DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HAND DRYER

ABSTRACT

This project work deals on the design and implementation of an

automatic hand-dryer with display capable of drying up a wet hand
inserted under its vent and goes off automatically as soon as the
hands are removed. The system also incorporates a decimal counting
unit that displays the temperature of the blown out air in 0C.This
system is configured using an opt-coupler realized with cadmium-
sulphide photocell (c.d.s) at the input. The output of the sensor
isconditionedbyquad-2-
inputschmittriggerNANDgate(74132)whichservesasthecontrol
logicusedtotriggeraone-
shotdelaythatbiasesatransistorswitch.Thetransistorcommutes
aTRIAC(solidstaterelay)thatswitcheson/offtheblowerconnectedtoit.
Whenawethandis
insertedundertheventandblockstheline-of-
sightofthesensor,theblowerstartstoblow
automaticallyaslongasthehandsarestillblockingthec.d.s,elseitwillstop.
Thesevensegmentdisplaydisplaysthetemperatureoftheblownoutairin
0Candresetssimultaneously
withtheswitchingoffofthedryer.
TABLEOFCONTENT
Titlepage - - - - - - - - - i
Certificationpage - - - - - - - - ii
Approvalpage - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - vi
Tableofcontent - - - - - - - - vii
Listoftables - - - - - - - - - ix
Listoffigures - - - - - - - - x
ChapterOne
1.1. Introduction- - - - - - - - 1
1.1.1. Problem statement- - - - - - - 1
1.1.2. Aim andobjectives - - - - - - 2
1.1.3. Justificationofthestudy - - - - - - - 3
1.1.4. Scopeoftheproject - - - - - - - 3
1.1.5. Projectreportorganization- - - - - - 3
ChapterTwo
2.1.Literaturereview - - - - - - - 4
2.1.1.Analysisoftheexistingsystem - - - - - 5
2.1.2.Theoriesandmodelsrelevanttothedesign- - - - 6
ChapterThree
3.1.Automatichanddryerwithtemperaturedisplay - - - 9
3.1.1.Descriptionofthesystem buildingblocks - - - 9
3.1.2.Blockdiagram developmentintoworkingcircuit - - 9
3.1.3System designspecification - - - - - - 10
3.1.4.Powersupplyunit - - - - - - - 11
3.1.5Principleofoperationofthesystem - - - - - 12
3.1.6.System designcalculation - - - - - 13
3.1.7Thecontrollogiccircuit - - - - - - 14
3.2 TheNe555timer - - - - - - 14
3.3 OtherSystem components - - - - - - 22
ChapterFour
4.1.Implementation,testingandresult - - - - 38
4.1.2 Testing - - - - - - - - 38
4.1.3.Result- - - - - - - - - 39
4.1.4Packaging - - - - - - - - 40
4.1.5.Billofengineeringquality - - - - - - 40
ChapterFive
5.1.Summaryofachievement - - - - - - 42
5.2.Conclusion - - - - - - - - 43
References - - - - - - - - 44
LISTOFTABLES
3.1Thesystem componentslist - - - - - - - 35
4.1Billofengineeringquantity-- - - - - - - 40
LISTOFFIGURES
2.1 Physicallayoutofsevensegment - - - - - - 8
2.2 Schematicdiagram ofsevensegment - - - - - 8
3.1 Blockdiagram ofthesystem - - - - - - 10
3.2 Blockdiagram oftheRegulated - - - - - - 12
3.3 Ne555timer- - - - - - - - - 14
3.4. Internalblock - - - - - - - - 15
3.5. Pinoutdiagram - - - - - - - - - 15
3.6 StandardNe555astablecircuitsensor - - - - - 17
3.7 Theblower - - - - - - - - - 18
3.8 TheLM35integratedcircuitsensor- - - - - - 19
3.9 TheLM35wiredcircuitboard - - - - - - 20
3.10 Voltmeter - - - - - - - - - 21
3.11 Diagram oftransistor - - - - - - - 22
3.12.Diagram IClinearvoltageregulator75xxICs - - - - 23
3.13 Photo-resistor- - - - - - - - - 24
3.14 Thesymbolforaphotoresistor-- - - - - - 25
3.15 VoltagecomparatorICs - - - - - - - 27
3.16 AtypicalResistor - - - - - - - - 29
