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supported one-
way slab
One-way
Con5nuous one-
way slab
Reinforced
Concrete Slab
Simply
supported two-
way slab
Two-way
Restrained two-
way slab
Step Task Standard
EN 1990 Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, Exposure class & Fire resistance EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS 8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN 206-1: Table F1
EN 1992-1-1: Table 7.4N
3 Select size of thickness of slab
EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.8
4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
5 Estimate actions on slabs EN 1991-1-1
Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and
6 EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5
shear forces
7 Design flexural reinforcement EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
8 Check shear EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
9 Check deflection EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
10 Check cracking EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 9.3
11 Detailing EN 1992-1-1: Sec.8 & 9.3
q The selec5on of slab thickness from structural
viewpoint is o=en dictated by deflec5on control
criteria. In prac5ce, the overall depths of slabs are
o=en fixed in rela5on to their spans.
and (l/d)basic =
× (7/leff) if L > 7 m
× (As, prov/As, req) < 1.5
EN 1992-1-1: 2004
(4) Cracking
(i) Minimum area of principal reinforcement, As, min = 0.26fctmbtd/fyk > 0.0013btd
where bt is the mean width of the tension zone (Cl. 9.3)
(ii) The minimum area of secondary reinforcement is 20% × As, min. (Cl. 7.3)
(iii) For slab with less than 200 mm thickness, spacing of principal reinforcement
bars < 3h or 400 mm (whichever is the lesser). For secondary reinforcement,
spacing < 3.5h or 450 mm (whichever is the lesser). (Cl. 7.3)
Main reinforcement is design in ONE-DIRECTION only
450 mm
225 mm
H12
4250 mm
H12-2-450B
H12-1-225B
2 2
175 mm
1
BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
9 m
ly/lx = 2.25 > 2.0
Design data
fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Design life = 50 years
Fire resistance = R90
Exposure class = XC1 Permanent, Gk (excluding self weight) = 1.0 kN/m2
Assumed φbar = 10 mm Variable, Qk = 3.5 kN/m2
Slab Thickness, hf
Minimum thickness for fire resistance = 100 mm
Es5mated thickness considering deflec5on control = hf = 4000/30 = 133 mm
∴Use Cnom = 25 mm
AcDons
Slab self weight = 25.0 x 0.150 = 3.75 kN/m2
Permanent ac5on (excluding self weight) = 1.00 kN/m2
Characteris5cs permanent ac5on, Gk = 4.75 kN/m2
Characteris5cs variable ac5on, Qk = 3.50 kN/m2
Design ac5on, nd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 11.66 kN/m2
16.0 16.0
7.5 11.8 11.8 11.8
7.5
4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m
Main Reinforcement
Effec5ve depth, d = 150 – 25 – 10/2 = 120 mm
Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk) bd
= 0.26 (2.56/500) bd = 0.0013 bd > 0.0013 bd
∴ As, min = 0.0013bd = 160 mm2/m width
As, max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04 × 1000 × 150
= 6000 mm2/m width
Provide H10-425 (As = 185 mm2/m) for Secondary Reinforcements
(a) At near middle of end span
K = M/fckbd2 = 14.0 x 106/(25 x 1000 x 1202) = 0.039 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.97d > 0.95d è Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 14.0 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 120)
= 282 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-275 bocom (As = 286 mm2/m width)
(b) At middle interior spans and interior supports
K = M/fckbd2 = 11.8 x 106/(25 x 1000 x 1202) = 0.033 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.97d > 0.95d è Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 11.8 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 120)
= 237 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-300 bocom (As = 262 mm2/m width)
(c) At outer supports
K = M/fckbd2 = 7.5 x 106/(25 x 1000 x 1202) = 0.021 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.98d > 0.95d è Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 7.5 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 120)
= 151 mm2/m width < As, min
∴ Use As, min = 160 mm2/m width
Provide H10-400 bocom (As = 196 mm2/m width)
(d) At first interior support
K = M/fckbd2 = 16.0 x 106/(30 x 1000 x 1352) = 0.045 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.96d > 0.95d è Take z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 16.0 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 135)
= 324 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-225 (As = 349 mm2/m width)
Shear
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 0.6F = 0.6 × 11.66 × 4 = 28.0 kN/m width
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 ≤ 2.0
= 1 + (200/120)1/2 = 2.29 > 2.0 ∴ Use k = 2.0
ρl = Asl/bd ≤ 0.02
= 286 / (1000 × 120) = 0.0024
VRd, c = [0.12k(100ρlfck)1/3] bd
= [0.12 × 2.0 (100 × 0.0024 ×25)1/3] × 1000 × 120 × 10-3 = 52.2 kN/m width
Vmin = [0.035k3/2fck1/2]bd
= [0.035 × 2.03/2 × 251/2] × 1000 × 120 × 10-3 = 59.4 kN/m width
VEd (28.0 kN/m width) < 59.4 kN/m width è OK
DeflecDon
* Check at the near middle of end span. WHY?
