What Is Tense

A form of a verb which defines the time and state of an action is called tense.
There are three types of tense:
1. Past Tense
2. Present Tense
3. Future tense
Again each tense is categorized in four types, Total 12 Tense:
1. Simple or Indefinite Tense
2. Continuous or progressive Tense
3. Perfect Tense
4. Perfect continuous or progressive Tense
See below chart, it is short-cut chart and will explain everything in short tricks.

Perfect Perfect
Simple/Indefinite Continuous/Progressive
Tense continuous

I have
played I have been playing
Present I am playing (is/am/are +
I play (1st form + s/es) (have/has (have/has + been +
Tense 1st form+ing)
+ 3rd 1st form + ing)
form)

I had I had been

I was playing (was/were + played playing (had +
Past Tense I played (2nd form)
1st form + ing) (had + 3rd been + 1st form +
form) ing)

I shall
have I shall have been
I shall be playing
Future I shall play (will/shall + 1st played playing (will/shall
(will/shall + be + 1st
Tense Form) (shall/will + have + been + 1st
form+ ing)
have + 3rd form + ing)
form)

Lets study each tense in detail. We will learn verb to use in present, past and future tense and also practice the
exercise to remember for the future use.
We will discuss every tense in detail in separate article (links given at end of this article) with bunch of examples
and practice question so that you can make your understanding better.

Present Tense:
It is being used to express events which are currently happening or habitually done.
There are mainly four type of tense in present tense (example):
1. Present simple Tense (He goes to school.)
2. Present Continuous Tense (He is going to school.)
3. Present Perfect Tense (He has gone to school.)
4. Present Perfect continuous Tense (He has been going to school since 1998.)
Past Tense:
It is used to represents all the events which happened in past or started in past. The time of action in Past tense can
be recent past or long back ago (distant past).
There are mainly four type of tense in past tense (example):
1. Past Simple Tense (He went to school.)
2. Past Continuous Tense (He was going to school.)
3. Past Perfect Tense (He had gone to school before you came.)
4. Past Perfect continuous Tense (He had been going to school since 2007.)
Future Tense:
Tense which is being used to express events which will happen later is called Future tense. All the action which not
started yet but will occur in future.
There are mainly four type of tense in present tense (example):
1. Future simple Tense (He will go to school.)
2. Future Continuous Tense (He will be going to school.)
3. Future Perfect Tense (He will have gone to school.)
4. Future Perfect continuous Tense (He will have been going to school since 2016.)
Note: We have covered all the 12 tenses in detail, open below links to read and practice English Tense
separately.
Present:
1. Present Simple Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect continuous Tense
Past:
1. Past Simple Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect continuous Tense
Future:
1. Future Simple Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect continuous Tense

Conjunction Definition:
Words that join two part of phrases, clauses and sentences, is called conjunctions. There are number of
conjunctions, in which “but”, “and ” and “or” is mostly used.
One Word Substitution for Competitive Exams

Classes of Conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunction: Used to connect two independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunction is used where you want to given equal emphasis to two main clauses.
Main Clause + , + Coordinating Conjunction + Main Clause
For Example: I went to the bank, and I checked my account balance.
Here and is coordinating conjunction.

Coordinating conjunction (FAN BOYS)

For And Nor But Or Yet So

Short cut to remember Coordinating conjunction: FAN BOYS

Subordinating conjunction: Used to join clauses in which one is dependent on the other.
Subordinating conjunction define main clause important than subordinating clause.
Main Clause + , + Subordinate Clause.
Subordinate Clause + , + Main Clause.
For example: Since you are old, you can not run marathon.

Conjunctions with short trick and example:

Here is the list of Conjunctions commonly used in English with example and how to use them.
FOR: for means reason, Use FOR conjunction after comma(,)
Example: Math is hard to me, for i intend to learn it
AND: and means another , in addition to something
Example: Daman is excellent joker, and people love watching him joke.
Example: Most Indian loves chapati and rice.
Example: I went to the bank, and I checked my account balance.
Example: RAM, shyam and sita planned to meet in evening.
NOR:nor means not,subject and verb reverse after nor
Example: Rakesh is not serious, nor he is funny.
BUT: but shows contrast
Example: Chicken is non-veg but yummy.
Example: his words are controversial but true to some context.
 Example: He is lazy but intelligent.
OR: or means a choice You can have one thing or a different thing but not both.
Example: do you like tea or coffee?
Example: I can do shopping or i can go to gym.
YET: yet shows contrast like but
Example: Poeple tried to stop me, yet they have not succeeded.
SO: so gives results
Example: she is beautiful so she will become famous.
Example: we are late so we need to call the cab.
BOTH … AND: Conjunction BOTH is always followed by AND
Example: He is both intelligent and hard working.
more conjunction updating soon….

