2.

Types of Contracts ‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻻﺳﻌﺎر‬

 2.1. Lump-sum contracts ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ذات ﺳﻌﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

 2.2. Re-measurement (Unit Price) contracts

‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﺳﻌﺮھﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

 2.3. Reimbursable (Cost Plus) contracts

(‫ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ اﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬+ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺔ ) اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
2.1. Lump sum contracts ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ذات ﺳﻌﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
 A lump sum contract is a contract in which the contractor
agrees with the employer to carry out the works for a pre-
agreed price.
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻓﯿﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻣﻊ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻋﻤﺎل‬
.‫ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬

 The price is only subject to adjustment in certain limited

circumstances such as variations and fluctuations in costs
(in certain cases).
‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
.(‫واﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻌﺎر )ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬

 The contractor is entitled to the lump sum amount

regardless of the actual quantities executed.
‫ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬
 Lump sum contracts should only be used when the scope is well
defined at the time of contracting. The technical specifications
and drawings should be complete. The use of lump sum
contracts would not be appropriate if the scope of the work is not
defined at the tender stage.
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺟﯿﺪا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ وﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن‬.‫ وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﯿﺔ و اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬

 It is not necessary to include Bills of Quantities in lump sum

contracts.
.‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬

 Sometimes, only a schedule of rates is included. A schedule

of rates is similar to the bill of quantities, except that it does
not include quantities.
‫ ﺟﺪول اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ادراج ﺟﺪول ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن‬
.‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت‬،‫ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
 A bill of quantities or schedule of rates may be included in the
contract as a guide to tendering contractors to assist them in arriving
at their lump sum tenders from the employer’s design drawings and
for establishing the valuation of variations & in payments.
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ادارج ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت أو ﺟﺪول اﻻﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎوﻟﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻄﺎءات وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
. ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات و اﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎت‬

 Accordingly, in lump sum contracts, the risk of inaccuracy in the bills

of quantities lies with the contractor. Thus, the contractor puts a
contingency price to allow a margin to cover for any missed items
and/or for the risk of quantities.
، ‫ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋﺪم دﻗﺔ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬، ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
.‫ﻳﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻣﺒﻠﻎ طﻮارئ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺔ أﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻮد ﻏﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
 Some contracts refer to “lump sum” as “fixed price”
" fixed price" ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ‬،" lump sum " ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﺗﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ‬

 However, this definition leads to much confusion in the

construction industry where ‘fixed price’ is sometimes used
for a price, which will not be subject to fluctuations.
‫ ﻓﺈن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل‬،‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ﺣﯿﺚ "ﺳﻌﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ" ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
.‫ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت‬

 An arrangement which is not subject to fluctuations is better

described as ‘firm price’.
." firm price " ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬

 It is best to use the terms ‘lump sum’ and ‘firm price’.

.‘firm price’ ‫‘ او‬lump sum’ ‫و ﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اى اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﯿﻦ‬
2.1.1. Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات‬
 Cost certainty, because if there are no variations or fluctuation in
prices, the lump sum amount agreed upon at the beginning will
remain unchanged
،‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت أو ﺗﺬﺑﺬب ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬
.‫واﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬

 Requires minimum administrative monitoring

‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻻدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬

 Contractor bears major portion of risk

‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬

 Maximum construction efficiency (since scope is well

defined)Detailed project definition requires minimum change
‫اﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻟﻠﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ﺑﻤﺎ ان ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺟﯿﺪا و اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﺿﯿﻖ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
2.1.2. Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب‬
 Higher contract price, as it includes a
contingency price for risks, which may not
materialize.
‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ طﻮارئ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮫﺔ‬،‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻋﻘﺪ‬
. ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺪث‬،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬

Longer bidding process is required to prepare

a detailed scope
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎءات ﻓﺘﺮة أطﻮل ﻹﻋﺪاد ﻧﻄﺎق‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺟﯿﺪا‬
2.2. Re-measurement (Unit Price) contracts
‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﺳﻌﺮھﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
 In this type of contract, the sum which the employer pays
the contractor is determined by measuring the actual
quantities of the work done on completion of the project
and by applying the actual quantities to agreed rates.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول ﻋﻦ طﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬

 An example is a contract based on bills of approximate

quantities, where the bills of quantities cannot be
accurately measured in advance of the contract being
entered into.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺟﺪاول ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ان اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
 It is used where the works are fairly well defined at tender stage, but
the final quantity of work cannot be pre-determined with sufficient
accuracy.
‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﺪد ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪھﺎ ﺳﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬

