pH INDIKATOR

Indikator.
 senyawa yang berubah warna pada daerah pH tertentu
 biasanya merupakan turunan molekul yang diisolasi dari tumbuhan
 warnanya tergantung dari bentuk molekulnya

tidak berwarna merah

HO OH O O-

C O C + 2H+
C CO-2
O
phenolphthalein basa konjugasi
dari phenolphthalein

H2In(aq) 2H+(aq) + In2-(aq)

Indicator Trayek pH Indicator Trayek pH

Crystal violet 0 – 1,8 Eriochrome black T 5 – 6,5
Cresol red 1–2 Bromcresol purple 5,1 – 6,5
Thymol blue 1,1 – 2,8 Alizarin 5,7 – 7,2
Erthrosin 2,2 – 3,6 Phenol red 6,8 – 8,3
2,4 dinitrophenol 2,8 – 4 m-nitrophenol 6,8 – 8,5
Bromphenol blue 3 – 3,5 o-Cresolphthalein 8,1 – 9,6
Methyl orange 3,2 – 4,4 phenolpthalein 8,2 – 9,9
Bromcresol green 3,8 – 5,5 Tymolpthalein 9,5 – 10,5
Methyl red 4,1 – 6,1 Alizarin yellow GG 10 - 12
The exact values for the three indicators we've looked at are:

indicator pKind pH range

litmus 6.5 5-8
methyl orange 3.7 3.1 - 4.4
phenolphthalein 9.3 8.3 - 10.0

The litmus colour change happens over an unusually wide range, but it is useful for
detecting acids and alkalis in the lab because it changes colour around pH 7.
Methyl orange or phenolphthalein would be less useful.

This is more easily seen diagramatically.

 INDIKATOR UNIVERSAL
Indikator universal adalah gabungan dari beberapa indikator.
Larutan indikator universal yang biasa digunakan dalam laboratorium terdiri
dari:
metal jingga (trayek : 2,9-4,0),
metal merah (trayek : 4,2-6,3),
bromtimol biru (trayek : 6,0-7,6),
dan fenolftalein (trayek : 8,3-10,0).
Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 37

Methyl alcohol 67-56-1 0.8

Phenolphthalein 77-09-8 0.03

Bromothymol blue 34722-90-2 0.03

sodium salt

Thymol blue, sodium 81012-93-3 0.03

salt

Methyl red, sodium salt 845-10-3 0.02

Water 7732-18-5 62.1

CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service registration number.

Indikator-indikator itu memberi warna yang berbeda bergantung pada pH
larutan
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Adding hydroxide ions:

Adding hydrogen ions:

If the concentrations of HLit and Lit - are equal:

At some point during the movement of the position of equilibrium, the concentrations of the two
colours will become equal. The colour you see will be a mixture of the two.

The reason for the inverted commas around "neutral" is that there is no reason why the two
concentrations should become equal at pH 7. For litmus, it so happens that the 50 / 50 colour
does occur at close to pH 7 - that's why litmus is commonly used to test for acids and alkalis. As
you will see below, that isn't true for other indicators.

Methyl orange
Methyl orange is one of the indicators commonly used in titrations. In an alkaline solution,
methyl orange is yellow and the structure is:

Now, you might think that when you add an acid, the hydrogen ion would be picked up by the
negatively charged oxygen. That's the obvious place for it to go. Not so!

In fact, the hydrogen ion attaches to one of the nitrogens in the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond to
give a structure which might be drawn like this:

Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is another commonly used indicator for titrations, and is another weak acid.

In this case, the weak acid is colourless and its ion is bright pink. Adding extra hydrogen ions
shifts the position of equilibrium to the left, and turns the indicator colourless. Adding hydroxide
ions removes the hydrogen ions from the equilibrium which tips to the right to replace them -
turning the indicator pink.

The half-way stage happens at pH 9.3. Since a mixture of pink and colourless is simply a paler
pink, this is difficult to detect with any accuracy!
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 Choosing indicators for titrations

Remember that the equivalence point of a titration is where you have mixed the two substances
in exactly equation proportions. You obviously need to choose an indicator which changes colour
as close as possible to that equivalence point. That varies from titration to titration.

Strong acid v strong base

The next diagram shows the pH curve for adding a strong acid to a strong base. Superimposed on
it are the pH ranges for methyl orange and phenolphthalein.

You can see that neither indicator changes colour at the equivalence point.

However, the graph is so steep at that point that there will be virtually no difference in the
volume of acid added whichever indicator you choose. However, it would make sense to titrate
to the best possible colour with each indicator.

If you use phenolphthalein, you would titrate until it just becomes colourless (at pH 8.3) because
that is as close as you can get to the equivalence point.

On the other hand, using methyl orange, you would titrate until there is the very first trace of
orange in the solution. If the solution becomes red, you are getting further from the equivalence
point.

Strong acid v weak base

This time it is obvious that phenolphthalein would be completely useless. However, methyl
orange starts to change from yellow towards orange very close to the equivalence point.

You have to choose an indicator which changes colour on the steep bit of the curve.

Weak acid v strong base

This time, the methyl orange is hopeless! However, the phenolphthalein changes colour exactly
where you want it to.

Weak acid v weak base

The curve is for a case where the acid and base are both equally weak - for example, ethanoic
acid and ammonia solution. In other cases, the equivalence point will be at some other pH.
You can see that neither indicator is any use. Phenolphthalein will have finished changing well
before the equivalence point, and methyl orange falls off the graph altogether.

It may be possible to find an indicator which starts to change or finishes changing at the
equivalence point, but because the pH of the equivalence point will be different from case to
case, you can't generalise.

On the whole, you would never titrate a weak acid and a weak base in the presence of an
indicator.

Sodium carbonate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid

This is an interesting special case. If you use phenolphthalein or methyl orange, both will give a
valid titration result - but the value with phenolphthalein will be exactly half the methyl orange
one.
It so happens that the phenolphthalein has finished its colour change at exactly the pH of the
equivalence point of the first half of the reaction in which sodium hydrogencarbonate is
produced.

The methyl orange changes colour at exactly the pH of the equivalence point of the second stage
of the reaction.