Tips and Tricks on Conjunctions

Now lets understand few exceptional rules which may confuse you.
RULE 1: Always use before conjunctions in pair
 Neither — Nor
 Either — or
 Not Neither — or
 Either — or — or
 Neither — nor — nor
RULE 2: Use such with THAT or AS as per below rules
 SUCH — THAT –> Comes when some result/conclusion is being derived in sentence.
 Such — As — in general meaning
RULE 3: Always use ”OR” with Not/Never
RULE 4: Use that if sentence is giving confident and certainty in meaning
Rule 5:
As + Sub + Verb.
Like + Sub.
Need not/Dare not + V1
Need/Dare + to + v1

What is adjective ?
Adjective is word which tell quantity and quality of noun or add meaning to noun. i.e. Kind, Large etc.
 Types of adjective:
1. Descriptive Adj – It denotes the quality, size, color, shape etc of a noun. These type of adjective can be used
before noun (attributive use) or after a verb (predicative use)
2. Determiner Adj – These are always used before the noun.
Lets look at further division of adjective types:

Adjective of Quality
Shows the quality and kind of person/things. These adj is of descriptive type.
i.e. – ugly, heavy, dry, good, red, beautiful, large, smart,
Example
Shankar is smart boy.
Rajasthan is a large state.
Trick: Any word before noun which signify the essence of quality is an adjective.
Note: There are some adjective which are always used as only predicatively. i.e. –> sleep, awake, afraid, ashamed,
alike, alone etc.

Demonstrative Adjective
Adjective which points out to person or a thing.
i.e. This, that, these, those etc.
This book is mine.
Tricks: Do not get confuse between demonstrative noun or demonstrative adjective.
What is Demonstrative pronoun – if these words are coming before (followed by) a verb then these are
demonstrative pronoun else if these are coming precede a noun then these words are demonstrative adj.
Example:
This is my book — Demonstrative pronoun
This book is mine — demonstrative adj.
Active and Passive Voice Shortcut (Rules & Tricks)

Distributive Adjective
Refers to member of group as a individuals i.e. — Each, every, either, neither etc.
Tricks: Here again, do not get confuse with distributive pronoun. When these words are placed before noun they are
called distributive Adjective else if these are followed by some other word, not necessarily verb are called dis.
pronoun.
Example:
Each boy has come. — distributive Adjective
Each of the boy has come. — distributive pronoun
Not : Every is only adjective.

Possessive Adjective
Adjective formed by possessive pronoun are called possessive adjective.
 Mine, our, your, his, her, their, its
This is my book.
My is possessive adj whereas This is demonstrative adjective.
Tricks: here again you need to find whether word is used as pronoun or adjective.
This is my book. — Adjective
This book is mine. — Pronoun

Quantitative Adjective
Some, any, no, little, all, much, enough etc.
Example – Give me some water.
Tricks:
 Some – Uncountable noun, affirmative sentence
 Any – plural countable noun, negative sentence
 Many – countable nouns
 Much – uncountable noun
Numerical Adjective
Which shows number of noun or pronoun. i.e. few, many all, several, one, first.
Example –
I have one bike.
Om has several books

Interrogative Adjectives
When interrogative pronoun (What, which, when and whose) is followed by a noun.
Example:
What kind of person are you?

Proper Adjective
Formed by proper noun
i.e. American, Asian, Indian
Example – Indian Economy

Emphatic Adjective:
Who emphasize a noun.
Own, such, very, same.

Relative Adjective
When relative pronoun are used as adjective.
i.e who, which, that.

Exclamatory Adjective
Exclamation sense.
 What an idea sir ji !

More on Adjective
Adjectives have three types of degree,
1. Positive degree
2. Comparative degree
3. Superlative degree
Adjective Rules
Rule 1: Adjective focus more on quality of noun and pronoun rather than verb. For verb we use adverb.
Rule 2: There are some adjectives which use ‘to’ instead of ‘than’ while making comparisons. These
adjectives end in “-ior”:
i.e superior, inferior, ulterior, exterior, posterior, junior, etc.
Rule 3: Few adjectives don’t admit of any comparative and superlative degree
i.e. supreme, complete, chief, perfect, unique, ideal etc
Rule 4: Do not confuse between Little, a little, the little and few, a few, the few.
Little: For quantity, almost negligible.
Few: for number, hardly anyone.
A little – Not much
A Few: Not many
The Little – Not much but all
The Few – Not many but all
Some is used in affirmative sentence but any is used in negative sentence.