 Sometimes this type of contract is used, if the final drawings are not
sufficiently advanced at tender stage and the employer wishes to
make an early start. In these circumstances, a bill of approximate
quantities will be used as the basis of the contract price.
‫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬
‫ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﻪ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء وﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف‬.‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮة‬
.‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬

 In such contracts, the risks of inaccuracy of the quantities in the bills of

quantities are allocated to the employer.
.‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻋﺪم دﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﯿﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬
2.2.1. Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات‬
 Since the contractor carries less risk, a lower contingency
price is placed by the contractor and thus a lower tender
price is reached than in lump sum contracts.
،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻟﻠﻄﻮارئ أﻗﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻤﺎ ان اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ أﻗﻞ‬
.‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬

 Shorter bidding process than in lump sum contracts, since

the employer does not need to wait until the preparation of a
fully detailed scope.
،‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎءات أﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻷن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻋﺪاد ﻧﻄﺎق ﻋﻤﻞ‬
.‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬
 Flexibility is increased since modifications to the work can
be made as details of the work become available.
‫زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ان اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ‬
.‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
2.2.2. Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب‬
 Less cost certainty, because the final contract price
will depend on the actual quantities executed.
‫ ﻷن ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬،‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬

 Careful measurement and determination of

quantities requires additional administration.
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺠﮫﻮد و اﺷﺨﺎص‬
.‫إﺿﺎﻓﯿﯿﻦ‬

 The employer carries more risk than in lump sum

contracts.
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻻﺳﻌﺎر‬
2.3. Reimbursable (Cost Plus) contracts
(‫ ھﺎﻣﺶ رﺑﺢ‬+ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺔ ) اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
 In this type of contract, the sum which the employer pays
the contractor is not a pre-agreed sum but a sum
calculated by reference to the actual direct cost of the
works carried out, with the addition of a fee, which is an
amount to cover overheads and profit.
‫ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول‬،‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬
‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻳﺤﺪد ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ وھﻮ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ رﺳﻮم‬،‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬
.‫ﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻷرﺑﺎح‬

 The fee may be a percentage of the direct costs, a

predetermined fixed fee or a variable fee calculated
according to a predetermined formula.
‫ او ﻣﺒﻠﻎ‬،‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻻﺿﺎﻓﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
.‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﺪد ﺳﻠﻔﺎ أو رﺳﻮم ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺳﻠﻔﺎ‬
 It is used when work cannot be defined sufficiently
accurately at tender stage and it may not be possible to
prepare approximate quantities.
‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء وأﻧﻪ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﯿﺔ‬

 Reimbursable contracts used in projects of an emergency

nature (e.g. remedial works).Where the character and
scope of work cannot be easily determined.
‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ذات اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺎرﺋﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل‬
.‫ﺣﯿﺚ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ وﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪھﻢ ﺑﺴﮫﻮﻟﺔ‬. (‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﻢ‬

 Reimbursable contracts used in longstanding relation

between parties.
.‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت طﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﻣﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ‬
2.3.1. Advantages ‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات‬
Theoretically, since the contractor does not carry risk of
quantities or changes in prices, the contractor does not
include contingencies for such risks.
‫ ﻷن اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬،‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻻ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎرﺋﺔ‬،‫أو اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬

 Scope of work need not be fully defined, which allows for

fast-track construction based on minimum design available
during progress of the work.
‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬،‫ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﻳﺤﺪد ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬
.‫اﻻﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

 Flexible in that it allows changes in scope, effort and

schedule without adverse effect on the contractor.
‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺠﮫﺪ واﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ دون‬
.‫ﺣﺪوث ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬
 Significant control over all aspects of work by the
engineer and specifies access to contractor’s cost
records.
‫ﺳﯿﻄﺮة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﮫﻨﺪس و‬
.‫اﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺠﻼت اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬

 Since the pricing risk is largely eliminated because

the contractor is paid the actual cost of the work
plus a fee, it avoids the adversarial claims-driven
culture between employers and contractors.
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ان ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻷن اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﺳﻮف‬
،‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ رﺳﻮم‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ اﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎت و اﻟﻤﻨﺎزﻋﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ أرﺑﺎب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
.‫واﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻟﯿﻦ‬
2.3.2. Disadvantages ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب‬
 Little incentive for the contractor to control costs. Contractor
actually has an incentive to over spend on cost plus
percentage of cost contracts. Employer should attempt to
put a limitation on the contractor’s fee
‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ‬. ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬. ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺣﺎﻓﺰا اﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ رﺑﺢ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺤﺎول وﺿﻊ ﻗﯿﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮم اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬

 Requires detailed auditing and heavy administration costs

.‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻻﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬

 No cost certainty.
. ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
3. Contracting Methods ‫طﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬
 3.1. Traditional Contracting
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﻳﺔ‬

 3.2. Design & build; turnkey contracts

( ‫طﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ) ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬

 3.3. Fast Track ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬

3.1. Traditional Contracting ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﻳﺔ‬

 Design-bid-build
‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ – ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ – ﺗﺸﯿﯿﺪ‬

 Designed by a consulting engineer

‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرى‬

 Constructed by the contractor

‫اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬

 e.g. buildings, head offices, hotels & resorts ...etc.

‫ و ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬... ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ اﻻدارﻳﺔ و اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق و اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻌﺎت‬
Advantages to the Employer
‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

 The Employer has control over the design process.

.‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬

 Usually provides good quality since the employer

provides detailed requirements and design before
construction.
‫ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻮدة ﺟﯿﺪة ﺣﯿﺚ ان ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬
. ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺸﺎءات‬
Risks to the Employer
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
 A complete / partially complete set of drawings and a fully
detailed priced Bill of Quantities need to be included in the
bidding documents. This could take a long time to produce.
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻌﺮة ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات‬
.‫ وھﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق وﻗﺘﺎ طﻮﻳﻼ‬. ‫اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬

 The responsibility for design and construction is split among

different entities. There is no single point of responsibility.
‫ ﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
. ‫ﻛﯿﺎن واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬

 Possible claims to be submitted by the Contractor regarding

errors in design.
.‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎت ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﺑﺸﺄن أﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬
3.2. Design & build; turnkey contracts
( ‫طﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ) ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬

 The entire design function is the contractor’s

responsibility i.e. the Contractor provides a ready
for operation facility at the “turn of the key”.
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺘﺎق اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬

 However, the design must first be initiated by the

employer in a conceptual form.
.‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت اﻻوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ اوﻻ‬
Advantages to the Employer ‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

 Reduces overall project time (but not necessarily):by

overlapping design and construction and by Issuing the
bidding documents as soon as he has finalizing the
Employers requirements.
‫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﻳﻖ‬:(‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع )وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة‬
‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ واﻟﺒﻨﺎء وﻋﻦ طﺮﻳﻖ إﺻﺪار ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬
.‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻻﻧﺘﮫﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

 Single point of responsibility for design and construction.

.‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ او ﻛﯿﺎن واﺣﺪ‬
 Experience has shown that budgets are more likely to
be adhered to. Thus, more cost certainty than in
traditional contracting since:
I. There should be fewer events entitling the contractor
to extensions of time and loss and expense.
II. The cost for completing the works are agreed
between the Employer and the Contractor and
afterwards should not change, since the
responsibility for the design and construction is
entirely the contractor’s.

‫و ﻗﺪ اظﮫﺮت اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ان اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺪدة اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﯿﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ان اﻻﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺆدى اﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ و ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺪدة‬, ‫او زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻻن اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
Risks to the Employer ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
 The Contractor bases his design on the Employer’s requirements
(which are not that detailed) and is committed to a certain price, thus
he might cut down on the quality to make some savings.
‫ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ‬،(‫ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ )اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
. ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻮدة اﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت‬،‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬

 Contractor’s price may be high due to adding excessive contingencies

to cover risks (some of which may never materialize). On the other
hand, the benefits of the integration of designers and builders could
be more economic buildings as well as a more economic and effective
production process. Thus, the employer will save on costs.
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻄﻮارئ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ )واﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﮫﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﯿﻦ واﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﯿﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى‬.(‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ أﺑﺪا‬
.‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬

 Fixed price based on preliminary drawings may lead to more

variations.
. ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻻﺳﻌﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
3.3. Fast Track ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
It enables the employer to phase design and construction so that
work can commence on site long before the design is finalized
‫وھﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ وﻗﺖ‬
.‫طﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎت اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت‬

 Can provide considerable savings in time (the employer’s

primary goal)
(‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ )اﻟﮫﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

 This decision may be based upon the high return on investment

value of early completion to get a product into the market at the
earliest possible time
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻧﺠﺎزھﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ أﻗﺮب وﻗﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬

 Usually cost-plus contracts.

.‫ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ زاﺋﺪ ھﺎﻣﺶ رﺑﺢ ھﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