Percentage of required tension reinforcement;
ρ = As, req / bd
=282/ 1000 × 120 = 0.0024
Reference reinforcement ra5o;
ρo = (fck)1/2 × 10-3 = (25)1/2 × 10-3 = 0.0050
Since ρ ≤ ρo è Use Eq. (7.16a) in EC 2 Cl. 7.4.2
For structural system, K = 1.3
∴ (l/d)basic = 1.0 (11 + 15.9 + 19.12) = 59.9
Modifica5on factor for span less than 7 m = 1.00
Modifica5on for steel area provided = As, prov / As, req = 286/282 = 1.01 < 1.50
∴ (l/d)allow = 59.9 × 1.00 × 1.01 = 60.61
(l/d)actual = 4000/120 = 33.33 < (l/d)allow
DeflecDon OK
Cracking
hf = 150 mm < 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Main bar:
Smax, slab = 3hf ≤ 400 mm = 400 mm
Max bar spacing = 400 mm < Smax, slab è OK
Secondary bar:
Smax, slab = 3.5hf ≤ 450 mm = 450 mm
Max bar spacing = 425 mm < Smax, slab è OK
Cracking OK
4000 mm 4000 mm
H10-4-425T
H10-4-425B H10-4-425B
H10-2-225T
H10-2-300T
H10-1-300B
H10-3-400T
H10-1-275B
H10-4-425T
H10-4-425T
Main reinforcement in BOTH DIRECTION
Slab is supported at all sides
ly/lx ≤ 2.0
Simply Supported Two-way Slab
Simply Supported Two-way Slab – Bending Moment
msx = αsxnlx2
msy = αsynlx2
n = total ul5mate load per unit area
lx = length of the shorter side
ly = length of the longer side
αsx and αsy are the moment coefficient from Table 3.13: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
Design data
Slab area = 5 m × 7.5 m and supported on steel beams at ALL sides
Slab depth, hf = 200 mm
fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Design life = 50 years
Fire resistance = R60
Exposure class = XC1
Assumed φbar = 10 mm
Permanent ac5on (excluding self weight), gk = 1.20 kN/m2
Variable ac5on, qk = 2.5 kN/m2
Durability, Fire & Bond Requirements (Concrete Cover)
Minimum concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin, b = 10 mm (Table 4.2)
Minimum concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm (Table 4.4N)
Minimum required axis distance for R60 fire resistance, a = 15 mm (Table 5.8: BS
EN 1992-1-2: 2004)
Minimum concrete cover regard to fire, Cmin, fire = a – φbar/2
= 15 – 10/2 = 10 mm
Allowance in design for devia5on, ΔCdev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev = 15 + 10 = 25 mm
∴Use Cnom = 25 mm
AcDon
Slab self weight = 25.0 kN/m3 × 0.200 m = 5.00 kN/m2
Permanent (excluding self weight) = 1.20 kN/m2
Characteris5cs permanent ac5on, gk = 6.20 kN/m2
Characteris5cs variable ac5on, qk = 2.50 kN/m2
Design ac5on, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 12.12 kN/m2
Consider 1 m width, wd = 1.0 m x 12.12 kN/m2 = 12.12 kN/m/m width
Bending Moment
ly/lx = 7.5/5.0 = 1.5 < 2.0 è Two-way slab
(a) In the Lx-direcDon
msx = αsx.n.lx2 = 0.104 × 12.12 × 52 = 31.51 kNm/m width
(b) In the Ly-direcDon
msy = αsy.n.lx2 = 0.046 × 12.12 × 52 = 13.94 kNm/m width
Main Reinforcement
dx = 200 – 25 – 10/2 = 170 mm
dy = 200 – 25 – 10 – 10/2 = 160 mm
Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk) bd
= 0.26 (2.56/500) bd = 0.0013 bd > 0.0013 bd
∴ As, min = 0.0013bd = 221 mm2/m width
As, max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04 × 1000 × 200
= 8000 mm2/m width
(a) In the Short Span, Lx
K = M/fckbd2 = 31.51 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 1702) = 0.044 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.96d > 0.95d ∴ Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 31.51 × 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 170)
= 449 mm2/m width > As min
Provide H10-175 bocom (As = 449 mm2/m width)
(b) In the Long Span, Ly
K = M/fckbd2 = 13.94 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 1602) = 0.022 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.98d > 0.95d ∴ Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 13.94 × 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 160)
= 211 mm2/m width < As min
∴ Use As, min = 221 mm2/m width
ly =7500 mm
H10-1-175B
lx =5000 mm
H10-2-350B
Cross Sectional View
200 mm
2 1 1
ly =7500 mm
Restrained Two-way Slab
Restrained Two-way Slab – Bending Moment
msx = βsxnlx2
msy = βsynlx2
n = total ul5mate load per unit area
lx = length of the shorter side
ly = length of the longer side
βsx and βsy are the moment coefficient from Table 3.14: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
Restrained Two-way Slab – Shear Force
vsx = βvxnlx
vsy = βvynlx
