Mechanical Design Theory

HVAC Equipment

Packaged Units - A package unit is the all-in-one heating and cooling system for homes that don't have a lot
of room indoors for either a furnace and coil, or an air handler. Package units will contain all of their parts in one
outdoor unit that sits on either the roof or to the side of a building.

Packaged Rooftop Units - With a

rooftop package unit, all the components are
housed in one cabinet stored on the top of
the building. Both sets of coils, to release
and absorb heat, are in the cabinet along
with the compressors and the fans. The unit
connects directly into the building’s
ventilation system to circulate the air.

Packaged Terminal Units - A PTAC

(Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner) is a
standalone AC/heater that is installed
through a wall. PTAC units are self-contained,
meaning they do not rely on ducts to
operate. This makes them a great option for
those who want to heat or cool a single room
versus an entire home or building.

Window Type Unit - It is the simplest

form of an air conditioning system and is
mounted on windows or walls. It is a single
unit that is assembled in a casing where all
the components are located. The evaporator
side is located facing the room for cooling of
the space and the condenser side outdoor
for heat rejection. There is an insulated
partition separating this two sides within the
same casing.

Packaged Gas Units- Also called gas

packs. The heating and air conditioning
components are also housed in the same
unit, they use electricity for cooling and
natural gas, oil, or propane for heating.
Packaged Heat Pump Units - The heat
pump transfers heat by reversing the
refrigeration cycle used by a typical air
conditioner. Through a cycle of evaporation
and condensation, the indoor coils are
heated, and the air is pushed over the warm
coils. From there, the warmed air is blown
through the ductwork to increase the
temperature in the interior rooms of your
home.

For PRTU-Ductwork and secured base, Controls

For PTAC-Wall Frame, Wall Sleeve, Controls
For Window Type Units -Frame, Controls
Required Accessories For Packaged gas Units- Ductwork, Base/Platform, Controls
For Packaged Heat Pump Units- Ductwork, Base/Platform,
Controls
Split Units - A split air conditioner consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. The outdoor unit is installed
on or near the exterior wall of the room that you wish to cool. This unit houses the compressor, condenser coil
and the expansion coil or capillary tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower
and an air filter.

Condenser Configurations

1. Air Cooled Condenser – air

cooled condensers for split units are
placed outdoors and receive the
refrigerant from the inside unit to
transfer heat from the refrigerant fluid
to the air around the outside unit.

2.Water Cooled Condenser – water

cooled condensing unit uses water to reject
the heat from the refrigerant instead of air.
Mostly used in larger requirements for
cooling. Has three types, shell and tube,
shell and coil and double tube. Often
incorporates a cooling tower to reuse water
for cooling.

3. Evaporative Condenser - This

type of AC condenser unit is simply a
combination of the air-cooled and water-
cooled types. By combining the two
methods, this type of condenser can
actually reject more heat than an air-cooled
unit.
 Evaporator/Fan Coil Models

1. Ceiling Cassette Fan Coil Unit -

Ceiling cassette type is buried in the ceiling
during installation and discharges air through
the grille panel. The type is divided into quad-
directional, bi-directional and uni-directional
types depending on the number of blades in
the grille panel.

2. Wall mounted Fan Coil Unit – Wall

mounted fan coil units are placed on a wall at
a high level and are ideal for smaller areas
such as bedrooms, living rooms, offices, server
rooms and shops. They are installed in a
position that can supply the room with an even
air flow.

Floor Mounted Fan Coil Unit –

Cabinet Type units are for larger rooms.
Typical applications include lobbies, reception
and waiting areas. The high output of these
air conditioners means that they produce a
strong flow of cool air which does not allow
occupants to be in close proximity to the air
conditioner. Secondly, there are smaller
cabinet style air conditioners which are far
smaller, more like the dimensions of a
storage heater than a tall upright freezer
dimensions of a column air conditioner.
Typically their rated capacities are up to
about 15000BTU

Ceiling Suspended Fan Coil Unit -

Unlike ceiling cassette’ units which are placed
within a false ceiling, under ceiling AC units
are usually mounted near a wall and just
below ceiling height. Whilst they are not
considered as aesthetically pleasing as ceiling
cassettes, they are a far more powerful option
in terms of air flow.

Ceiling Concealed Duct Type Fan

Coil Unit - Where a building has a ducted
air system, duct mounted air conditioning is
usually the preferred option. As the ducting is
usually hidden in the ceiling voids, then so to
is the duct mounted air conditioning system.
Ducted Models- ducted models make use of
an outdoor unit and concealed fan coils which
reject the heat from the air to its coils and then
the air is delivered to the diffusers using
ductwork.

Cassette Models
1. 1-way Cassette

2. 2-way Cassette

3. 4-way Cassette

Gas Furnace Units- A gas furnace is the part

of an HVAC system that converts natural gas or
propane into high-temperate heat for the home.