3.17 Resistorconnectedinparallel - - - - - - 31
3.18 Resistorinseries - - - - - - - - 31
3.19 Atypicalelectrolyticcapacity- - - - - - - 32
3.20 Atransformer - - - - - - - - 33
3.21 AtypicalPNjunctionDiode - - - - - - 34
3.22 Thesystem circuitdiagram - - - - - - 37
CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
Engineeringisconcernedwithgoal-
orientedprojects.Projectsthatcaneliminateproblemslike
timelapse,strem
andenergyspent,costandenvironmentaldangers/hazards.Thisproject
workonthedesignandimplementationofanautomatichand-
dryerwithtemperaturedisplayis
builttoeliminatethedangersandproblemsassociatedwiththemanualpr
ocessofhand-dryer
andtodisplaythetemperatureoftheairusedindryingtheobject.Thisproje
ctisrealizedwith
passiveandactivecomponents.Anditispurehardwiredinthatitdoesnotu
semicro-program
control.
1.1 GENERALDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT
Thisprojectdesignandimplementationofautomatichand-
dryerwithtemperaturedisplay
isachievedinseveralblocksallcombinedtoform
onefunctionalunit.Thefirstblockinthe
opto-
couplerrealizedwithlaserdiodeandLDRwhoseoutputisconditionedby7
4LS132that
generatescontrollogic.Thiscontrollogicisusedtobiasatransistorswitcht
hatenergizesthe
electromagneticrelaywhichswitchesthedryer.Thecontrollogicisalsous
edtotrigger/power
thetemperaturedisplaycircuit.ThissectionisrealizedwithIClineartempe
raturesensor(LM35)
whoseoutputisfedtoaquad-
comparatorwithHysteresis.Thiscomparatoroutputreseta
frequencygeneratorwhichiscountedbya2-
digitdecimalcountingunitthatdisplaysthe
temperatureoftheblowersairindegreecalcius.Thesystem
driesthehandanddisplaysthe
temperatureusingsevensegmentdisplay.
1.2 OBJECTIVEOFTHEPROJECT
Themajorobjectiveofthisprojectistodesignandimplementautomaticha
nd-dryerwith
temperaturedisplay.Theprojectisalsoaimedatfamiliarizingthegraduat
esofComputer
Engineeringinelectronicsystem
designsinvolvingdigitalsystemsandrandom logic.The
projectisaimedatacquaintingtheyounggraduateontheethicsofEnginee
ring,technicaland
scientificwritingwhichformsthenucleusofEngineeringprofessionalprac
tice.Itisalsoaimed
attesting/accessingtheyoungEngineersabilitytorealizeengineeringproj
ectwithinaspecified
time.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY
Thisprojectdesignandimplementationofautomatichand-
dryerwithtemperaturedisplay
signifiesalotinautomationandcontrol.ItmeansalotinCEE,EEEandPhysic
sandElectronic.
Thisprojectisamarketableproductforhomesandrestaurants.Aprojectof
thistypeif
properlymodified,canfunctionasatemperaturecontrolsystem
forserverroom,kilnandovens.
1.4 SCOPEOFTHEPROJECT
Thisprojectworkfocusesonthedesignandimplementationofautomatic
hand-dryerwith
temperaturedisplay.Itcoversthefollowing;ICLinerTemperatureSensor(
LM35),Opto-coupler
usingLDRandlaserdiodes,decimalcountingunitandQuad-
comparator(LM339).Itcovers
otherpassiveandactivecomponentsusedinthedesign.Theprojectalsox-
raysthemodeof
calculationofthebasiccircuitparametersusedinthedesign.Thisreportdo
esnotcoverthe
designofthemotorusedinhand-dryer.
1.5 PROJECTREPORTORGANIZATION
Thisprojectreportispresentedinfivechapterstoappropriatelyillustratet
hestepsinvolvedin
itsimplementation.Chapteronecoverstheintroductionandobjectivesof
thesystem while
chaptertwoisbasicallytheliteraturereviewandtheoriesrelevanttothepr
oject.Chapterthree
focusesonthesystem designandanalysiswhilechapterfourx-
raysthesystem
implementation,testingandresult.Thefifthandlastchaptercoversthesu
mmaryand
conclusion.