n = total ul5mate load per unit area
lx = length of the shorter side
ly = length of the longer side
βvx and βvy are the moment coefficient from Table 3.15: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
Reinforcement – Torsional
0.75 x As @ mid-span
Lx/5
Con5nuous
Con5nuous
4000 4000
Design data
Slab thickness, hf = 125 mm
fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Design life = 50 years
Fire resistance = R60
Exposure class = XC1
Assumed φbar = 10 mm
Permanent ac5on (excluding self weight), gk = 1.5 kN/m2
Variable ac5on, qk = 4.0 kN/m2
Durability, Fire & Bond Requirements (Concrete Cover)
Minimum concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin, b = 10 mm (Table 4.2)
Minimum concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm (Table 4.4N)
Minimum required axis distance for R60 fire resistance, a = 15 mm (Table 5.8: BS
EN 1992-1-2: 2004)
Minimum concrete cover regard to fire, Cmin, fire = a – φbar/2
= 15 – 10/2 = 10 mm
Allowance in design for devia5on, ΔCdev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev = 15 + 10 = 25 mm
∴Use Cnom = 25 mm
AcDon
Slab self weight = 25.0 kN/m3 × 0.125 m = 3.13 kN/m2
Permanent (excluding self weight) = 1.50 kN/m2
Characteris5cs permanent ac5on, gk = 4.63 kN/m2
Characteris5cs variable ac5on, qk = 4.00 kN/m2
Design ac5on, nd = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 12.24 kN/m2
Consider 1 m width, wd = 1.0 m x 12.24 kN/m2 = 12.24 kN/m/m width
Bending Moment
Ly/Lx = 7.0/4.0 = 1.75 < 2.0 è Two-way slab
Case 4: Two Adjacent Edges DisconDnuous
1B 1C
0.065
2B 2C
-0.087
(a) In the Lx-direcDon
Mid-span: msx = βsx.n.lx2 = 0.065 × 12.24 × 42 = 12.7 kNm/m width
Support: msx = βsx.n.lx2 = -0.087 × 12.24 × 42 = -17.0 kNm/m width
(b) In the Ly-direcDon
Mid-span: msy = βsy.n.lx2 = 0.034 × 12.24 × 42 = 6.66kNm/m width
Support: msy = βsy.n.lx2 = -0.045 × 12.08 × 42 = -8.82 kNm/m width
Main Reinforcement
EffecDve Depth
dx = 125 – 25 – 10/2 = 95 mm
dy = 125 – 25 – 10 – 10/2 = 85 mm
Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk) bd
= 0.26 (2.56/500) bd = 0.0013 bd > 0.0013 bd
∴ As, min = 0.0013bd
= 0.0013 × 1000 × 95 = 127 mm2/m width
As, max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04 × 1000 × 125
= 5000 mm2/m width
(a) In the Short Span
Mid-span
K = M/fckbd2 = 12.7 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 952) = 0.056 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 12.7 × 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 95)
= 325 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-200 (393 mm2/m width)
Support
K = M/fckbd2 = 17.0 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 952) = 0.076 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.93d < 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 17.0 × 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.93 × 95)
= 444 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-175 (449 mm2/m width)
(b) In the Long Span
Mid-span
K = M/fckbd2 = 6.66 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 852) = 0.037 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.97d > 0.95d ∴ Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 6.66× 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 85)
= 190 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-350 (224 mm2/m width)
Support
K = M/fckbd2 = 8.82 × 106/(25 × 1000 × 852) = 0.039 < Kbal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement NOT required
z = 0.96d > 0.95d ∴ Use z = 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 8.82× 106 / (0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 85)
= 225 mm2/m width > As, min
Provide H10-325 (242 mm2/m width)
Torsional Reinforcement
75% As @ mid-span
= 0.75 x 325 = 244 mm2/m > As min
75% As @ mid-span
Void = 0.75 x 325 = 244 mm2/m > As min
2B 2C
Shear
1B 1C
0.57
0.38
2B 2C
Shear
Maximum design shear force, VEd = 0.57 × 12.24 × 4 = 27.9 kN/m width
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 ≤ 2.0
= 1 + (200/95)1/2 = 2.45 > 2.0 ∴ Use k = 2.0
ρl = Asl/bd ≤ 0.02
= 449 / (1000 × 95) = 0.0047 è Why choose Asl = 449 mm2 (at support)?
VRd, c = [0.12k(1000ρlfck)1/3] bd
= [0.12 × 2.0 (1000 × 0.0047×25)1/3] × 1000 × 95 × 10-3 = 51.9 kN/m width
Vmin = [0.0035k3/2fck1/2]bd
= [0.0035 × 2.03/2 × 251/2] × 1000 × 95 × 10-3 = 47.0 kN/m width