule sta-
bilized the nanoparticles and this phytochemical have interact
with the zinc surface and aids in the stabilization of zinc oxide
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nanoparticles. The results of antimicrobial activities revealed the
maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus (23.8 ± 0.76) and fol-
lowed by the other microorganism. The XRD result, confirmed the
all recorded peaks intensities profiles were characteristics of the
hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs found in
spherical shape with a group of agglomerated particles and the
range of particle size 16–20 nm from FE-SEM study. The EDX ana-
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lysis was confirmed the elemental compositions of the ZnO
nanoparticles. The explored eco-friendly high efficient ZnO
nanoparticles prepared from M. oleifera leaf extract are significant
application in drug delivery field.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful and grateful to Dr. S. Barathan,
Professor and Head, Department of Physics, Annamalai University,
Tamilnadu–608 002, for providing all necessary facilities to carry
out the present work successfully.
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