Evaporator Coil Units- evaporator coil

holds the chilled refrigerant that the compressor
moves into it. As the air from the blower fan
moves over the coil, the cold refrigerant removes
the heat from your home’s air. The refrigerant
becomes warmer and travels to the condenser
coil outdoors.
Multi Split Systems-Multi split air conditioning
systems are basically like split systems but have more
indoor units connected to only one outdoor unit. This
type saves on space for multiple outdoor units. The
outdoor unit must be placed on a place where the
piping length for all the indoor units will not be
greater than the limit set by the manufacturer.

Variable Refrigerant Flow System - Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-conditioning system
configuration where there is one outdoor condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant
flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators
(indoor units), enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a
single condensing unit and enables zone control.

Type of Variable Refrigerant flow System

1. Heat Pumps system – 2 pipe- VRF heat
pump systems commonly known as 2 pipe, permit
heating or cooling in all of the indoor units but NOT
simultaneous heating and cooling. When the indoor
units are in the cooling mode, they act as evaporators;
when they are in the heating mode, they act as
condensers.

2. Heat Recovery System- 3 pipe - can

operate simultaneously in heating and/or cooling
mode, enabling heat to be used rather than rejected
as it would be in traditional heat pump systems. Each
indoor unit is branched off from the 3 pipes using
solenoid box which contains a series of valves. An
indoor unit requiring cooling will open its liquid line
and suction line valves and act as an evaporator. An
indoor unit requiring heating will open its hot gas and
liquid line valves and will act as a condenser.

Required Accessories for Split Systems Line Sets/Piping

Drain Tubing
Line Set Adapters/connectors
Mounting Accessories
Connecting Cables
Controls
Platforms/Base for Outdoor Units
Controls
 Ventilation Units

Side wall Propeller Fans - Sidewall Propeller

Fan line is designed to exhaust or supply large
volumes of air at relatively low static pressures.

Centrifugal Upblast - Upblast exhaust fans are

made up of a few basic parts: the fan bowl, fan base,
fan blades, motor, and the roof curb.

Centrifugal Roof Mounted

Commercial Centrifugal Fans

Exhaust Fans - Exhaust fans are used to pull excess moisture and unwanted odors out of a particular room
or area. They are commonlyfound in bathrooms and kitchens, where moisture can build up due to activities such
as showering, washing, or cooking.
Make-up Air Fans- Make-up air fan is designed to “make up” the air in your interior space that has been
removed due to process exhaust fans.
Outside Air Fans- Also called supply air fans, they filter outside air to be supplied to the area/space.
 Configurations

Supply Only Ventilation- Supply-only ventilation

consists of a fan drawing outdoor air into the house.
Indoor air escapes through the building enclosure and
exhaust fan ducts and leakages.

Exhaust Only Ventilation- Exhaust-only

ventilation tends to consist of a fan, commonly a bath
fan, exhausting indoor air. Outdoor makeup air is
drawn into the house through leaks in the building’s
enclosure.

Balanced Ventilation- Balanced ventilation

systems are a combination of exhaust and supply
methods roughly providing equal indoor exhaust and
outdoor supply air flows (e.g. an exhaust fan combined
with a supply fan or passive inlet vents). A balanced
system could include a heat recovery ventilator (HRV)
or an energy recovery ventilator (ERV).

Supply Only Ventilation-Fan Unit, Electrical wiring,

Mounting accessories, ducting
Exhaust Only ventilation-Fan Unit, Electrical wiring,
Required Accessories Mounting accessories, ducting
Balanced Ventilation-Fan Unit, Electrical wiring,
Mounting accessories, ducting, Heat exchanger
Kitchen Ventilation - Kitchen ventilation is the branch of ventilation specialising in the treatment of air
from kitchens.[1] It addresses the problems of grease, smoke and odours not found in most other ventilation
systems.
Type 1 Kitchen Hood - Type 1 hoods are
designed to be used with appliances that
produce greasy by- products and smoke created
while cooking. Type 1 hoods primarily deal with
the removal of grease particles from the air they
are often referred to as Grease Hoods. Type 1
hoods are often located above deep fryers, cook
tops, open-flame stoves, conveyor-pizza ovens,
char broilers, and more – basically kitchen
equipment that are used to cook greasy foods.
Type 1 Kitchen Hood - Type 2 Hoods
focus on other types of kitchen appliances and
equipment that don’t have to pertain directly to
cooking. This type of equipment includes
dishwashers, ovens, pasta cookers, and other
equipment that doesn’t produce any smoke or
grease that would need to be extracted. Since
Type 2 hoods particularly deal with the removal
of heat and steam from the air they are often
referred to as Condensate Hoods and Heat
Hoods.
Grease Exhaust System - A grease duct is
a duct that is specifically designed to vent
grease-laden flammable vapors from
commercial cooking equipment such as stoves,
deep fryers, and woks to the outside of a
building or mobile food preparation trailer.
Grease ducts are regulated both in terms of
their construction and maintenance, forming
part of the building's passive fire protection
system. The cleaning schedule is typically
dictated by fire code or related safety
regulations, and evidence of compliance must
be kept on file by the owner.

Required Details of Kitchen Hoods

Length
Model No.
Exhaust Plenum Details
Max cooking Temp
Fan Capacity
Filter Information-Qty, Height,, Length, Eff at 7 Microns
Light Details
Weight